LANDSLIDES

1. Landslides area mass descent of soils and rocks down the slope of hillside or mountain,
which is a water treatment area.
2. Heavy rainfall acts as an indicator, sinks through the upper layer of slope and penetrates
cracks and pores.
3. Accumulation of water softens and loosens the soils and rocks into slippery clay.
4. As the earth weakens soils and rocks slide down the wall – lubricated bedding of shale,
scrapping the top layer of fertile soil.
5. The occurrence of landslides is accelerated by mass emission of acidic gasses and
exposed earth.
EUTROPHICATION

1. In Greek, ‘eu’ means wall, ‘trophic’ means related to nutrition and ‘-tion’ means state.
Hence, eutrophication means the state of being well in nutrition.
2. Eutrophication involves a succession of increment events that occurs in fresh water
especially in lake, pond or river.
3. Excessive amounts of algae and plant nutrients coming from sewage through water –
fields, illegal dumping of rubbish and excessive use of high – phosphate content
detergents and other household wastes, greatly catalyses the eutrophication process in
ponds or lakes.
4. The leading source of water quality impairment is agriculture. Most lakes are transformed
to be eutrophic by fertilizers runoff, animal wastes and plant residue in water ways.
5. The freshwater becomes cloudy as a result of the heavy growth of algae and
cyanobacteria supported by the nutrients.
6. This reduces the concentrations of dissolved oxygen in water, especially at night.
7. As photosynthesis by aquatic plant is blocked, oxygen content in water will decrease.
8. When these photosynthesis organism die and accumulate at the bottom of freshwater, the
bacteria decomposing them consume a lot of dissolves oxygen in deep water.
9. Original animal species, especially certain endangered fish, will die out and be replaced
by other common fish, like carp and catfish that can tolerate lower concentration of
dissolves oxygen. As a result, the freshwater ecosystem may lose its species diversity.
DEFORESTATION

1. Deforestation is defined as the temporary or permanent clearance of forests for forests for
agriculture or other uses.
2. The food and agriculture organization ( FAO ) of the United Nation ( UN ) estimates
annual forest loss rate in Southeast Asia to be 1.6 % per year.
3. Human activities responsible for the destruction of forests include logging, tin mining,
agricultural conversion, tearing of forests for construction of hydroelectric dams,
irrigation schemes and traditional shifting cultivation.
4. This has led to lose of biodiversity increased risk of floods in lowlands, drop in rainfall,
and increased in regional and global temperature.
GLOBAL WARMING

1. Global Warming means rising temperatures around the whole world.

2. The increased level of other trace gases like methane, surface ozone ( O ), nitrous oxide
and chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are also raising Earth’s temperature.
3. Earth’s temperature increased by 0.6 in 1990’s. Since 2000, the warming has still been
progressing.
4. However, the severity of the effects of global warming is still unpredictable. For sure, the
effects of global warming will continue for years even if people around the world reduce
the release of air pollution drastically from now on.
5. Effects if global warming is most concerning are listed below.
 Rising sea levels: Global warming has caused thawing of glacier sand polar
(Arctic and Antarctic ) ice, and expansion of seawater volume by heat. When the
sea level rises, costal area and many islands will be flooded with salty water and
rendered unviable for agricultural activities and living.
 Change in precipitation patterns: Precipitation refers to rainfall and snowfall
events. Global warming hassled to the increase in intensity of wind strength and
more frequent and severe rainfall and drought in certain areas.
 Change in species: Some species will become extinct while generalists will
predominate. Generalists refer to organisms capable of adapting in many different
environments such as weeds and pests, which are able to survive in a wide range
of temperature.
 Reduces food sources: 200 plankton and phytoplankton which serve as food for
many fish have declined. As a result, population of fish and their predators have
also declined. Disease carrying pests proliferate. Yield of crops has also declined
due to frequent drought or storms.
 Health problems: Warmer atmosphere results in more warm areas. Disease
carrying vectors like mosquitoes could spread diseases to more areas.

IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING

 Change in weather patterns and agricultural output.

 Melting the polar ice gaps to global warming.
 Skin cancer and cataracts among the population will be on the increase.