ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH
REVOLUTION
Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above site
ABSTRACT
By 1900,small electric
systems are developed to generate
direct current, but most of these
systems fell into disuse
inexpensive grid power
extended to rural areas during the
1930’s.wind turbines are often
grouped together into a single
wind power plant also know as
WIND FARMS. For the past three
years worldwide wind electricity
has grown 25%per year .the
uneven heating of the atmosphere
by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth’s surface and rotation of the
earth causes WINDS.
Aero turbines convert wind energy
wind into rotary mechanical energy. A
mechanical interface, consisting of
a step-up gear and a suitable
as coupling transmits the energy to
was an electrical generator .the output
of thisgenerator is connected to the
load or system grid.
India has potential of over
20,000MW for the power
generation and ranks as one of the
promising countries for tapping
this source. The cost of the power
generation from wind farms has
now become lower than diesel
power and comparable to thermal
power in several areas of our
country.
Keywords:
Turbine,Shaft,Rotor,Stream,Rene
wable,Aerodynamic,Blades,Contro
ller,Generators,Utilitygrid.
INTRODUCTION
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy ranks as one of the
most promising sources of power
generation among renewable energy
technologies.Wind is significant and
valuable renewable energy
resource .it is safe and abundant and
can make an important contribution
to future clean, sustainable and
diversified electric c supplies .unlike
other source of energy, wind does
not pollute the atmosphere and does
not create any hazardous waste.
Wind energy uses the energy the
energy in the wind for practical
purposes like generating electricity,
charging batteries, pumping water, or
grinding grain. Large, modern wind
turbines operate together in the wind
farms to produce electricity for
utilities .the house owners and
remote villages to fulfill the energy
needs use small turbines.
WIND TURBINES
Wind turbines capture the wind’s
energy with two or three propeller
like blades, which are mounted on a
rotor to generate electricity. The
turbines sit high atop towers taking
advantage of the stronger and less
turbulent wind at 100 feet (30
meters) or more above ground .a
blade acts much like an airplane distribution lines to the homes,
wing. When the winds blows ,a business, schools, and so on. These
pocket of low pressure air forms on three bladed wind turbines are
the downwind side of the blade .the operated “upwind”; with the blades
low-pressure air pocket then pulls facing into the wind .the other
the blade towards it, causing the common wind turbine type is the
rotor to turn. this is called lift. The two-bladed, downwind turbine.
force of the lift is actually much
stronger than the wind’s force
against the front side of the
blade, which is called drag. The
combination of lift and drag
causes the rotor to spin like a
propeller, and the turning shaft
spins a generator to make
electricity .modern wind turbines
are divided into two major
A wind turbine works the opposite of
categories horizontal axis wind
a fan .instead of using electricity to
turbines vertical axis wind turbines.
make wind like a fan. Instead of
Old fashioned wind mills are still
using electricity to make wind like a
seen in many rural areas.
fan, wind turbines use wind to
electricity. The wind turns the
blades, which spin like a fan; wind
HOW THE TURBINE WORKS
turbines use wind to make electricity.
This is the aerial view of a wind
The wind turns the blades, which
power plant shows how a group of
spin a shaft, which connects to a
wind turbines can make electricity
generator and makes electricity.
for the utility grid. The electricity is
Utility-scale turbines range from
sent through transmission and
50to 750KW.single small turbines,
below50KW are used for homes,
telecommunications dishes or water
pumping.
WIND TURBINE GLOSSARY
Hub
Attaches the rotor to the low-speed
shaft of the wind turbine.
Low speed shaft
Connects the rotor hub to the
gearbox.
Gear box
Connects to the low-speed shaft and
turns the high-speed shaft at a ratio
several times (approximately 50 for a
600 kW turbine) faster than the low-
speed shaft.
High-speed shaft with mechanical
brake
Drives the electrical generator by
rotating at approximately 1,500
revolutions per minute (RPM). The
mechanical brake is used as backup
to the aerodynamic brake, or when
the turbine is being serviced.

Nacelle Electric generator

Contains the key components of the Usually an induction generator or
wind turbine, including the gearbox, asynchronous generator with a
yaw system, and electrical generator. maximum electric power of 500 to
Rotor blades 1,500 kilowatts (kW) on a modern
Captures the wind and transfers its wind turbine.
power to the rotor hub. Yaw mechanism
Turns the nacelle with the rotor into Anemometer and wind vane
the wind using electrical or other Measures the speed and the direction
motors. of the wind while sending signals to
Electronic controller the controller to start or stop the
Continuously monitors the condition turbine.
of the wind turbine. Controls pitch
BASIC WIND TURBINE
and yaw mechanisms. In case of any
CONFIGURATIONS
malfunction (e.g., overheating of the
gearbox or the generator), it  Vertical axis wind

automatically stops the wind turbine turbines, in the axis of

and may also be designed to signal rotation are vertical with

the turbine operator's computer via a respect to the ground (and

modem link. roughly perpendicular to

Hydraulic system the wind stream).

Resets the aerodynamic brakes of the

wind turbine. May also perform
other functions.
Cooling system
Cools the electrical generator using
an electric fan or liquid cooling
system. In addition, the system may
contain an oil cooling unit used to  Horizontal wind
cool the oil in the gearbox. turbines,in which the axis
Tower of rottion is horizontal
Carries the nacelle and the rotor. with respect to the ground
Generally, it is advantageous to have
a high tower, as wind speeds
increase farther away from the
ground.
Horizontal axis wind turbines turbines can capture more
(HAWT) energy than drag devices.
The grind mill and
Horizontal axis wind turbines
cycloturbine are variants on
(HAWT) are the most common
the darrieus turbine .
turbine configuration used
• Savonious turbine (firstly
today.They consist of a tall
invaented in finland )is S-
tower ,a top which sits a fan –
shaped if viewed from
like rotor that faces into or away
above.this drag-type VAWT
from the wind ,the generator ,the
turns relatively slowly,but
controller ,and other
yields a high torque .it is
components.most horizontal axis
useful for grinding
wind turbines built today are
grain,pumpingwater ,and
two-bladde ,although some have
many other tasks,but slowly
fewer or more blades
rotational speeds are not good
Vertical axis wind turbines for generating electricity.
(VAWT)
Vertical axis wind turbines(vawt)fall Humans have used wind mills since

into two major categories:savonious at least 200 B.C. for grinding and

and darrieus.neither type is in wide pumping water. By the

use today. 1900’s,windmills were used on

farms and ranches in the united states
• Darrieus turbine was
to pump water and later to produce
invented in france in the
electricity.windmills have more
1920’s.often described as
blades than modern wind turbines
looking like an eggbeater,this
and they depend on drag to rotate the
vertical axis turbine has
blades.
vertical blades that rotate into
Wind turbines can be used as stand-
and out of the wind .using
alone applications or they can be
aerodynamic lift,these
connected to a utility power grid or economic profile of wind power
even combined with the photo compares favorably. Whereas the
voltaic system, batteries and disel cost of most forms of energy is
generators called hybrid systems. bound to rise with time. The cost of
Stand alone turbines are typically wind energy is actually coming
used for water pumping or down. The installed capacity in
communications. However, home europe has increased by about 40%
owners and farmers in the windy per year in the six years. Today wind
areas can also use turbines to energy projects across Europe
generate electricity.for utility –scale produces enough electricity to meet
sources of wind energy a large the domestic needs of 5 million
number of turbines are built close people. The wind energy industry
together to foem a wind farm.several has set a goal for 60,000MW of
electricity providers today use wind wind energy capacity to be installed
farms to supply power to their by 2010 which would provide
customers. electricity of about 75 millon
WIND ENERGYIN EUROPE people.
90% of the world’s wind turbine Wind power programme in INDIA
manufacturers are European with a  There is a estimated gross
combined annual turnover of more potential of 45,000mw &
than one billion euros. The overall technical potential of
13,000mw
 Considerable progress has
been made in harnessing the
large wind potential available
in the country.
 Supporting this effort is the
world’s largest wind resource
assessment programme.
  New intiatives have ben protectionof the environment,
taken in re-assessment and support for local communities, and
expansion of the wind an end to dependence on nasty
resourcebaes. regimes around the world, it has no
 Large private sector drawbacks. So I hope that, for once,
corporations,public sector this thread will not end up.
units and power utilities are CONCLUSION
being motivated to set up Inorder to realize india’s vision to
wind powerprojects. become a fully developed economy
Installation by the year 2020,we must focus on

• India now the 5th energy security and energy self

largestwind suffiency.And in that harnessing

powerinstalled wind energy for power generation is

capacity in the world clearly the way forward to ensuring a

which has reached sustainable energy future. We must

1870mw. recognize and give due credit to the

• 1805 mw of the total fact that”WIND POWER”has come

instaled capacity has of age and that it is one of the fastest

come through growing power sources today.

commercial projects. BIBLOGRAPHY

• About 11.8 bilion • NON-CONVENTIONAL

units of electricity SOURCES OF ENERGY-

have been fed to G.D.RAI

various state grids . • ELECTRICAL INDIA

JOURNALS

If there is one cause that should be • GOOGLE IMAGES

wholeheartedly supported by the • MEDIA
progressives, this is it. Jobs, • IEEE JOURNALS
manufacturing competance • OTHER JOURNALS
• Document By
• SANTOSH BHARADWAJ
REDDY
• Email:
help@matlabcodes.com
• Engineeringpapers.b
logspot.com
• More Papers and
Presentations
available on above
site