Lesson Worksheets

Answers
Book 1 Heat and Gases
1 Temperature and Length of the liquid column LT
Thermometers 20
= × (28 − 3) + 3 = 8 cm
100
1.1 Temperature
9 kinetic theory
1 temperatures
Solid:
2 Celsius temperature, degrees Celsius, °C
Fixed volume and shape
3 two, degrees
Particles are close together and are arranged in
4 i Ice point, lower, 0
a regular pattern. They are held in position by
ii Steam point, upper, 100
strong forces.
5 Thermometer
Each particle vibrates to and fro about a fixed
6 liquid-in-glass thermometers, temperature
position.
sensors
Liquid:
7 calibration
Fixed volume, no fixed shape
8 lower fixed, upper fixed, 100, 1 °C
Particles are close together. They are not
Example 1
arranged in a regular pattern.
(a)
Particles can move from one place to another.
Gas:
No fixed volume and shape
Particles are very far apart. There is almost
no force between them.

L / cm Particles move at very high speeds in

random motion.
10 rapidly, faster, slow down
average kinetic energy

(b) (L100)
Method 1:
11
12
same
increases
Read the length from the graph. The length of 13 absolute zero, –273
the liquid column is 8 cm.
Method 2: 1.2 Thermometers
By proportion,

LT − L0
=
T −0
25 1 Mercury, alcohol
high
Quick
low
Slow
L100 − L0 100 − 0 is is not
T
LT − L0 = × ( L100 − L0 )
100

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 Lesson Worksheets

Liquid-in-glass Volume, ↑ Weather recording, 7 joulemeter, kilowatt-hour meter

thermometer laboratory uses
Infra-red ↑ Measuring body
thermometer temperature 2.3 Heat capacity and specific heat
Rotary bimetallic, measuring the
thermometer ↑ temperature of
capacity
ovens and freezers Expt 2a
Resistance Resistance, measuring the
thermometer ↑ temperature of mass, temperature change, m∆ T
ovens, engines, etc. 1 Q∝∆ T
Thermistor Resistance, measuring the
thermometer ↓ temperature of the Q∝m
human body and
electrical appliances Q
2 C=
Liquid crystal Colour Measuring the ∆T
thermometer temperature of the
human body and heat capacity, J °C–1
fish tanks 3 heat capacity
Example 2
2 Heat and Internal Energy Heat capacity of the water

2.1 Internal energy Q 840

= = = 840 J °C −1
1 potential, increases ∆T 1

2 increases, increases Heat capacity of the aluminium block

3 internal, joule, J Q 180

= = =180 J °C −1
4 i increases, kinetic ∆T 1

ii potential 4 specific heat capacity

iii increases Q
5 c=
m∆T

2.2 Heat and energy transfer J kg–1 °C–1

1 heat, temperature 6 C = mc

temperature Example 3

Q, joule Energy transferred Q

2 heating = mc∆ T = 2 × 370 × 10 = 7400 J

3 work Expt 2b

4 power overheat
water
energy tra nsferred
Power =
time stirring

watt, W 4200

Example 1 larger
wrap the polystyrene cup with cotton wool /
nsferredQ = P t
E nergy tra
= 100 0× 5 × 60 use a lid made of good insulator
= 30 0000J = 300kJ Expt 2c

5 kilowatt-hour, kW h oil

6 3 600 000, 3.6 polystyrene tile

highest

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900 6 fusion, fusion

larger 7 latent heat of latent heat of
vaporization vaporization
cover the top of the metal block with cotton latent heat of fusion latent heat of fusion
wool 8 increases
7 temperature, thermal equilibrium 9 kinetic, temperature
8 lost, gained 10 potential
conservation of energy 11 Specific latent heat
Expt 2d temperature
energy lost to the surroundings l
Example 4 Q
12 l= or Q = ml
Fall in temperature of the aluminium block m

= (80 – T ) °C J kg–1
Rise in temperature of the water 13 specific latent heat of fusion, 3.34 × 105 J kg–1
= (T – 16) °C Expt 3b
i rates
Energy lost by aluminium = energy gained by water
1 ×900 ×(80 −T ) = 5 ×4200 ×(T −16 ) ii surroundings
72 −0.9T = 21T −336 Example 1
T =18 .6 Total energy required
The final temperature of the ‘mixture’ is = mc∆ T + mlf
18.6 °C. = 1 × 2100 × [0 – (–4)] + 1 × 3.34 × 105
9 temperature = 3.424 × 105 J
10 coolant 14 specific latent heat of vaporization,
12 smaller 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
Expt 3c

3 Change of State larger

i dripping back into the cup
3.1 Latent heat
ii surroundings
1 solid, liquid, gas
15 solid, gas
2 melting/fusion boiling/vaporization
(at melting point) (at boiling point) Example 2
Total energy required

solidification/freezing condensation = mlf + mc∆ T + mlv

(at freezing point) (at boiling point) = 3.34 × 105 + 4200 × 100 + 2.26 × 106

3 100, 0 = 3 014 000 J = 3.014 MJ

Expt 3a Example 3
energy lost by the hot water = energy gained by the ice
room temperature
0.15 ( 4200 )( 85 − T ) = 0.05[( 3.34 ×10 5 ) + (4200 )(T − 0)
4 cooling curve
53 550 − 630 T =16 700 + 210 T
BC, 60 °C 840 T = 36 850
5 temperature, latent heat T = 43 .9 °C
The final temperature of the ‘mixture’ is

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43.9 °C. gases < liquids < solids

2 conductors, insulators
3.2 Evaporation 3 higher, lower, Energy
1 evaporation Example 1
2 any boiling point Rod B will heat up first. As steel is a better
surface throughout the liquid
no yes conductor of heat than glass.
liquid itself or its heat source 6 free electrons, faster
surroundings
3 drops/decreases, cooling 7 poor, low

4 rises/increases 8 poor

Example 4 9 energy

(a) Energy required to evaporate 0.1 kg of water 10 metal, poor

= mlv 11 i Larger

= 0.1 × 2.26 × 106 = 2.26 × 105 J ii Smaller

(b) The energy required is taken from the iii Better

surroundings. iv Larger

5 kinetic
6 lower, lower 4.2 Convection
7 i ↑ Expt 4b

ii ↑ rises

iii ↓ 1 Convection current, convection

iv ↑ 2 rises

8 lower 3 less

9 latent heat of vaporization 4 on the floor, high on the wall

Example 5 5 sea, land

Air is drawn in the cooler by the fan. The pad 6 upwards, upwards

becomes damped when it passes the water Example 2

tank. The water on the pad absorbs energy from the The smoke detectors should be fixed to the

incoming air. Therefore it evaporates and ceiling.

produces a cooling effect. The cool moist air is Smoke is warmer than the surrounding air and

then blown out from the cooler. The cooler flows upwards. Therefore, a smoke detector

works best when the air is hot and the fixed to a high place can detect smoke more

humidity is low. easily.

4.3 Radiation
1 radiation, particles
4 Transfer Process
2 more, infra-red radiation
4.1 Conduction Radiation, all
1 conduction 3 reflected, absorbed
Expt 4a Expt 4c
wood < glass < iron < copper good, good

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 Lesson Worksheets

poor, poor temperature

4 absorber, radiator short
5 light, dark rubber tubing, gauge
Example 3 inversely, temperature
The car radiator is painted black so that it can 5 Boyle’s law
lose energy easily. temperature, inversely
Fuel storage tanks are painted silvery to reflect pV = constant
energy from the sun so that they will not Example 2
overheat. By Boyle’s law,
6 conduction, convection p1V1 = p 2V2
radiation p1V1 100 × 10 3 × 40
p2 = =
conduction, convection V2 15
7 infra-red radiation, infra-red radiation = 267 000 = 267 kPa
convection The pressure of gas is 267 kPa.
Expt 4d 6 linear, –273
quickly, slowly 7 origin
8 Kelvin temperature scale
5 Gases 273
kelvin, K
5.1 The gas laws
9 absolute temperature
1
10 1
normal force on a surface F
Pressure = = 11 volume, directly
area of the surface A
pressure law
pascal, Pa
p
Example 1 = constant
T
Weight of the person = mg = 55 × 10 = 550 N
Example 3
(a)
By pressure law,
F 550
Pressure = = = 1.31 ×10 4 Pa p1 p
A 4.2 ×10 −2 = 2
T1 T2
(b)
p1T2 100 × 10 3 (273 + 3)
F 550 p2 = =
Pressure = = = 4.23 ×10 4 Pa T1 273 + 95
A 1.3 ×10 −2
= 75 × 10 3 = 75 kPa
2 atmospheric pressure
The pressure of the air is 75 kPa.
3 outwards
4 Bourdon gauge

Expt 5a
12 origin, direct, Charles’ law
slowly
pressure, directly
slowly

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V (c) By the general gas law,

= constant
T
Example 4 p1V1 p V
= 2 2
By Charles’ law, T1 T2

V1 V2 p1V1T2 100 × 10 3 × 18 × (273 + 12 )

= p2 = =
T1 T2 V 2T1 22 × (273 + 20 )

V2 T1 = 79 600 = 79 .6 kPa
T2 =
V1 The pressure inside the pack is 79.6 kPa.
( 40 + 2 × 1)(273 + 15)
=
40 5.2 The kinetic theory
= 302.4 K = 29.4 °C 1 zigzag
The temperature is 29.4 °C. 2 air molecules, random

pV 3 Weight
13 = constant
T Voltage
14 directly Height
15 moles, mol, Avogadro number Expt 5e
16 general gas law ↓, ↓, Boyle’s
universal gas constant ↑, ↑, pressure
17 ideal gas, high, low ↑, ↑, Charles’
18 low, high ↑, ↑
Example 5 4 molecules, mass, walls
(a) By the general gas law, 5 force, increases

pV = nRT 6 kinetic, gain, faster

pV 100 × 10 3 ×18 × 10 −6 7 often
n= =
RT 8.31 × (273 + 20 ) faster, ↑
−4
= 7.39 ×10 mol faster, ↑
There are 7.39 × 10–4 mol of gas inside the 8 increase
pack. Example 6
(b) By the general gas law, (a) When compressed, the volume of the ball

p1V1 p 2V2 decreases.

=
T1 T2 According to Boyle’s law, pressure increases
p1V1T2 when the volume decreases. The ball
V2 =
p 2T1 therefore feels hard.
3
100 × 10 × 18 × (273 + 12) (b) When compressed, the volume of the ball
= 3
75 × 10 × (273 + 20) decreases.
3
= 23.3 cm The air molecules can only move in a smaller
The volume of gas is 23.3 cm3. volume.
As a result, they hit the walls of the ball more
often and so the pressure increases. The ball

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 Lesson Worksheets

therefore feels hard. The pressure of the gas becomes one-third of

Example 7 the original volume.
(a) When the ball is bathing in hot water, the 3RT
16 KE average =
temperature rises/increases. According to 2N A
Charles’ law, the volume also increases. The 3RT 3
total KE = nN A × = nRT
ball therefore resumes its shape. 2N A 2
(b) When the ball is bathing in hot water, the 3
total internal energy of a gas = nRT
temperature rises/increases. The gas molecules 2
move faster and hit the wall of the ball more 17 temperature
often and so the volume increases. The ball 18 root-mean-square
therefore resumes its shape. Example 9
9 i mass (a) By the general gas law,
ii random
iii negligible PV 72 ×10 3 ×800 ×10 −6
n= = = 0.0249 mol
iv negligible RT 8.31 × ( 273 + 5)

v elastic The number of moles of air is 0.0249 mol.

vi negligible 3RT
(b) c rms =
10 high, low mN A
11 momentum 3 × 8.31 × (273 + 5)
= −3
= 489 m s −1
+2mv 29 × 10
3
12 change in momentum 2mv (c)2
mv (i) Total KE = nRT
F= = = 2
time interval for the change 2l l
Change in total KE
v
2
mv
force mv 2 mv 2
p= = l2 = 3 = =
3
× 0.0249 ×8.31 ×[( 273 + 5) − ( 273 + 20 )]
area l l V 2
14 change in momentum = –mvx – mvx = –2mvx = −4.66 J
mv x 2 (ii) By pressure law,
p=
V
15 c2 = vx2 + vy2 + vz2 p1T2 72 × 10 3 × (273 + 20 )
p2 = =
mean square T1 273 + 5
= 75 .9 × 10 3 = 75 .9 kPa
1
pV = Nm c 2 The new pressure is 75.9 kPa.
3
(iii) The bottle will collapse due to the larger
Example 8 air pressure outside.
2 By the general gas law,
By pV = Nm c ,
3

nRT 0.0249 × 8.31 × (273 + 20 )

p2 c2 2 1 V = =
= = p 100 ×10 3
p1 c 2 3
1 = 6.06 ×10 −4 = 606 cm 3

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The new volume is 606 cm3.

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