LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA(PUNJAB)

NON PRECISION INSTRUMENTS

SUBMITTED TO:- MR. CHARANPREET SINGH

SUBMITTED BY:-

NAME:- GURWINDER SINGH

CLASS:- DIPLOMA (M.E)

ROLL NO:- A 03

SECTION:- N 4802

REGD. NO. 10807140

 INDEX

1)INTRODUCTION

2) NON PRECISION INSTRUMENTS

3)SURFACE PLATE

4)ANGLE PLATE

5)STEEL RULE

6)CALIPERS

7)V BLOCK
 ACKNOWLEGMENT

It is my immense pleasure to acknowledge with gratitude with the help,guidance

and encouragement rendered to me by a host of people,to whom I owe a substantial
measure for the successful competition of this dissertation.

It gives me fathomless pleasure to place on record my profound sense of

appreciation and indebtness to Mr.Charnpreet singh lecturer in lovely
professional university who has allowed me to avail the opportunity to work him
for this prestigious degree. He has been very pardonable to all my short comings
and very encouraging for my research work. He has always been there to find a
helping hand.

Friends are special people we carry in one heart whenever we go in our life .

At last I would like to thank almighty god for giving me lot of patience and
strength to complete this desertion at Lovely Professional University.

Gurwinder singh
 NON PRECISION INSTRUMENTS

1. SURFACE PLATE

2. ANGLE PLATE

3. STEEL RULE

4. CALIPERS

5. V BLOCK

Surface plate
A surface plate is a solid, flat plate used as the main horizontal reference plane for precision
inspection, marking out (layout), and tooling setup. The surface plate is often used as the baseline for all
measurements to the workpiece, therefore one primary surface is finished extremely flat with accuracy up to .
00001"/.00025 mm for a grade AA or AAA plate. Surface plates are a very common tool in the manufacturing
industry and are often permanently attached to robotic type inspection devices such as a coordinate-measuring
machine.

Cast iron
Prior to World War II, most all surface plates were made from ribbed cast iron with the ribbing used to increase
strength while reducing the weight. The cast iron was aged to reduce stress in the metal in an effort to
decrease the likelihood of the plate twisting or warping over time.

Cast iron surface plates are now frequently used on production floors as a tool for lapping granite surface
plates to achieve certain grades of accuracy. The metal allows itself to be impregnated with the lapping media
over a large flat surface.

Despite a fallout in popularity among machine shops, cast iron remains the most popular material for surface
masters (different usage from a surface plate) among laboratory metrologists, machine builders, gage makers,
and other high-accuracy industries that have a requirement for gauging flatness. Cast iron that has been
properly cast is more dimensionally and geometrically stable over time than granite or ceramics, is more easily
worked to a higher grade of flatness, and provides a better bearing surface to assist the creation of other
master standards. These specialized surface plates are produced in sets of three, by the company that will be
using them, so the plates may be regularly verified and refined without the need to send the plates out for
external rework. Despite the very stable structure, cast iron remains unsuitable even in high tolerance
production applications for use as a normal surface plate due to thermal expansion encountered with regular
use as an inspection tool. The nature and use of a surface master, by contrast, already necessitates expensive
measures to control temperature regardless of material choice, and cast iron becomes preferable.

Cast iron unlike granite has also very uniform optical properties, and unlike glass or ceramic material very small
light penetration depth which makes it a favorable material for certain optical applications.

ANGLE PLATE

Fixed angle plate

An angle plate is a work holding device used as a fixture in metalworking.

The angle plate is made from high quality material (generally spheroidal cast iron) that has been stabilized to
prevent further movement or distortion. Slotted holes or T bolt slots are machined into the surfaces to enable
the secure attachment or clamping of workpieces to the plate, and also of the plate to the worktable.

Angle plates also may be used to hold the workpiece square to the table during marking outoperations.

Adjustable angle plates are also available for workpieces that need to be inclined, usually towards a milling
cutter.

STEEL RULE
A closeup of a steel rule

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical
drawing,printing and engineering/building to measure distances and/or to rule straight lines. Strictly speaking,
theruler is essentially a straightedge used to rule line], but typically the ruler also contains calibrated lines to
measure distances.

Rulers have long been made of wood in a wide range of sizes. Plastics have been used since they were
invented; they can be moulded with length markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable
rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the
edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk
to help in drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket. Longer rulers, e.g., 18 inches (45 cm)
are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plastic yardsticks, 1 yard long and metre sticks, 1 metre long,
are also used.

Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a straight
guide for cutting and scoring with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along their edges.

A type of ruler used in the printing industry is called a line gauge. These may be made from a variety of
materials, typically metal or clear plastic. Units of measurement on a basic line gauge usually include
inches, agate, picas, and points. More detailed line gauges may contain sample widths of lines, samples of
common type in several point sizes, etc.

Measuring instruments similar in function to rulers are made portable by folding (carpenter's folding rule) or
retracting into a coil (metal tape measure) when not in use. When extended for use they are straight, like a
ruler. The illustrations on this page show a 2-meter carpenter's rule which folds down to a length of 24 cm to
easily fit in a pocket, and a 5-meter-long tape which retracts into a small housing.

A flexible length measuring instrument which is not necessarily straight in use is the tailor's fabric tape
measure, a length of tape calibrated in inches and centimetres. It is used to measure around a solid body, e.g.,
a person's waist measurement, as well as linear measurement, e.g., inside leg. It is rolled up when not in use,
taking up little space.

A contraction rule is made having larger divisions than standard measures to allow for shrinkage of a metal
casting. They may also be known as a 'shrinkage or shrink rule.
In geometry, a ruler without any marks on it (a straightedge) may be used only for drawing straight lines
between points, not measuring.

A ruler and compass construction refers to constructions using an unmarked ruler and a compass. It is possible
to bisect an angle into two equal parts with ruler and compass. It can be proved, though, that it is impossible to
divide an angle into three equal parts using only a compass and straightedge — the problem of angle trisection.
However, should a single mark be allowed on the ruler, the problem becomes solvable.

CALIPERS

Caliper with graduated bow 0-10 mm

A caliper (British spelling also calliper) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of
an object. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper
are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the distance read by
measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.

It is used in many fields such as metalworking, mechanical

engineering, gunsmithing,handloading, woodworking, woodturning and in medicine.

The earliest caliper has been found in the Greek Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The ship find dates to the
6th century BC. The wooden piece already featured a fixed and a movable jaw. Although rare finds, caliper
remained in use by the Greeks and Romans.

By the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), the Chinese also used the sliding caliper, which they made of bronze
and manufactured each tool with an inscription of the day, month, and year it was made (according to Chinese
era names and their lunar calendar).
The modern vernier caliper, reading to thousandths of an inch, was invented by American Joseph R. Brown in
1851. His Brown and Sharpe company inaugurated true precision manufacture in the United States. It was the
first practical tool for exact measurements that could be sold at a price within the reach of ordinary machinists.

Inside caliper

Two inside calipers

The inside calipers are used to measure the internal size of an object.

 The upper caliper in the image (at the right) requires manual adjustment prior to fitting, fine setting of
this caliper type is performed by tapping the caliper legs lightly on a handy surface until they
will almost pass over the object. A light push against the resistance of the central pivot screw then spreads
the legs to the correct dimension and provides the required, consistent feel that ensures a repeatable
measurement.
 The lower caliper in the image has an adjusting screw that permits it to be carefully adjusted without
removal of the tool from the workpiece.

Outside caliper

Three outside calipers.

Outside calipers are used to measure the external size of an object.

The same observations and technique apply to this type of caliper, as for the above inside caliper. With some
understanding of their limitations and usage these instruments can provide a high degree of accuracy and
repeatability. They are especially useful when measuring over very large distances, consider if the calipers are
used to measure a large diameter pipe. A vernier caliper does not have the depth capacity to straddle this large
diameter while at the same time reach the outermost points of the pipe's diameter.

Divider caliper

A pair of dividers

In the metalworking field divider calipers are used in the process of marking out suitable workpieces. The points
are sharpened so that they act as scribers, one leg can then be placed in the dimple created by a center or
prick punch and the other leg pivoted so that it scribes a line on the workpiece's surface, thus forming an arc or
circle.

A divider caliper is also used to measure a distance between two points on a map. The two caliper's ends are
brought to the two points whose distance is being measured. The caliper's opening is then either measured on
a separate ruler and then converted to the actual distance, or it is measured directly on a scale drawn on the
map. On a nautical chart the distance is often measured on the latitude scale appearing on the sides of the
map: one minute of arc of latitude is approximately one nautical mile or 1852 metres.

Dividers are also used in the medical profession. They are used to measure electrocardiogram (ECG) lines.
This instrument is called an ECG caliper or EKG caliper. These calipers have changed through the years, and
there are even pocket calipers, invented 20 years ago by cardiologist Robert A. Mackin.

Oddleg caliper
Odd leg calipers

Oddleg calipers, Hermaphrodite calipers or Oddleg jennys, or Ol' Jennys, as pictured on the left, are generally
used to scribe a line a set distance from the edge of workpiece. The bent leg is used to run along the workpiece
edge while the scriber makes its mark at a predetermined distance, this ensures a line parallel to the edge.

In the diagram at left, the uppermost caliper has a slight shoulder in the bent leg allowing it to sit on the edge
more securely, the lower caliper lacks this feature but has a renewable scriber that can be adjusted for wear, as
well as being replaced when excessively worn.

Vernier caliper

Parts of a vernier caliper:

1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object

3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole

4. Main scale: scale marked every mm

5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions

6. Vernier gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better

7. Vernier gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch

8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement

The vernier, dial, and digital calipers give a direct reading of the distance measured to high accuracy. They are
functionally identical, with different ways of reading the result. These calipers comprise a calibrated scale with a
fixed jaw, and another jaw, with a pointer, that slides along the scale. The distance between the jaws is then
read in different ways for the three types.

The simplest method is to read the position of the pointer directly on the scale. When the pointer is between
two markings, the user can mentally interpolate to improve the precision of the reading. This would be a simple
calibrated caliper; but the addition of avernier scale allows more accurate interpolation, and is the universal
practice; this is the vernier caliper.

Vernier, dial, and digital calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture at
right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and in many cases depth by the use of a probe that is
attached to the movable head and slides along the centre of the body. This probe is slender and can get into
deep grooves that may prove difficult for other measuring tools.

The vernier scales may include metric measurements on the lower part of the scale and inch measurements on
the upper, or vice versa, in countries that use inches. Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a
precision to a hundredth of a millimetre (10 micrometres), or one thousandth of an inch. They are available in
sizes that can measure up to 72 in (1,800 mm).

COMPARISION
Each of the above types of calipers have their relative merits and faults.

Vernier calipers are rugged and have long lasting accuracy, are coolant proof, are not affected by magnetic
fields, and are largely shock proof. They may have both centimeter and inch scales. However, vernier calipers
require good eyesight or a magnifying glass to read and can be difficult to read from a distance or from
awkward angles. It is relatively easy to misread the last digit.

Dial calipers are comparatively easy to read, especially when seeking exact center by rocking and observing
the needle movement. They can be set to 0 at any point for comparisons. They are usually fairly susceptible to
shock damage. They are also very prone to getting dirt in the gears, which can cause accuracy problems.

Digital calipers switch easily between centimeter and inch systems.They can be set to 0 easily at any point with
full count in either direction, and can take measurements even if the display is completely hidden, either by
using a "hold" key, or by zeroing the display and closing the jaws, showing the correct measurement, but
negative. They can be mechanically and electronically fragile. Most also require batteries, and do not resist
coolant well. They are also only moderately shockproof, and can be vulnerable to dirt.

Calipers may read to a resolution of 0.01 mm or 0.0005", but accuracy may not be better than about ±0.02 mm
or 0.001" for 150 mm (6") calipers, and worse for longer ones.

V block
 
a block having a precise V shaped groove for checking theroundness or concentricity of a m
achine part or the like, or forholding cylindrical pieces of work.
Another method to make a vee block is to
laminate strips together of increasing height and
width. Start with one strip 1/8" wide, add a strip
the same width on each side 1/8" higher. Then
continue adding 1/4" wide strips, each one 1/4"
higher than the last one. For additional strength
drill holes for bolting it together at each end.