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Gemstone Hardness Enhancement Method Code Freq. Stability Care and Handling
Abalone
avoid heat / harsh chemicals / perfumes /
Shell 3-4 none N n/a n/a
hairsprays
avoid heat / harsh chemicals / perfumes /
Pearl 2.5-4 none N n/a n/a
hairsprays
Agate - see Chalcedony
Alexandrite 8.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Almandite - see Garnet
Amazonite - see Feldspar
Amber
Amber 2-2.5 none N rarely n/a very soft/avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic
good to very
Amber 2-2.5 heated to improve appearance or deepen color E/H usually very soft/avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic
good
avoid repolishing, harsh chemicals and
Amber 2-2.5 dyed or surface treated to add color D rarely variable
ultrasonic
Amblygonite 6 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress
Amethyst - see Quartz
Ametrine - see Quartz
impregnated with colorless hardened substances to
Ammonite/Ammolite 4
increase stability
I usually fair to good avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic

Andalusite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal care

Andradite - see Garnet
Apatite
moderately soft, avoid heat, harsh chemicals and
Apatite 5 none N rarely n/a
ultrasonic
moderately soft, avoid heat, harsh chemicals and
Apatite 5 heated to improve appearance or deepen color H usually good
ultrasonic
Aquamarine - see Beryl
soft/avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic;
Aragonite 3.5-4 none N n/a n/a
generally unsuitable for jewelry
Aventurine - see Quartz
Azurite 3.5-4 coated with colorless wax C occasionally fair to good soft/avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic

Azurmalachite 3.5-4 filled with epoxy or resin I rarely fair to good soft/avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic

Benitoite 6.5 none N n/a n/a avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic
Beryl
Aquamarine 7.5-8 none N very rare n/a normal care
Aquamarine 7.5-8 heated to improve color E/H usually excellent normal care
Blue (Maxixe) 7.5-8 irradiated blue from pale pink or colorless R always poor extra special - avoid light and heat/color fades
Colorless (Goshenite) 7.5-8 none N n/a n/a normal care
avoid sudden temperature change, ultrasonic
Emerald 7.5-8 none N extremely rare n/a
and chemicals

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avoid sudden temperature changes, chemicals
Emerald 7.5-8 dyed with colored agents D occasionally variable
and ultrasonic
penetration of colorless oils, wax and resins into fair to very avoid sudden temperature changes, chemicals
Emerald 7.5-8 E/O usually
fissures to improve appearance good and ultrasonic
Pink (Morganite) 7.5-8 heated to remove yellow E/H commonly excellent normal care
avoid high temperatures, steam cleaning,
Red (Bixbite) 7.5-8 none N rarely n/a
chemicals, ultrasonic
fair to very avoid high temperatures, steam cleaning,
Red (Bixbite) 7.5-8 colorless oil and resins to improve appearance E/O commonly
good chemicals, ultrasonic
normal care, but some stones may fade in light
Yellow 7.5-8 irradiated to produce color R usually variable
or heat
Green - Yellow 7.5-8 none N n/a n/a normal care
Carnelian - see Chalcedony
Cat's eye - see Chrysoberyl
Bone - see Ivory
Chalcedony
good to
Agate 6.5-7 dyed D usually normal care
excellent
good to
Black Onyx 6.5-7 dyed D always normal care
excellent
Banded Agate 6.5-7 dyed D usually excellent normal care
Bloodstone 6.5-7 *Research in Progress * * * normal care - *Research in Progress
Blue Chalcedony 6.5-7 dyed D commonly fair to good may fade in light or heat
Carnelian 6.5-7 heated to produce color E/H usually excellent normal
good to
Carnelian 6.5-7 dyed to produce color D occasionally certain stones may fade in light or heat
excellent
Chrysoprase 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Dendritic Agate 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Fire Agate 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Green Chalcedony 6.5-7 dyed to produce color D usually fair to good may fade in light or heat
Moss Agate 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Jasper 6.5-7 sometimes dyed to imitate other stones D occasionally excellent normal care
Sard 6.5-7 heated to produce color E/H usually excellent normal
good to
Sard 6.5-7 dyed to produce color D occasionally certain stones may fade in light or heat
excellent
moderately soft, avoid sudden temperature
Chrome Diopside 5-6 none N n/a n/a
changes, harsh chemicals
Chrome Tourmaline - see
Tourmaline
Chrysoberyl
Cat's Eye 8.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Cat's Eye 8.5 irradiated to change color R occasionally excellent normal
Brown, Yellow, Green 8.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Coral
special - avoid chemicals, cosmetics and
Black 3-4 none N n/a n/a
ultrasonic
special - avoid chemicals, cosmetics and
White 3-4 bleached E/B commonly good
ultrasonic

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Pink 3-4 impregnated with colorless wax E/W commonly good special - avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
Orange 3-4 stabilized with plastic to improve color and durability I commonly good special - avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
Gold 3-4 bleached from black coral B commonly very good avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
special to extra special depending on type of dye
Red 3-4 dyed D usually variable
- avoid chemicals, cosmetics and ultrasonic
Corundum - see Sapphire /
occasionally
Ruby
Danburite
White 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Brown 7-7.5 irradiated R commonly good *Research in Progress
Demantoid - see Garnet
Diamond
Diamond 10 none N n/a n/a normal
Diamond 10 laser drilled to improve appearance L occasionally very good normal
poor to very color may be affected by polishing, recutting,
Colorless to Faint Yellow 10 coated to disguise off color C rarely
good ultrasonic, alcohol and harsh chemicals
Colorless to Faint Yellow 10 fracture filled to improve clarity F occasionally very good avoid extreme heat and recutting
Colorless to Faint Yellow 10 heat pressure treated HP rarely unknown normal
Colored 10 use of heat to alter color H rarely unknown normal
Colored 10 laser drilled to improve appearance L occasionally very good normal
irradiated and/or heated to produce a variety of excellent to
Colored 10 R occasionally normal
colors very good
Colored 10 fracture filled to improve clarity F rarely very good avoid extreme heat and recutting
excellent to
Green 10 Irradiated and/or heated to produce green R occasionally special care - avoid heating, color may change
very good
Diaspore 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal
moderately soft, avoid sudden temperature
Diopside 5-6 none N n/a n/a
changes, and harsh chemicals
Dravite - see Tourmaline
Emerald - see Beryl
Feldspar
avoid extreme heat, harsh chemicals and
Amazonite 6-6.5 impregnated with colorless wax, paraffin or oil E/W usually fair to good
ultrasonic
Amazonite 6-6.5 impregnated with hardened resins I usually very good avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
Labradorite / Spectrolite 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress
Moonstone 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Orthoclase 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress
Plagioclase 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress
Sunstone 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress

Fire Agate - see Chalcedony

Fluorite
Colorless/Colored 4 none N n/a n/a soft, avoid harsh chemicals
Blue, Green, Purple 4 irradiated to produce color R usually unknown soft, avoid harsh chemicals

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Garnet
Almandite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal - avoid sudden temperature change
Demantoid 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal
Grossular 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Hessonite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Pyrope 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Rhodolite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Spessartite (Mandarin) 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Topazolite 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal
Tsavorite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Uvarovite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Goshenite - see Beryl 7.5-8
Green Tourmaline - see
Tourmaline
Hematite 5.5-6.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Hessonite - see Garnet
Hiddenite - see Spodumene
Howlite
White 3.3-5 none N na n/a *Research in Progress
Very soft, avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic, and
Blue 3-3.5 dyed to imitate turquoise D commonly good
steaming
Hyacinth - see Zircon
Indicolite - see Blue
Tourmaline
Iolite 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Ivory
very soft, avoid chemicals and ultrasonic, may
Ivory / Bone 2-3 bleached to whiten and remove discoloration E/B commonly good
discolor with time
very soft, avoid chemicals and ultrasonic, may
Ivory / Bone 2-3 dyed for artistic purposes D occasionally good
discolor with time
very soft, avoid chemicals and ultrasonic, may
Ivory / Bone 2-3 impregnated with colorless paraffin wax W occasionally good
discolor with time
impregnated with colorless hardened substances to
Ivory / Mammoth 2-3 I commonly good normal
increase stability
Jade
Jadeite 6.5-7 coated with colorless wax E/W commonly fair avoid ultrasonic and harsh chemicals
Jadeite 6.5-7 bleached and wax impregnated B/W rarely poor avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic
Jadeite good to very
6.5-7 bleached and polymer impregnated B/I commonly avoid heat, harsh chemicals and ultrasonic
(Green, White, Purple) good
Jadeite
6.5-7 dyed to imitate natural colors D occasionally variable avoid strong light, chemicals and ultrasonic
(Green, White, Purple)
avoid strong light, harsh chemicals and
Nephrite 6-6.5 dyed D rarely unknown
ultrasonic, may discolor with time
Kornerupine
Kornerupine 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress
Cat's Eye Kornerupine 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a *Research in Progress

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Kyanite 4-7 none N n/a n/a very soft in certain directions
Kunzite - see Spodumene
Labradorite - see Feldspar
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli 5-6 coated with wax or oil E/W commonly fair avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
Lapis Lazuli 5-6 dyed to produce color or uniformity in color D commonly variable avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
Malachite
Malachite 3.5-4 coated with colorless wax W occasionally fair soft, avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
impregnated with plastic and/or other hardened
Malachite 3.5-4 I rarely good soft, avoid chemicals and ultrasonic
agents
Mandarin Garnet - see
Spessartite
Marcasite 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Maxixe - see Beryl
Moldavite 5.5 none N n/a n/a normal
Moonstone - see Feldspar
Morganite - see Beryl
Moss Agate - see
6.5-7
Chalcedony
Nephrite - see Jade
Oligoclase - see Feldspar
Olivine - see Peridot
Opal
White, Black,Semi-Black 5.5-6.5 natural N n/a n/a avoid excessive heat / ultrasonic
White, Black,Semi-Black 5.5-6.5 impregnated with colorless oil, wax and resins O rarely fair avoid excessive heat, solvents and ultrasonic
impregnated with colorless plastic to improve
White, Black,Semi-Black 5.5-6.5 I rarely good avoid excessive heat and solvents
durability and color
infusion of unhardened colorless substances to
Boulder 5.5-6.5 O occasionally fair avoid heat, chemicals, ultrasonic and repolishing
improve appearance
impregnated with colorless plastic to improve
Cat's Eye Opal 5.5-6.5 I usually good avoid heat, chemicals, and ultrasonic
durability and color
Fire Opal 5.5-6.5 none N n/a n/a avoid heat
Hydrophane 5.5-6.5 impregnated with colorless oil, wax and resins O commonly fair avoid heat and solvents
impregnated with colorless plastic to improve
Hydrophane 5.5-6.5 I commonly good avoid heat and solvents
durability and color
Hydrophane 5.5-6.5 dyed D commonly good avoid heat and solvents
sugar solution infilling in acid bath to darken
Matrix 5.5-6.5 D commonly good avoid heat, solvents and repolishing
background
Orthoclase - see Feldspar
Padparadscha - see
Sapphire
Paraiba Tourmaline - see
Tourmaline
Pearl
special care - avoid cosmetics and household
Natural 2.5-4.5 bleached to improve color and appearance B/E usually very good
chemicals

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dyed with or without chemical treatment combined good to very special care - avoid cosmetics and household
Natural 2.5-4.5 D rarely
with heat to produce gray to black good chemicals and ultrasonic
bleached to improve color and uniformity of white
Cultured 2.5-4.5 B/E usually excellent special care - same as above
color only
Cultured 2.5-4.5 dyed to give rose, blue or golden overtones D usually good special care - same as above
dyed blue, black and other colors includes use of
Cultured 2.5-4.5 D occasionally variable special care - same as above
colored nuclei
Cultured 2.5-4.5 dyed all colors (freshwater) D usually very good special care - same as above
irradiated to produce blue, gray, black and bronze
Cultured 2.5-4.5 R occasionally very good special care - same as above
colors
chemical treatment combined with heat to produce good to very
Cultured 2.5-4.5 D commonly special care - same as above
gray to black good
color coated, dyed, bleached, filled with a hardened
fair to very extra special care - avoid household chemicals,
Mabe 2.5-4.5 substance and a MOP back. Sometimes coating can B/D/I (ASBL) always
good cosmetics, abrasives, and sudden shocks
be plastic or polymer to protect the thin nacre

Peridot
Peridot 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
avoid sudden temperature changes, harsh
Peridot 6.5-7 impregnated with colorless oil, wax and resins E/O rarely fair to good
chemicals and ultrasonic
surface fracture filling with a colorless hardened avoid sudden temperature changes, harsh
Peridot 6.5-7 F rarely good
substance chemicals and ultrasonic
Petalite 6-6.5 *Research in Progress * * * *Research in Progress
Phenakite 7.5-8 *Research in Progress * * * normal care
Petrified Wood 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Pietersite 7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Pink Tourmaline - see
Tourmaline
Pyrite 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a avoid harsh chemicals and excessive heat
Pyrope-see Garnet 7-7.5
Quartz
Amethyst 7 none N n/a n/a may fade with long exposure to sunlight
Amethyst 7 heated to improve color H rarely excellent avoid exposure to high heat
Ametrine 7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Aventurine 7 none N n/a n/a normal care
good to
Black 7 irradiated to alter color R ususally normal care
excellent
Citrine 7 heated to improve color E/H usually excellent normal care
Ginger 7 irradiated to alter color R always excellent normal care
Lilac 7 heated to improve color H occasionally excellent normal care
Oro Verde 7 irradiated and heated to produce color R always excellent normal care
good to
Smoky 7 irradiated to alter color R usually normal care
excellent
Rock (Colorless) 7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Rose 7 natural N n/a n/a normal care
Tourmalinated 7 none N n/a n/a normal care
Rutilated 7 none N n/a n/a normal care

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good to very
Tiger's Eye 7 bleached, dyed or heated B/D/H occasionally avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic and steaming
good
good to
Violet 7 heated to improve color H occasionally normal care
excellent
good to
Watermelon 7 heated to improve color H occasionally normal care
excellent
Rhodochrosite 3.5-4 none N n/a n/a very soft
Rhodolite - see Garnet
Rhodonite 5.5-6 dyed to make color uniform D occasionally poor special care - avoid chemicals and ultrasonic

Rubellite-see Tourmaline
(Red)
Ruby
Ruby 9 natural N n/a n/a normal care
good to
Ruby 9 heated to improve color and clarity E/H usually normal care
excellent
Ruby 9 irradiated to change color R rarely unknown normal care
fair to very avoid caustic acids, extreme pressure, heat and
Ruby 9 intentional filling of surface cavities and fractures F/Fh commonly
good ultrasonic
surface or lattice (bulk) diffusion penetrating most/all
Ruby 9 U occasionally good special care - avoid repolishing/recutting
of the stone
special care - avoid harsh chemicals and
Ruby 9 dyed with colored oil to improve appearance D rarely poor
ultrasonic
Star Ruby 9 surface diffusion of color or asterism U occasionally good special care - avoid repolishing/recutting
good to
Star Ruby 9 heated to improve color/asterism E/H commonly normal care
excellent
Sapphire
Sapphire 9 natural N n/a n/a normal care
Sapphire 9 heated to improve color/clarity E/H usually excellent normal care
surface or lattice (bulk) diffusion penetrating most/all
Sapphire 9 U occasionally good special care - avoid repolishing/recutting
of the stone
irradiation to produce temporary yellow or orange
Sapphire 9 R occasionally very poor extra special - fades quickly in light or heat
color
Star Sapphire 9 surface diffusion of color or asterism U occasionally good special care - avoid repolishing/recutting
good to
White (Colorless) 9 heated to improve color/clarity E/H usually normal care
excellent
Black Star 9 heated E/H usually very good normal care
Fancy Colors (Green,
surface or lattice (bulk) diffusion penetrating most/all
Orange, Purple, Pink, 9 E/H commonly fair to good special care - avoid repolishing/recutting
of the stone
Padparadscha, Yellow)
Scapolite
avoid ultrasonic cleaners and exposure to strong
Yellow 5.5-6 none N n/a n/a
sunlight
Violet 5.5-6 *Research in Progress * * * *Research in Progress
Serpentine
Serpentine 2.5-5.5 dyed D commonly fair to good color may fade
good to very
Serpentine 2.5-5.5 impregnated with colorless wax E/W commonly avoid ultrasonic, chemicals and solvents
good

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Shell 4 dyed D commonly fair to good avoid harsh chemicals
Sinhalite 6.5-7 *Research in Progress * * * *Research in Progress
Sodalite 5.5-6 dyed D rarely fair color may fade
very soft stone, generally not suited for jewelry
Sphalerite 3.5-4 none N n/a n/a
use
Spessartite - see Garnet
normal care, best used in earrings & pendants
Sphene 5-5.5 none N n/a n/a
due to softness
Spinel (all colors) 8 none N n/a n/a normal care
Spodumene
Kunzite 6.5-7 irradiated & heated R commonly fair avoid strong light/ultrasonic
color may fade in strong light/sunlight, avoid
Kunzite 6.5-7 heated to improve color E/H commonly fair
ulltrasonic
Hiddenite (Green) 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a color fades in light or heat
Hiddenite (Green) 6.5-7 irradiated to produce green color R rarely poor extra special care - color fades in light or heat

Yellow 6.5-7 irradiated to produce yellow color R rarely poor extra special care - color fades in light or heat

Sugulite 6-6.5 none N n/a n/a normal care

Sunstone - see Feldspar
Tanzanite - see Zoisite
Tiger's Eye - see Quartz

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Topaz
Blue 8 irradiated and/or heated to produce blue color R usually excellent normal care
Brown 8 none N n/a n/a may fade with exposure to sunlight
Brown 8 irradiated R occasionally poor will fade
extra special care - color fades in exposure to
Green 8 irradiated to improve the color R occasionally poor
sunlight
Green 8 diffusion of color at or near the surface U usually good special care - avoid repolishing or recutting
Mystic, Ocean, Glacier,
Patriot, Canary, enhanced with various coatings to produce a variety avoid harsh chemicals, heat, ultrasonic cleaners
8 C always fair
Champagne, Orchid, Dawn, of colors (chemical vapor deposition) and repolishing/recutting
Teal, Kiwi (others)
heated chromium-bearing pinkish-brown to orange
Pink/Red 8 E/H usually excellent normal care
stones
Yellow / Orange 8 irradiated to intensify color R occasionally variable special care - avoid heat and strong light
White 8 none N n/a n/a normal care
Taaffeite 8-8.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Tourmaline
Cat's Eye 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Chrome 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Green, Blue 7-7.5 none N n/a n/a normal care
Green, Blue 7-7.5 heated to improve color E/H commonly excellent normal care
avoid steaming, chemicals, ultrasonic, and
Green, Blue 7-7.5 the penetration of colorless oils / unhardened resins O occasionally fair to good
temperature changes
good to very
Paraiba 7-7.5 heated to improve color E/H commonly normal care
good
Pink, Red, Purple 7-7.5 heated to improve color E/H occasionally excellent normal care
Pink, Red, Purple 7-7.5 irradiated to intensify color R commonly good normal care
penetration of colorless oils or unhardened resins special care - avoid temperature changes,
Pink, Red, Purple 7-7.5 O occasionally fair to good
into fissures to improve appearance steaming, chemicals and ultrasonic
penetration of coloring agents into voids to improve special care - avoid temperature changes,
Pink, Red, Purple 7-7.5 D occasionally poor to fair
appearance steaming, chemicals and ultrasonic
Yellow / Orange 7-7.5 heated to improve color E/H rarely excellent normal care
Yellow / Orange 7-7.5 irradiated to improve color R rarely very good normal care
Tsavorite - see Garnet
Turquoise
impregnated with plastic to create or improve color special care - avoid hot water, household
Turquoise 5-6 I commonly good
and increase durability chemicals, and ultrasonic
impregnated with colorless oil or wax to enhance or special care - avoid hot water, household
Turquoise 5-6 W commonly poor to fair
create color chemicals, and ultrasonic

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special care - avoid hot water, harsh household
Turquoise 5-6 dyed to improve color D rarely poor
chemicals, and ultrasonic
Unakite 6-7 none N n/a n/a avoid harsh chemicals
Variscite 4-5 none N n/a n/a may fade in strong light
Verdelite - see Green
Tourmaline
Yellow Beryl - see Beryl
Zircon
special care - avoid harsh abrasives and strong
Blue, Colorless 6.5-7 brownish crystals are heated to improve these colors E/H always poor to fair
light
Green / Brown 6.5-7 none N n/a n/a special care - avoid harsh abrasives
Red 6.5-7 heated to change brownish crystals to red E/H commonly poor to fair special care - avoid harsh abrasives
Yellow 6.5-7 heated to improve color E/H rarely good special care - avoid harsh abrasives
Zoisite
Tanzanite 6.5-7 heated to produce violet/blue color E/H usually excellent special care due to hardness

Complete information regarding the possible enhancement/special care on this gem is currently being researched due to the rarity of this stone in the jewelry trade.
*Research in Progress Our sources include, but are not limited to, university mineralogical, gemological, geology departments, as well as gem laboritories, the internet, and individual
experts in the trade. Updates will be made as more information becomes available.

Gemstone Enhancement Codes (based on AGTA guidelines)

The use of heat, light and/or chemicals or other agents to lighten or remove a gemstone's color. This is often accompanied by subsequent dying and/or
B=Bleaching
impregnation. Example: bleached cultured pearl; bleached/impregnated jadeite ('B-jade)

The use of such surface enhancements as lacquering, enameling, inking, foiling, or sputtering of films to improve appearance, provide color or add other special
C=Coating
effects. Example: coated diamond, coated topaz

D=Dyeing (Staining) The introduction of coloring matter into a gemstone to give it new color, intensify existing color or improve color uniformity. Example: dyed green jadeite

The "E" symbol is used for gemstones that are routinely enhanced. Since many enhancements are difficult or impractical to prove definitively, unless otherwise
E=Normally Enhanced indicated, our approach is to assume that such enhancements have been applied to that particular gemstone. This assumption is made to protect both buyer and
seller. If a more specific method of enhancement is known, then the specific enhancement code will be used.

The filling of surface-breaking cavities or fissures with colorless glass, plastic, or some similar substance. This process will improve durability, appearance and/or
F=Filling
weight. Example: ruby

During heat enhancement, fluxes (or heat alone) may be used to heal fractures/fissures which were formerly open. The process dissolves the walls of the
Fh=Flux healing
fractures and redeposits the molten gem material, healing the fractures closed. Example: ruby (particularly that from Mong Hsu, Burma)

H=Heating The use of heat to alter color, clarity, and/or phenomena. Example: Ruby, sapphire, tanzanite, aquamarine, demantoid garnet

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HP=Heating & Pressure The use of heat and pressure combined to affect desired alterations of color and/or clarity.

I=Impregnation The impregnation of a porous gemstone with a colorless agent (usually plastic) to give it durability and improve appearance. Example: Stabilized turquoise.

L=Lasering The use of a laser and chemicals to reach and alter inclusions. Example: diamond

The "N" symbol is used on our invoices to indicate one of two situations. First, there are certain gemstones that are not currently known to be enhanced
N=Not Enhanced (alexandrite, some garnets, etc.) Second the "N" symbol may also be used for a gem where it can be proved via gemological or other means that a gem has not
been subjected to any enhancement. When you see the "N" symbol on our invoice, we guarantee that the gem in question is unenhanced.

The filling of surface-breaking fissures with a colorless oil, wax, resin or other colorless substances, except glass or plastic, to improve the gemstone's
O=Oiling/Resin Infusion
appearance. Example: emerald

The use of neutrons, gamma, ultraviolet and/or electron bombardment to alter a gemstone's color. The irradiation may be followed by a heating process.
R=Irradiation
Example: Blue topaz, colored diamonds

U=Lattice
Outside-in diffusion of coloring chemicals via high-temperature heat treatment to produce color and/or asterism. Example: lattice diffusion-treated sapphire
('bulk' or 'surface') Diffusion

W=Waxing/Oiling The impregnation of a colorless wax; paraffin and/or oil in porous gemstones to improve appearance. Example: jadeite

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