The Eubacteria is a prokaryotic domain of life with a set of characters that unite its extraordinarily diverse

taxa. Unlike the Archaea, the Eubacteria have been known and studied for more than 150 years. This is
because all known bacterial pathogens are Eubacteria (I reserve the use of the term bacteria as a
descriptive term that is a synonym of prokaryote). Also, some of them like Lactobacillus are otherwise
economically important. Perhaps more importantly, many of them inhabit environments that are easily
studied and sampled. The Eubacteria differ from the Archaea in the form and structure of their
ribosomes, the type and linkage of their lipids, the structure of their cell covering, and the type of RNA
polymerase (Margulis and Schwartz 1998). Traditionally, the Eubacteria have been separated into the
Gram positive and Gram negative groups, based upon a standard stain technique. As it turns out, the
way a cell stains is related to the type and structure of the cell wall. Gram positive cells have a single
membrane with a murien or peptidoglycan wall to the outside of the single membrane. Gram negative
cells have an inner membrane and an outer membrane with a murein layer sandwiched between them.
The system of Margulis and Schwartz (1998) is based on the fundamental separation of gram positive
and gram negative cells (called Firmicutes and Gracilicutes, respectively). Phylogenies based on small
subunit r RNA, however, show that the eubacteria are marked by 10 or 11 deep clades that I interpret as
kingdoms. This could just be the tip of the iceberg with respect to their true diversity. Garrity et al. (2001)
separate the Eubacteria (a group that they call "Bacteria") into 23 groups. Also, the problems of lateral
gene transfer further blur the distinctions of the groups. I present a tentative system for the Eubacteria
with 9 kingdoms (see below). This system is based largely on Margulis and Schwartz (1998), with
modifications from Garrity et al. (2001, 2003, and 2005), Tudge (2000), and Black (2002). (View a 16s
rRNA phylogenetic tree based on data from Woese).

enteromorpha.
Identification: Thalli of this species of green alga are yellow green to vibrant or dark green and tubular,
hollow, wrinkled, convolute, intestine-like, and crumpled looking. Individual cells are often relatively round
or ovoid but sometimes may be rectangular or polygon-shaped. They are generally arranged randomly
but in some cases can form disorganized rosettes. Plants may be branched or unbranched. Samples from
the Portage River, Ohio are branched. Branching may be inversely related to salinity. Near the Detroit
River in the Great Lakes drainage there have been two forms recorded, namely E. intestinalis f. maxima
and E. intestinalis f. cylindracea (Taft 1964; Kapraun 1970; Catling and McKay 1980; Hadi et al. 1989;
Blomster et al. 1998). In Ohio, E. intestinalis colonies grow up to 20 cm long. Cells are around 10–25 by
16–18 microns (Taft 1964).

Description

Species within the genus Enteromorpha are very difficult to identify as differences between species are
small and hard to spot (3). They are green seaweeds, with tubular and elongate fronds that may be
branched, flattened or inflated (2). They are bright green in colour and may occasionally be bleached
white, particularly around rock pools (4). They attach to the substrate by means of a minute disc-like
holdfast (4). The fronds of a species may vary in appearance due to changes in environmental conditions,
which further confuses identification, and microscopic examination of cell details is often necessary to
identify a species with certainty (3).

Size: colonies to 20 cm long

Kingdom Plantae -- Planta, plantes, plants, Vegetal
Division Chlorophyta -- algues vertes, green algae
Class Chlorophyceae
Order Ulotrichales
Family Ulvaceae
GenusEnteromorpha Link, 1820
Species Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Link
Direct Children:
Variety Enteromorpha intestinalis clavata
Variety Enteromorpha intestinalis cylindracea
Variety Enteromorpha intestinalis intestinalis
Variety Enteromorpha intestinalis maxima
padina
Kingdom Plantae -- Planta, plantes, plants, Vegetal
Division Phaeophyta -- algues brunes, brown algae
Class Phaeophyceae
Order Dictyotales
Family Dictyotaceae J. V. Lamour.
GenusPadina Adans.
Direct Children:
Species Padina commersoni
Species Padina crassa
Species Padina gymnospora (Kuetzing) Vickers
Species Padina jamaicensis (Collins) Papenfuss
Species Padina japonica
Species Padina pavonia (L.) Thivy
Species Padina profunda
Species Padina tenuis
Species Padina thivyi
Species Padina vickersiae
http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/

creditd
http://www.arabslab.com/myimages/bacteria/bacteria_morphology.jpg
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-20/2018.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bacterial_morphology_diagram_cs.sv
g/649px-
Bacterial_morphology_diagram_cs.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_
morphology_diagram_cs.svg&usg=__5cwPhvKQXlazpAbVwORPaZsfmLE=&h=599&w=649&sz=139&hl=
en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=v8a0qJKonAYEwM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbacteria
%2Bmorphology%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dopera%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1

Padina tetrastromatica Hauck

Characteristics

Thalli flabelliform, usually divided into several small lobes, regularly and distinctly concentrically zonate
due to the regular rowa of fructiferous organs; easly recognized due to dark double lines of sporangia;
enclosing a line of colourless hairs in between; blades composed of two layers of cells, in the young
apical involute portion, about 3 0 - 40 µ thick, in the middle three cell layered partitions about 80 - 90 µ
thick, lower down replaced by thr typical four cell layer, about 130 - 150 micron or more near the basal
portion.

Distribution : Gujrat, Malvan, Ratnagiri, , (Maharashtra),Goa, Karwar, Honawar, Bhatkal, (Karnataka)

Lakshadweep,

Ecological status : Mangrove swamps (attached to mud)/Intertidal

IUCN status : LRnt

Uses : Extraction of algenate, fertilizer

Cultivation : Level 4

Existing Cultivation : None

Padina gymnospora (Kutzing) Sonder

Characteristics

Usally the blades are 10-12 cm long and broad, but plants with 15 cm long and to 20 cm broad blades
may be found; the frond has three layers of cells except near the inrolled edge where two cell layers
occur; the hair lines alternate on both sides of the blade and the dark lines of spongia are found just
above every second hair-line; plants tufted, 5-10 cm tall, the blades 5-20 cm broad rounded or split into
narrower portions, the lower parts stalk like and stupose, usually rather moderately calcified on the upper
surface, 2 cells and 50-60 micron thick near the growing margin, 3 cells and 75-110 micron thick below,
where the cells of the middle layer may be taller than those of the surfaces, or even 4 cells thick near the
stipe, hair lines alternating on the 2 faces, the sterile zones 2-4mm wide, alternating with fertile zones 1.5-
3.0 mm wide sporangia in discontinous bonds 0.5-1.5mm wide, usually median between alternate hair
lines and without induria, 90-125 micron diameter, gametophytes dioecious, antheridia in 1-2 bands in
alternate zones.

Distribution : Gujrat, Malvan, Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra), Goa, Karwar, Honawar,(Karnataka).

Ecological status : Common in the lower half of the Intertidal zone.

IUCN status :

Uses : Extraction of algenate, fertiliger

Culture/Cultivation :

Padina australis Hauck

Nama Latin: Padina Australis; Padina gymnospora (Kuetzing) Vickers;

padinaaustralis1.bmp

Spesifikasi:

Ciri-ciri umum. Bentuk thalli seperti kipas membentuk segment-segment lembaran tipis (lobus) dengan
garis-garis berambut radial dan perkampuran di bagian permukaan daun. Warna coklat kekuning-
kuningan atau kadang kadang memutih karena terdapat perkapur

Sebaran:

Habitat. Sebaran. Alge tersebar luas di perairan Pasifik selatan dan perairan Samodera Hindia. Mudah
ditemukan di perairan Indonesia.

Potensi:

Manfaat. Belum diketahuai. Potensi. Belum diketahui.

Padina australis Hauck adalah salah satu jenis alga coklat yang termasuk dalam kelas Phaeophyceae,
ordo Dictyotales, famili Dictyotaceae. Spesies ini menunjukkan ciri utama yaitu thallusnya besar,
berukuran sekitar 15 cm, warns coklat muda sedangkan bagian�bagian tertentu dari thallus berwarna
putih akibat pengapuran ringan, berbentuk kipas dengan lebar 2 � 8 cm. Spesies ini merupakan alga
yang bernilai ekonomis karena berguna sebagai pakan ternak, makanan manusia, pupuk dan dalam
bidang kesehatan berguna sebagai anti bakteri dan anti mikroba.