% The following code is designed to create a simulation of a fault

% occuring across two 4km thick porous layers seperated by an almost

% impermeable seal and the pressure variations that it entails. Depending
% on the user's choice, it can either output a matrix represented by a 2-D
% Color Map with either static or flux boundaries or a matrix represented
% by a 2-D Contour Map with either static or flux boundaries.
clear % to clear the memory of all previous data
% Data of physical properties
kfault = 1e-13; % permeability in the fault
kseal = 10^-20; % permeability in the seal
kelse = 10^-16; % permeability everywhere else
Psty = 0.05; % porosity
Beta = 10^-8; % fluid compressibility
n = 10^-4; % fluid viscosity
kappa_k = kfault/(Psty*Beta*n); % hydraulic diffusivity
TopP = 0; % Pressure in the upper layer
BottomP = 70e6; % Pressure in the lower layer
% Data of spatial properties
dx = 84*4; % discretization step in m
dz = 100*4; % discretization step in m
h = 8400; % total height of area in m
w = 10000; % total width of area in m
% Data used to create the matrix
nx = ceil(h/dx+1); % total number of horizontal matrix points
nz = ceil(w/dz+1); % total number of vertical matrix points
x = 0:dx:h; % finite difference mesh
z = 0:dz:w; % finite difference mesh
[zz,xx] = meshgrid(z,x); % combines two 1-D arrays into 2-D
% arrays for both x and z
% Initial Pressure distribution:
P = ones(nx,nz);
K = ones(nx,nz);
% Creation of user options:
% choices include either 'contour' or 'color' and 'fux' or 'static'
whichplot = input('Which plot would you like, contour or color? > ','s');
while (strcmp('color',whichplot)==false) && (strcmp('contour',whichplot)==false
)
whichplot = input('Which plot would you like, contour or color? > ','s');
end
whichborder = input('Which boundaries would you prefer, flux or static? > ', 's'
);
while (strcmp('flux',whichborder)==false) && (strcmp('static',whichborder)==fals
e)
whichborder = input('Which boundaries would you prefer, flux or static? > '
, 's');
end
% Loop to populate the matrix with the appropriate permeability values
% (without consideration of the fault)
for i = 1:nx
for j = 1:ceil(nz*(4/8.4))
P(j,i)=BottomP;
K(j,i)=kelse;
end
 for j = (ceil(nz*(4/8.4))):(nz*(4.4/8.4))
P(j,i)=0;
K(j,i)=kseal;
end
for j = (ceil(nz*(4.4/8.4))):nz
P(j,i)=TopP;
K(j,i)=kelse;
end
end
X=0; % Spacial counter
X2=ceil(nx*(0.4/8.4)); % Spacial counter
% Loop to populate the matrix with the appropriate permeability values of
% the fault
for j = 1:nz
for i = 1:nx
if(i>X)
if(i<X2)
K(j,i)=kfault;
end
end
end
X=X+1;
X2=X2+1;
end
% Code to output a 2-D representation of the permeability values
figure(1), clf
pcolor (zz,xx,log10(K))
set(gca, 'CLim', [-21,-12]);
shading interp;
colorbar('location','southoutside')
colormap(flipud(hot));
xlabel('x [km]')
ylabel('1000-z [km]')
zlabel('P [^oC]')
drawnow
% Initializations:
Pnew = ones(nz,nx); % New martix to populate with pressure values
dtMAX = (dx*dx/(4*kappa_k)); % maximal timestep in seconds
dt = dtMAX*0.8; % chosen timestep
% unit conversion to SI:
secinhour=60*60; % conversion from seconds to hours
secinday=secinhour*24; % conversion from seconds to days
secin365days=secinhour*24*365; % conversion from seconds to yeas
nt = secin365days/dt; % number of timesteps to reach a year
t = 0; % initial timestep
r = dt*(1/(Psty*Beta*n)); % data to simplify future calculations
% Time-stepping:
for it=1:nt
% Boundary conditions
if strcmp('flux',whichborder) % if the user wants flux boundary conditions
% Corner points
% P(1,1)
K_right = (K(1, 2)+K(1, 1))/2;
 K_top = (K(2, 1)+K(1, 1))/2;
PghostBOTTOM = P(2,1);
PghostLEFT = P(1,2);
DeltaPZ= ((K_top*(P(1+1,1)-P(1,1))/dz)-(K_top*((P(1,1)-Pghos
tBOTTOM)/dz)))/dz;
DeltaPX= ((K_right*(P(1,1+1)-P(1,1))/dx)-(K_right*((P(1,1)-P
ghostLEFT)/dx)))/dx;
Pnew(1,1)= P(1,1)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
% P(nx,1)
K_right = (K(nx, 1+1)+K(nx, 1))/2;
K_bott = (K(nx-1, 1)+K(nx, 1))/2;
PghostTOP = P(nx-1,1);
PghostLEFT = P(nx,2);
DeltaPZ= ((K_bott*(PghostTOP-P(nx,1))/dz)-(K_bott*((P(nx,1)-
P(nx-1,1))/dz)))/dz;
DeltaPX= ((K_right*(P(nx,1+1)-P(nx,1))/dx)-(K_right*((P(nx,1
)-PghostLEFT)/dx)))/dx;
Pnew(nx,1)= P(nx,1)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
% P(1,nx)
K_left = (K(1, nx-1)+K(1, nx))/2;
K_top = (K(1+1, nx)+K(1, nx))/2;
PghostBOTTOM = P(1+1,nx);
PghostRIGHT = P(1,nx-1);
DeltaPZ= ((K_top*(P(1+1,nx)-P(1,nx))/dz)-(K_top*((P(1,nx)-Pg
hostBOTTOM)/dz)))/dz;
DeltaPX= ((K_left*(PghostRIGHT-P(1,nx))/dx)-(K_left*((P(1,nx
)-P(1,nx-1))/dx)))/dx;
Pnew(1,nx)= P(1,nx)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
% P(nx,nx)
K_left = (K(nx, nx-1)+K(nx, nx))/2;
K_bott = (K(nx-1, nx)+K(nx, nx))/2;
PghostTOP = P(nx-1,nx);
PghostRIGHT = P(nx,nx-1);
DeltaPZ= ((K_bott*(PghostTOP-P(nx,nx))/dz)-(K_bott*((P(nx,nx
)-P(nx-1,nx))/dz)))/dz;
DeltaPX= ((K_left*(PghostRIGHT-P(nx,nx))/dx)-(K_left*((P(nx,
nx)-P(nx,nx-1))/dx)))/dx;
Pnew(nx,nx)= P(nx,nx)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
% Border points
% Bottom border
for ii = 2:nx-1
K_left = (K(1, ii-1)+K(1, ii))/2;
K_right = (K(1, ii+1)+K(1, ii))/2;
K_top = (K(2, ii)+K(1, ii))/2;
PghostB = P(2,ii);
DeltaPZ= (K_top*(P(1+1,ii)-P(1,ii))/dz-(K_top*(P(1,ii)-Pghos
tB)/dz))/dz;
DeltaPX= (K_right*(P(1,ii+1)-P(1,ii))/dx-(K_left*(P(1,ii)-P(
1,ii-1))/dx))/dx;
Pnew(1,ii)= P(1,ii)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
end
% Top border
for iii = 2:nx-1
K_left = (K(nx, iii-1)+K(nx, iii))/2;
K_right = (K(nx, iii+1)+K(nx, iii))/2;
K_bott = (K(nx-1, iii)+K(nx, iii))/2;
 PghostT = P(nx-1,iii);
DeltaPZ= (K_bott*(PghostT-P(nx,iii))/dz-(K_bott*(P(nx,iii)-P
(nx-1,iii))/dz))/dz;
DeltaPX= (K_right*(P(nx,iii+1)-P(nx,iii))/dx-(K_left*(P(nx,i
ii)-P(nx,iii-1))/dx))/dx;
Pnew(nx,iii)= P(nx,iii)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
end
% Left border
for jj = 2:nz-1
K_right = (K(jj, 1+1)+K(jj, 1))/2;
K_top = (K(jj+1, 1)+K(jj, 1))/2;
K_bott = (K(jj-1, 1)+K(jj, 1))/2;
PghostLEFT = P(jj,2);
DeltaPZ= (K_top*(P(jj+1,1)-P(jj,1))/dz-(K_bott*(P(jj,1)-P(jj
-1,1))/dz))/dz;
DeltaPX= (K_right*(P(jj,1+1)-P(jj,1))/dx-(K_right*(P(jj,1)-P
ghostLEFT)/dx))/dx;
Pnew(jj,1)= P(jj,1)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
end
% Right border
for jjj = 2:nz-1
K_left = (K(jjj, nz-1)+K(jjj, nz))/2;
K_top = (K(jjj+1, nz)+K(jjj, nz))/2;
K_bott = (K(jjj-1, nz)+K(jjj, nz))/2;
PghostRIGHT = P(jjj,nz-1);
DeltaPZ= (K_top*(P(jjj+1,nz)-P(jjj,nz))/dz-(K_bott*(P(jjj,nz
)-P(jjj-1,nz))/dz))/dz;
DeltaPX= (K_left*(PghostRIGHT-P(jjj,nz))/dx-(K_left*(P(jjj,n
z)-P(jjj,nz-1))/dx))/dx;
Pnew(jjj,nz)= P(jjj,nz)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
end
end
if strcmp('static',whichborder) % if the user wants static boundary conditions
for i = 1:nx
Pnew(1,i)= BottomP;
Pnew(nz,i)= TopP;
end
for j = 1:nz
if(j<(nz*(4/8.4)))
Pnew(j,1)=BottomP;
Pnew(j,nx)=BottomP;
end
if(j>(nz*(4.4/8.4)))
Pnew(j,1)=TopP;
Pnew(j,nx)=TopP;
end
end
end
% Internal points
for i = 2:nx-1
for j = 2:nz-1
K_left = (K(j, i-1)+K(j, i))/2;
K_right = (K(j, i+1)+K(j, i))/2;
K_top = (K(j+1, i)+K(j, i))/2;
K_bott = (K(j-1, i)+K(j, i))/2;
DeltaPZ= (K_top*(P(j+1,i)-P(j,i))/dz-(K_bott*(P(j,i)-P(j-1,i))/dz))/
dz;
DeltaPX= (K_right*(P(j,i+1)-P(j,i))/dx-(K_left*(P(j,i)-P(j,i-1))/dx)
)/dx;
Pnew(j,i)= P(j,i)+r*(DeltaPX+DeltaPZ);
end
end
% Code to output a 2-D representation of the pressure values on a color
% map
if strcmp('color',whichplot) % if the user wants to output the color map
if mod(it,10)==0 % to speed up the simulation, only certain stages will be
outputted
figure(2), clf
pcolor (zz,xx,P)
set(gca, 'CLim', [0, 10^8]);
shading interp;
colorbar('location','southoutside')
colormap (flipud(jet));
xlabel('x [km]')
ylabel('1000-z [km]')
zlabel('P [^oC]')
title(['P [Pa] at ',num2str(floor(t/secinday)),' days'])
end
end

% Code to output a 2-D representation of the pressure values on a contour

% map
if strcmp('contour',whichplot) % if the user wants to output the contour map
if mod(it,10)==0 % to speed up the simulation, only certain stages will be
outputted
figure(3), clf
[DX,DY] = gradient(-P);
DX=DX.*kseal;
DY=DY.*kseal;
contour (zz,xx,P)
hold on
quiver(zz,xx,DX,DY)
colormap(flipud(jet));
hold off
set(gca, 'CLim', [0, 10^8]);
shading interp;
colorbar('location','southoutside')
xlabel('x [km]')
ylabel('1000-z [km]')
zlabel('P [^oC]')
title(['P [Pa] at ',num2str(floor(t/secinday)),' days'])
end
end
drawnow % output the graph
t=t+dt; % Increase time step
P = Pnew; % Copy new P-field to old one for next timestep
end