Ezekiel 10

The theme of this chapter is Yahweh’s departure from the temple and the
consequent judgement poured out upon Jerusalem.

Context
This chapter (along with the next) continues the vision unfolded in chs 8–9. The primary
focus of this entire vision is the (re)location of God’s glorious presence and the
ramifications this has for both the fate of Jerusalem and the identity of the remnant. The
city is now effectively doomed, and (contrary to popular opinion) hope lies not with its
inhabitants, but with those in exile. Note the relationship between chs 9 and 10. In ch. 9
the population of the city is destroyed; in ch.10 the city itself. Note also the new role of
the man in linen. In chapter 10 the man in linen no longer has a writing kit. His role
changes from scribe to incendiary (Allen).

Structure

The repetition of ‘I looked’ (lit. ‘I looked and behold ...’) in vv.1 and 9 divides the chapter
into its two main sections (1-8, 9-22).

vv. 1-8 The LORD orders the man in linen to go and destroy the city. (In this section the
glory of Yahweh is over the threshold of the temple and the waiting throne chariot is
empty.) See v.4.

vv. 9-22 The LORD mounts the throne chariot and leaves the temple. (In this section
the throne-chariot travels and then stops again.) See v.19.

In vv. 1-8 the description of the divine glory (vv. 3-5) is central, and is framed by
references to the man in linen (vv. 2, 6-7).

In vv. 9-22 the description of Yahweh’s departure from the temple (vv. 18-19) is central,
and is framed by descriptions of the cherubim (vv. 9-15, 20-22).

The prophet is clearly fascinated by the throne-chariot and dwells on it at great length in
this chapter, repeating much of the detail already given in ch. 1.
Ezek. 10:1 Then I looked, and behold, on the
expanse that was over the heads of the
cherubim there appeared above them
something like a sapphire, in appearance like a
throne. 2 And he said to the man clothed in
linen, “Go in among the whirling wheels
underneath the cherubim. Fill your hands with
burning coals from between the cherubim, and
scatter them over the city.”
And he went in before my eyes.
3 Now the cherubim were standing on the south
side of the house, when the man went in, and a
cloud filled the inner court. 4 And the glory of
the LORD went up from the cherub to the
threshold of the house, and the house was filled
with the cloud, and the court was filled with the
brightness of the glory of the LORD. 5 And the
sound of the wings of the cherubim was heard
as far as the outer court, like the voice of God
Almighty when he speaks.

Ezek. 10:6 And when he commanded the man

clothed in linen, “Take fire from between the
whirling wheels, from between the cherubim,”
he went in and stood beside a wheel. 7 And a
cherub stretched out his hand from between the
cherubim to the fire that was between the
cherubim, and took some of it and put it into the
hands of the man clothed in linen, who took it
and went out. 8 The cherubim appeared to have
the form of a human hand under their wings.

Ezek. 10:9 And I looked, and behold, there

were four wheels beside the cherubim, one
beside each cherub, and the appearance of the
wheels was like sparkling beryl. 10 And as for
their appearance, the four had the same
likeness, as if a wheel were within a wheel. 11
When they went, they went in any of their four
directions without turning as they went, but in
whatever direction the front wheel faced, the
others followed without turning as they went.
12 And their whole body, their rims, and their
spokes, their wings, and the wheels were full of
eyes all around—the wheels that the four of
them had. 13 As for the wheels, they were
called in my hearing “the whirling wheels.” 14
And every one had four faces: the first face was
the face of the cherub, and the second face was
a human face, and the third the face of a lion,
and the fourth the face of an eagle.

Ezek. 10:15 And the cherubim mounted up.

These were the living creatures that I saw by
the Chebar canal. 16 And when the cherubim
went, the wheels went beside them. And when
the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up
from the earth, the wheels did not turn from
beside them. 17 When they stood still, these
stood still, and when they mounted up, these
mounted up with them, for the spirit of the living
creatures was in them.

Ezek. 10:18 Then the glory of the LORD went

out from the threshold of the house, and stood
over the cherubim. 19 And the cherubim lifted
up their wings and mounted up from the earth
before my eyes as they went out, with the
wheels beside them. And they stood at the
entrance of the east gate of the house of the
LORD, and the glory of the God of Israel was
over them.

Ezek. 10:20 These were the living creatures

that I saw underneath the God of Israel by the
Chebar canal; and I knew that they were
cherubim. 21 Each had four faces, and each
four wings, and underneath their wings the
likeness of human hands. 22 And as for the
likeness of their faces, they were the same faces
whose appearance I had seen by the Chebar
canal. Each one of them went straight forward.

Chariot Throne in the ANE and OT

throne chariot of Ezekiel’s vision is a very complex structure which seems to draw on a
wide range of religious symbolism from both within and outside the OT. In the Ugaritic
Texts (Canaanite) Baal is the rider of the clouds (ANET 3 :153). That is, he rides a
heavenly chariot, associated with wind and storm. This seems to be reflected in Ps 18:10
and Ezekiel 1.

The use of winged creatures as throne animals was probably associated with this
mythology of the heavenly chariot. The king on his winged throne was a semi-divine
figure.

The chariot of Ezekiel’s visions seems to be:

partly a throne—associated (via the cherubim) with the ark of the covenant
partly an altar (hence the coals; cf. Isa 6:6)
partly a mobile laver (cf. 1 Kgs 7:27-39)

Theological concepts suggested by the chariot include the following:

• covenant (he who rides the chariot is the God of the ark—the God of the covenant)
• judgement (the burning coals recalling the altar where victims were slain and
consumed)
• cleansing (the laver was for the ritual cleansing of the priests).

So the LORD who rides the chariot brings purifying judgement (cf. Isa 4:4). Notice how
the chariot-throne idea is also present in Dan 7:9.125

Ezekiel 10 and Isaiah 6

Many elements of Ezekiel 10 recall Isaiah 6—the throne, the heavenly beings with their
wings and hands, the burning coals, the threshold of the temple, the overpowering glory.
In Isa 6 judgement is foreshadowed, in Ezekiel 10 it is exercised. Divine kingship is the
fundamental and controlling theological concept in both cases (Isa 6:1-5; Ezek 20:33).
The judgement executed in Ezekiel 10 is symbolised by the departure of Yahweh’s throne
from the temple, and by the scattering of the altar coals over the city. In Isa 6 the altar
coals represent substitutionary atonement (the judgement takes place on the altar and
the worshipper is cleansed). In Ezekiel 10 the judgement is taken off the altar and applied
directly to the city. Jerusalem now suffers (symbolically) a fate similar to that of Sodom
and Gomorrah.