Preflight Training Plan For First Manned Gemini Flight Crew

Copy No.
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NASA Program Gemini Working Paper No. 5011
PREFLIGHT TRAINING PLAN FOR FIRST

MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
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' (Working-Paper-5011) P.HEF.IIGHT TBAIN1NG N79-78222

PLAN FOB FIBST M A N N E D GEKIMI FLIGHT CFE«
(NASA) 80 p
Onclas
00/53 28661
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER p
Houston, Texas ^
May 11, 1964
(i-J,
NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO. 5011
PREFLIGHT TRAINING PLAN FOR FIRST
MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
Prepared by: Mission Training Section
Authorized for Distribution:
D. K. Slayton f \
Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operations
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINKTRATION
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
May 11,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section . - . . . . • • Page
1.0 SUMMARY ....'•' 1-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1
3.0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING 3-1
3.1 Spacecraft Tests 3-1
3.1.1 Spacecraft 1- 3-1

3.1.2 Spacecraft 2 3-2
3.1.3 Spacecraft 3 3_3
3.2 Gemini Mission Simulator Training 3-5
3.2.1 Familiarization 3-6

3.2.2 Systems Failures 3-6
3-2.3 Specific Mission Training 3-7
3.2. ^ Launch and Network Simulations 3-8
3-3 Part Task Training 3-9
3.3.1 Gemini Part Task Trainer 3-9

3.3.2 Crev Procedures Development Trainer . . . . 3-10
3.3.3 Gemini Platform Demonstrator 3-10
3. ^ Briefings and Meetings 3-10
3.^.1 Flight Plan Reviews 3-10

3.^.2 Systems Briefings 3-10
3.5 Celestial Training 3-11
3-5.1 Planetarium Reviews 3-11
3.6 Centrifuge Training 3-11
3.7 Egress and Recovery Training 3-12
3.8 Other Training Activities 3-13
3.8.1 Launch Abort Simulation (LTV) 3-13

3-8.2 GT-1 and GT-2 Launch Operations and
Postflight Debriefing 3-13
ii
Section Page
3.8.3 Parachute Jump Review 3-13

3.8.4 Ejection Seat Indoctrination 3-13
3.8.5 Suit and Couch Fittings 3-13
3.8.6 Aircraft Flying 3-13
3.8.7 Academics 3-l4
3.8.8 Travel 3-l4
4.0 TABLES 4-1
5.0 . FIGURES 5-1
APPENDIX A - Detailed Description of the Flight

Crew Training Sessions (3?) on the
Mission Simulators A-l
Ill
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR REQUIREMENTS TO
GT-3 LAUNCH DATE . . . . ............... U-3
FIRST MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW MISSION

SIMULATOR OUTLINE ...
MAJOR STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS TO BE REVIEWED

BY THE FLIGHT CREW AT THE MOREHEAD PLANETARIUM
IV
LET OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Time spent by each flight crev member on training or

related activities during their pref light prepara-
tion period. (Approximately 26 weeks ) ..... , . . 5-3
2 Mission simulator (2) time required for maintenance,

training and engineering from acceptance readiness
checkout to GT-3 launch ............... 5-4
3a Crew participation in spacecraft test schedule ..... 5-5
3b Crew training activities schedule (Other than

spacecraft tests ) .................. 5-7
4 Mission simulator checkout and availability schedule . . 5-8

1-1
1.0 SUMMAEY
The completion of the training activities, directly related to the

preparation of the primary and backup crew teams for the first manned
Gemini Mission will require approximately 35 hours a week for each crew
member. This does not include several crew activities which are accom-
plished on an individual bases (such as study and physical fitness
training) or those activities that are considered to be more directly
in support of operations and engineering effort. The time required to
complete the training activities as defined in this document, will be
somewhat greater if less than maximum utilization and efficiency of
equipment and personnel is achieved. A summary of the crew members'
time involvement in each training activity is included in figure 1.
The total requirement for use of the mission simulators is heavy

up through the Gemini Titan Number J (GT-3) launch date. Table 1 and
figure 2 give the mission simulator requirements. Training activities
(crew and ground support) directly imposed by the first manned Gemini -
flight will be given priority.
Planning and coordination will determine the relative success in

fulfilling the training objectives within the minimum time period. The
crew member schedule must be adhered to. Equipment location and avail-
ability will be such as to reduce crew and ground support personnel tra-
vel requirements. The Crew Commander (l-l) will be responsible for
accomplishment of the overall plan. The preflight training for the
first manned Gemini crew is now in progress.
2-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This document defines the preflight training and operational activ-

ities of the primary and backup crew teams designated for the first
manned Gemini mission. It is primarily intended as a guide to the
flight crews and personnel responsible for the training of crews for
flight. The modification and updating of this document will be the
responsibility of the Flight Crew Support Division (FCSD) with the
authorization of the Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operations.
The criteria used in developing this plan were as follows:
1. The preflight training period covers the final period of train-

ing (approximately six months) during which selected crew mem-
bers begin training for a specific mission. When applicable it
also includes their participation in the group training effort.
2. Although crew members are normally scheduled as teams and in

• their designated seat position, cross team and cross seat train-
ing will be accomplished to assure that each crew member can
satisfactorily perform the more critical tasks. This will per-
mit some late date flexibility in reassignment of crew personnel
as well as alleviate the scheduling problem. The degree of
cross training will decrease as the launch date approaches.
3- Only one crew member will be required to participate in the less

critical training activities. He, in turn, will brief the other
crew members as to significant results. This applies particu-
larly to spacecraft testing and certain systems or operations
meetings.
^. The backup crew must be as prepared for flight as the primary

crew. This will permit, if the need arises, replacement as a
team or by individual seat position with no or minimal delay
to launch schedule.
5. The spacecraft test schedule is the basis for scheduling all

activities.
6. Crew members will receive a brief review of the appropriate

spacecraft systems prior to participation in major spacecraft
tests and flying the mission simulators.
7. For simplification the following member designation has been

assigned each crew member.
1-1 Command pilot primary crew

1-2 Copilot primary crew (right seat position)
2-2
1-5 Command pilot backup crew

I-lj- Copilot backup crew
8. The hours attached to many of the activities are for planning

purposes and do not constitute a requirement. They represent
best estimates of the time involved by each crew member, which
are fairly accurate for training on the mission simulators and
considerably less so far participation in spacecraft testing.
9. The overall plan will be reviewed periodically between the crew

members and FCSD training personnel. Generally, it will be the
responsibility of the primary command pilot (.1-1) assisted by
training personnel, for assignment and coordination of scheduled
activities.
10. Crew members will accomplish the major portion of their Mission
Simulator Training at Cape Kennedy. Figure k shows the check-
out and availability for operations schedule for the two Gemini
Mission Simulators. Some general mission simulator training
will be accomplished early in the preflight preparation period
at McDonnell Aircraft Company (MA.C), in conjunction with the
spacecraft tests.
3-1
3.0 PREPARATION AND TRACKING
The following is a description of each of the major areas in which

the crew will be extensively involved. Schedules defining specific areas
of preparation are included to illustrate the proper sequencing of indi-
vidual crew activities.
3.1 Spacecraft Tests
Extensive participation by crew members in the testing of their

respective spacecraft is of major operational and training value to the
flight crews as well as the test engineers. It is necessary to have an
operator or observer inside the spacecraft during many of the tests.
The flight 'crews will frequently fulfill this requirement for the major
spacecraft tests and, in so doing, become very familiar with the charac-
teristic functioning of the spacecraft they will fly. In addition, when
various modifications of "fixes" are considered or required, they will
be able to make inputs into the decision with full knowledge of the
situation;
Spacecraft tests are normally run on a 2^ hour basis, requiring both

crew teams to cover the more important tests. One or two crew members
can adequately cover the less important tests. The crew members will be
responsible for briefing those crew members, who did not participate in
a particular test, on the significant results. When practical all four
crew members will attend the major reviews.
The crew participation in the spacecraft testing of the GT-1, GT-2,

and GT-3 spacecraft is shown in figure 3&. Each crew member will spend
between 60 and 90 hours in the Gemini spacecraft and a much greater amount
Of time in observing, trouble shooting, and reviewing the status of the
spacecraft. The crews participation in the manned spacecraft tests arc
primarily for familiarization and to establish the best testing procedure
for spacecraft no. 3.
The following outlines crew members participation in spacecraft
testing. The complete spacecraft test plan and test procedures are con-
tained in SEDR 301-3.
3.1.1 Spacecraft no. 1
TIME PER
TEST- CREW CREW MEMBER (HOURS)
Simulated Launch and RF Primary 8

Compatibility (Cape)
3-2
TIME PER
TEST CREW CREW MEME
Simulated Flight (Cape) Primary 8
GT-1 Launch (Cape) All 8
Debr ief ing (Cape) All 8
CREW TIME
TEST (MAC) CREW MEMH
Propellent Static Fire All

(Adapter)
Communications (Adapter) 1-4 2
Static Fire (RCS) All 4
(Assembled Spacecraft)
Coolant 1-4 2 (Debriefing)
Simultaneous Operations 1-3 2 (Debriefing)
Altitude Chamber 1-1 2 (Debriefing)
RCS-OAMS Test 1-2 2 (Debriefing)
Acceptance Readiness Review 1-4 4
(CAPE)
Integrated Systems 1-4 2 (Debriefing)
Simulated Flight 1-3 2 (Debriefing)
OAMS-RCS Static Fire 1-1 2
Pre-Mate Simulated Flight 1-4 2 (Debriefing)
ECS Test 1-3 2 (Debriefing)

3-3
TIME PER
TEST CREW CREW MEMBER (HOURS)
(PAD)
Joint Combined Systems Test 1-2 4

Simulated Launch and RF 1-4 4
Compatibility
Final Systems Test 1-4 4

Simulated Flight 1-3 4
Flight Readiness Review All 4
Launch All 8
Debriefing All 8
CREW TIME PER

TEST (MAC) CREW MEMBER (HOURS)
Coolant (Cabin) Primary 4
Electrical (Cabin) Backup 4

4'
Sequent ial (Cab in) Primary
Propellant Static Fire All 4

(Adapter)
Coolant (Adapter) 1-4 4

Communications (Cabin) 1-2 4
ECS Validation (Adapter) 1-4 4
Guidance and Control (Cabin) All 8
Static Fire (RCS) l-l, 1-3 4
Sequential (Adapter) 1-4 2
Communications (Adapter) 1-4 2
TIME PER
TEST CREW CREW MEMB
ECS Validation (Cabin) 1-2 k
ECS Integration (Cabin) 1-2 k
Module Data Review All 8
(Assembled Spacecraft)
Coolant All k
Simultaneous Operations All 8
Computer Modes All 6
Pre -Altitude Chamber i-i, 1-3 4
Altitude Chamber All 12
RCS OAMS All 4
Abbreviated Systems Backup 6

Simulated Flight All 8
Acceptance Readiness Review All 8
(CAPE)
Abbreviated Systems Test All 6

Voice Signal Wave Ratio and 1-2, l-k k
Communications Radiation
OAMS-RCS Static Fire All 6

Pre-Mate Systems Test Backup k
Pre -Mate Simulated Flight Primary 4
Fuel Cell and ECS 1-2, 1-14- k
3-5
TIME PER
TEST CREW CREW MEMBER (HOURS)
Mechanical Mate All 5
Electrical Mate All 5
Launch Vehicle Flight All 2

Control Test
.Joint Combined Systems Test Primary k
Umbilical Drops Combined Backup 4

Systerns Test
Simulated Launch and RF Primary 6

Compat ib 11 it y
Final Systems Test • All J
Simulated Readiness Review All 8
• 3.2 Gemini Mission Simulator Training
The flight crew will complete a training program utilizing the Gemini
Mission Simulators to provide them with extensive experience in the normal
and abnormal operation of the flight systems as well as a multitude of
operational anomalies. The program consists of kk training sessions, of
approximately two hours per session. They are generally progressive in
degree of difficulty and proceed from the general Gemini Mission to the
specific first manned Gemini Flight Plan.
Table 2 contains an outline of the flight crew mission simulator

program. A detailed description of each session is included in appendix A.
The general mission training will be accomplished without regard to des-
ignated seat position whereas, the specific training sessions will be
accomplished with both crew members in their assigned seat position.
Additional training sessions will be available to the flight crew as
desired.
Each training session at Houston includes a briefing and debriefing

utilizing the systems trainers. The session order may be modified depend-
ing upon such factors as availability of simulation tapes, equipment, and
assessed value of individual sessions.
Training on .the mission simulators will proceed in four phases being:

familiarization,- systems failures, specific first manned missions with
random t/sterns malfunctions, and launch and network simulations.
3-6
3-2.1 Familiarization.- The purpose of this phase is to thoroughly

indoctrinate crew members with the typical flight operations
and the normal operating characteristics of the spacecraft
systems. This phase will be implemented as follows:
Gemini Mission Simulator (7 sessions); These sessions consist

of a brief prerun review of each system and its operation fol-
lowed by systems operation on the simulator.
*Session 1 - Left seat. Attitude and maneuvering control using
each control mode including holding vehicle attitudes during
simulated retrofire and reentry maneuvers. Platform alinement
procedures will also be practiced.
•^Session 2 - Right seat. Attitude control practice during

orbit, retrofire and reentry.
^Session 3 - Left seat. Normal launch, initial platform aline-
ment, and reentry commencing with final platform alinement.
Session k - Right seat. Same as Session 3.
•^Session 5 - Left seat. A normal launch, last orbit and re-

entry. Only the general orbital tasks (no rendezvous) will
be practiced.
Session 6 - Left seat. A three orbit mission with real time
launch and reentry. The typical orbital activities will be
conducted non-real time.
Session 7 - Same as Session 6.
3.2.2 Systems Failure (10 sessions).- The purpose of this phase is

to thoroughly prepare the flight crew in systems failure detec-
tion and analysis and the application of alternate procedures
or systems modes. During these sessions only single failures
that progress from the simple pilot override to the more complex
type are scheduled. The application of specific mission rules
is at a minimum.
The ten sessions comprising this phase of training have been,

to the extent practical, delineated by major spacecraft system.
At least one session is devoted to each system. The number of
failures per session (approximately 12) is kept to a minimum
so that each failure can be discussed and practiced in detail.
Multiple systems failures are planned for some of the failure
sessions to be accomplished during the terminal phase of the
specific training on the mission simulators.
3-7
•^Session 8 - Left seat. Electrical sequential
•^Session 9 - Left seat. Same as Session 8
^Session 10 - Right seat. Electrical Power and Communications

^Session 11 - Left seat. ACME
^Session 12 - Left seat. CAMS and RCS
^Session 13 - Left seat. Combined ACME, CAMS, RCS
^Session lU - Right seat. Same as Session 13
Session 15 - Left seat. Navigation and Control
Session l6 - Right seat. Same as Session 15
^Session 17 - Right seat. Environmental Control System (suited)
*Session 18 - OPEN
3.2.3 Specific Mission Training.- This phase consists of 20 training

sessions with each crew member occupying his assigned seat
position. The purpose of this training is to perfect each
crew member's capability to accomplish his specific mission
duties. The simulator will be configured to the first manned
spacecraft and the training will be specific to the Mission
Flight Plan. The majority of the training sessions will con-
sist of a nominal launch, practicing the orbital activities
on a non-real time basis and a manual reentry. Random failures
will be simulated which normally will not require early ter-
mination of the mission. Session no. 35 will be conducted on
a real time basis with the crew suited and the experimental
and pilot hand held equipment on board. Critical mission phases,
such as launch, retrofire and reentry, are emphasized by accom-
plishing sessions devoted to perfecting these tasks. The
sessions comprising the specific mission training phase are
as follows:
Session 19 - Normal Mission
Session 21 - Launch Aborts

3-8
Session 23 - Launch Aborts
Session 2^ - Normal mission with random failures (suited)
^Session 25 - OPEN
Session 26 - Normal Mission with random failures
Session 27 - Launch aborts
Session 31 - Retrofires and Reentries

Session 33 - Retrofires and Reentries
^Session 3^ - OPEN
. Session 35 - Real Time Mission with random failures (suited)


^Session 4^ - OPEN
3.2.U Launch and Network Simulations (6 sessions).- The final phase

training on the Mission Simulators (T-9 to T-2 days) consists
of several simulations involving a part or all of the ground
network support personnel as well as the flight crews. During
these simulations the mission is rehearsed exactly as it would
be (given identical conditions) during actual flight. Although
the training benefits are primarily derived by the ground per-
sonnel, the flight crews are afforded the opportunity to review
and rehearse the mission rules and refine the flight procedures.
The crews will occupy their respective seat positions during

the countdown and launch through insertion. Upon completion
of the launch simulation the crew will participate in the post
*0nly one pilot required in mission simulator.

3-9
simulation discussion. During network simulations the crews

will have the option of remaining in the trainer and practicing
tasks independently. The launch and network simulations as
presently planned t>ut not defined are as follows:
Session 38 - Launch Simulation
Session 39 - Launch Simulation

Session kO - Network Simulation
Session ^1 - Network Simulation
Session k2 - Network Simulation
Session ^3 - Network Simulation
3-3 Part Task Training

The flight crew will utilize the Gemini part task trainers as a
supplement to the Gemini mission simulators. The part task trainers
to be utilized are the Gemini part task trainer (modified Mercury
procedures trainer no. 1 with an out-the-window infinity optical display),
the crew procedures development trainer (CPDT) and the Gemini platform
demonstrator.
3-3.1 Gemini Part Task Trainer. - This trainer will "be utilized to
provide training for out-the-window vehicle positioning and
control during night side of the orbit conditions. This trainer
provides a good simulation of the out-the-window conditions
existing during the night side of orbit. The tasks to be per-
formed using the external display system are: (l) orientation
of the vehicle to various positions from random initial atti-
tudes, (2) practice is estimating vehicle rates using celes-
tial information, (3) practice flight plan maneuvers and tests,
(U) manually position the spacecraft and hold retroattitude
during simulated retrofires, and (5) manually position the
spacecraft to reentry attitude and damp the reentry oscillations
using the horizon. During the periods required to re-initialize
the optical display system the pilot will perform retrofire and
reentry maneuvers using the Flight Direction Indicator (FDI)
under "red" lighting conditions. The flight crew will complete
two or more sessions on this trainer.
3.3.2 Crew Procedures Development Trainer (CFDT).- This trainer, which
duplicates the Gemini spacecraft internal geometry, will be used
for the development of operational procedures and onboard equip-
ment. The advantages afforded by this trainer are early
3-10
availability and convenience. The flight will utilize this

trainer as the need arises.
3-3-3 Gemini Platform Demonstrator.- This device consisting of the

spacecraft stabilization hardware demonstrates the actual opera-
tion and the flight operational characteristics of the Gemini
stabilization system. It complements the mission simulator for
refinement of pilot technique in the use of the stabilization
system.
3-^ Briefings and Meetings
The two major areas of briefings (excluding those briefings and re-
views in conjunction with training exercises) are the flight plan reviews
and the series of briefings on spacecraft systems.
3.^.1 Flight Plan Reviews.- The flight plan will be reviewed approxi-
mately once a month until T-30 days. Subsequent to T-30 days
they will be held on a "as' required" basis. Experiments sche-
duled for the first manned Gemini mission will be covered during
the flight plan reviews.
3.^.2 Systems Briefing. - The flight crew will receive a 3 "to ^ day
series of briefings covering each of the major spacecraft sys-
tems approximately ten weeks prior to the scheduled launch
date. These briefings will be given at Cape Kennedy utilizing
primarily the engineers involved in spacecraft testing. Each
system will be discussed in detail with emphasis on operational
techniques and functional interrelationships.
A second series of systems briefings, covering primarily recent

modifications to the spacecraft and the altered operational
techniques involved, will be conducted approximately 10 days
prior to the scheduled launch date. The second series of
briefings will require a 1 to 2 day time period. The systems
trainers will not be utilized for either series of briefings.
The agenda for the first series of briefings is as follows:
a.m. Attitude and Maneuver Control System
p.m. Attitude and Maneuver Control System

a.m. Attitude and Maneuver Control System
p.m. Electrical Power and Sequential

a.m. Electrical Power and Sequential
3-11
p.m. Environmental Control System
a.m. Instrumentation, Communications, Mechanical
3-5 Celestial Training

The crew members will further increase their capability to orient
and control the spacecraft by the use of celestial information, as well
as make various astronomical observations, through the use of the Morehead
Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and the Gemini part task trainer
incorporating the out-the-window optical display. The related tasks to
be completed on the Gemini part task trainer have been defined in para-
graph 3-3-1-
3. 5.1 Planetarium Reviews.- The flight crew will make 2 or more trips
to the planetarium to study the celestial sphere. The crew
will complete 2 sessions (approximately k hours per session)
during each trip. The activities included in these reviews
are as follows:
Session 1 - Review of entire celestial sphere which includes

recognition of relative magnitudes, positions, distances and
celestial coordinates of prominant stars and constellations.
Table 3 contains a list of the prominant stars and constella-
tions that will be reviewed.
Session 2 - This session consists of a review of the stars and

constellations near the orbital plane. The flight crew will
observe and identify constellations and star patterns as they
drift across the window using the Gemini flight plan and star
charts for reference. Red lighting, such as the finger tip
lights, will be required. The orbital conditions and the window
viewing limits for both pilots will be simulated. The window
frame orientation will be varied to simulate various spacecraft
attitudes.
3.6 Centrifuge Training

The flight crew will review selected Gemini acceleration profiles
and associated tasks in conjunction with the Gemini Phase II Centrifuge
Program to be conducted at the Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory,
Naval Air Development Center, Johnsville, Pennsylvania. The fixture will
simulate the command pilot crew station. The ejection seat contours,
pelvic contours, and egress kits will be custom fabricated for the first
manned Gemini flight crew. The flight crew will wear the Gemini pressure
suit during all runs. Each crew member will complete five or more runs
during each of two sessions. The run outline for each session is as
3-12
follows:
1. Normal launch with a normal modulated lift reentry. The time

interval between retrofire and reentry will be reduced.
2. Abort immediately after staging with the associated half lift

reentry.
5. Abort at critical velocity and the associated half lift (l5g)

reentry.
k. Abort just prior to insertion with the associated half lift
reentry.
5. Normal launch with a normal modulated lift reentry. The time

interval between retrofire and reentry will be real time.
3-7 Egress and Recovery Training
The flight crew will complete a Gemini egress and recovery operation
utilizing the boilerplate no. 201 and the spacecraft static article no. 5
if available. A brief outline of the program is as follows:
First Day - A briefing and short film on the results of the qualifi-
cation ic.st program will be given by the Recovery Operations Division.
This will provide the crews with information on spacecraft sink rates,
flotation characteristics, and the results of the 36 hour test of space-
craft static article no. 5. This will be followed by a briefing by the
Flight Crew Support Division egress training project engineer summariz-
ing the egress training to be conducted. Upon completion of the briefings
each crew will make two unsuited surface egresses from the boilerplate
no. 201 in the Ellington AFB spacecraft flotation tank.
Second Day - A recovery operation will be conducted in the Galveston

Bay or Gulf of Mexico utilizing the spacecraft handling ship "Retriever"
and the boilerplate no. 201. During this session the spacecraft flota-
tion characteristics on open water, possible flooding effects, surface
egress an-1 survival equipment will be demonstrated and practiced. Each
crew team will make two egresses from boilerplate no. 201 including the
deployment and use of the survival pack equipment wearing the Gemini
pressure suit. Each crew member will accomplish at least one heliocopter
pickup.
In lieu of the non-availability of spacecraft static article no. 5,

the flight crew will receive practice in ECS, radio, snorkel and cabin
veiic valve, and other various mechanical operations required prior to
egressing from the spacecraft, during their training on the Gemini mission
simulators.
3-13
3.8 Other :Training Activities
The flight crew activities accomplished as part of the general pre-

paration for the first manned Gemini flight are discussed briefly below:
3.8.1 Launch Abort Simulation (LTV).- The flight crew will complete
a program on the Ling-Temco-Vought moving base simulator prac-
ticing various abort situations selected on a criticality and
pilot difficulty basis. The simulator will consist of the
Gemini Launch Vehicle controls and the Command Pilot station
launch abort instrumentation. The noise and vibration cues
for a wide variety of normal and malfunction launch trajectories
will be simulated. The flight crew will attend the presimula-
tion briefing and receive the briefing handout. Each crew
member will complete 2 sessions on the simulator. A session
will consist of approximately kO runs within a 3 hour time
period.
3.8.2 GT-1 and GT-2 Launch Operations and Postflight Debriefing. -

The flight crew will participate in unmanned Gemini launch
operations and the postflight debriefing and analysis.
3.8.3 Parachute Jump Review.- The flight crew will accomplish a para-
jump review consisting of (l) parachute landing fall procedures
and canopy manipulation techniques briefing, (2) two parachute
landings per crew member over land and two parachute landings
per crew member with full gear over water.
3. 8. k Ejection Seat Indoctrination.- As part of the general group

training each crew member will receive one ride on the Gemini
ejection seat tower at the Air Crew Equipment Laboratory,
Philadelphia Naval Base, Pennsylvania. The ride will achieve
a 12 "g" peak with a 250 g/second onset rate. "Slump" measure-
ments will be obtained for determining the proper center of
gravity position.
3.8.5 Suit and Couch Fittings.- The flight crew will be given a brief
indoctrination on Gemini pressure suit design and capabilities.
A short altitude chamber run for operation of the suit under
design conditions will be conducted.
3-8.6 Aircraft Flying.- Space flight readiness will be maintained

throughout the preflight period. Pilot's will average approxi-
mately 15 hours a month during the entire preflight period with
a gradual tapering off as launch date approaches. Each crew
member is responsible for accomplishing the military and NASA
flight requirements.
3.8.7 Academics.- The flight crew will attend classroom lectures on
a time available basis.
3.8.8 Travel.- The flight crew will spend a considerable amount of

time traveling in support of engineering operations and partici-
pation in the various training activities. To the extent pos-
sible, travel will be via NASA aircraft. This will expediate
and permit greater flexibility in traveling as well as maintain
the crew members' flying skills.
.0 TABLES
TABLE 1. - GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR REQUIREMENT TO GT-3 LAUNCH DATE
TRAINING REQUIREMENT ALLOTTED SIMULATOR TIME. (HRS)

COCKPIT NON-COCKPIT
Flight
First Manned Gemini Crew

Primary 150
Backup 150
Second Manned Gemini Crew

Primary 75
Ba.ckup 75
General (21 Astronauts) 425
Subtotal 875
Ground Support
Instructors 130
(FCSD) Flight Test 120
Operations Support and 130
Analysis
Familiarization and
Proficiency (MCC and Remote
SifceTeams )
GT-2 50
(FCD, CSD) GT-3 100
GT-4 25
Launch & Network

Simulations (includes Tape
Cutting)
GT-2 60
GT-3 70
GT-4. 30
Subtotal 380 335
Total 1590
k-k
TABLE 2. - FIRST MANNED GEMINT FLZJHT CREW
MISSION SIMULATOR TRAINING OUTLINE
PILOT SESSION SEAT HOURS
*I Left Spacecraft Attitude and Maneuver Control 2
*2 Right Spacecraft Attitude Control 2
3 Left Normal Launch and Reentry 2'
k Right Normal Launch and Reentry 2
*5 Left Normal Mission 2

6 Left Normal Mission 2
7 Right Normal Mission 2

*8 Left Electrical Sequential Failures 2
*9 Left Electrical Sequential Failures 2

*10 Right Electrical Power and Communication Failures 2
*11 Left Attitude Control and Maneuver Electronics 2

(ACME) Failures
#12 Left Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System 2
(OAMS) and Reentry Control System
(RCS) Failures
*13 Left ACME, OAMS and RCS Combined Failures 2

*l4 Right ACME, OAMS and RCS Combined Failures 2
15 Left Navigation and Control Failures 2
16 Right Navigation and Control Failures 2
.*17 Right Environmental Control System (ECS) 2

Failures (suited)
*l8 OPEN
*0nly one pilot required in mission simulator

TABLE 2. - FIRST MAN.fS'D GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
MISSION SIMULATOR TRAINING OUTLINE - Continued
Specific Fl
19 Crew Normal Miss 2
21 Crew Launch Abor 2
25 Crew Launch Abor 2
24 Crew Normal Mission

Normal Miss with Random Failures (suited) 2
*25 OPEN
27 Crew Launch Abor' 2
28 Crew Normal Miss: 2
50 Crew Normal Miss: 2
51 Crew Retrof ire ai
52 Crew Launch Abor'
55 Crew Retrof ire ai

*54 OPEN
55 Crew Real Time Nc

Failures
56 Crew Normal Miss:
*0n.l,y one pilot required in mission simulator

k-6
TABLE 2. - FIRST MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
MISSION SIMULATOR TRAINING OUTLINE - Concluded
37 Crew Launch Aborts 2
38 Crew Launch Sinmlation (F-9) 2
39 Crew Launch Simulation (F-7) 2
kO Crew Network Simulation (F-6) 2
Ul Crew Network Simulation (F-5) 2
k2 Crew Network Simulation (F-U) 2
Jj-3 Crew Network Simulation (F-2) 2
OPEN
*0nly one pilot required in mission simulator

4-7
TABLE 3. - MAJOR STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS TO BE REVIEWED
BY THE FLIGHT CREW AT TIE MOREHEAD PLANETARIUM
STAR SPECIAL NAME MAG. R.A. DEC.
1. Alpha Cariis Major is Sirius -1.58 6h 43m -16°. 6

2. Alpha Carinae Canopus -0.86 6h 23m -52°. 7
3- Alpha Crntauri Rigil Kentaurus 0.06 l4h 36m -60°. 6
4. Alpha Lyrae Vega 0.14 l8h 35m +38°. 7
5- Alpha Aurigae Capella 0.21 5h 13m +45°. 9
6. Alpha Bootis Arcturus 0.24 l4h 13m +19°. 4
7. Beta Or ion is Rigel 0.34 5h 12m - 8°. 7
8. Alpha Canis Minoris Procyon 0.48 7h 37m + 5°. 4
9. Alpha Eridani Achernar 0.60 Ih 36m .-57°. 5
10. Alpha Aquilae Altair 0.89 19h 48m + 8°. 7
11. Alpha Orionis Betelgeuse 0. 92 (var )5h 52m + 7°. 4
12. Alpha Tauri Aldebaran 1.06 4h 33m +16°. 4
13- Beta Geminorum Pollux 1.21 7h 42m +28°. 2
l4. Alpha Virginis Spica 1.21 13h 23m -10°. 9
15- Alpha Scorpii Antares 1.22 l6h 26m -26°. 3
l6. Alpha Piscus Austrini Formulhaut 1.29 22h 55m -29°. 9
IT. Alpha Cygni Deneb 1.33 20h *0m +45°. l
18. Alpha Leonis Regulus 1.3* lOh 06m +12°. 2
19. Alpha Geminorum Castro 1.58 7h 31JJ1 +52°.0
20. Epsilon Canis Majoris Adhara 1.63 6h 57m -28°. 9
21. Gamma Orionis Bellatrix 1.70 5h 22m + 6°. 3
22. Beta Tauri El Nath 1.78 5h 23m +28°. 6
23- Alpha Persei Marfak or Mirfak 1.90 3h 21m +49°. 7
24. Eta Ursae Majoris Alkaid or 1.91 13h 46m +49°. 6
Benetnasch
25- Alpha Urase Majoris Dubhe 1-95 llh Olm +62°. 0
26. Alpha Ursae Minoris Polaris 2.12 Ih 48m +89°. o
27- Beta Persei Algol 2. 2 (var) 3h 05m +40°. 8
28, Kappa Orionis Saiph 2.20 5h *5m - 9°. 7
20. Beta Leonis Denebola 2.23 llh 46m +l4°.9
30. Beta Ceti Deneb Kaitos 2.24 Oh 4lm -18°. 3
31. Zeta Ursae Majoris Mizar 2.40 13h 22m +55°. 2
TABLE 3. - MAJOR STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS TO BE REVIEWED
BY THE FLIGHT CREW AT THE MOREHEAD PLANETARIUM - Concluded
CONSTELLATIONS
Andromeda Libra
Aquarius Lyra
Aquila Ophiuchus
Aries Orion
Cancer . Pegasus
Canis Major Pisces
Canis Minor Sagittarius
Capricornus Scorpius
Cassiopeia Tauras
Delphinus Ursa Minor
Gemini . Ursa Major
Hydra Virgo
Leo
Page Intentionally Left Blank
5-3
SOIW3QVOV ($L)
Figure 1. - Time spent by each flight crew member on training or related activities
>? soNini.it Honoo 9 i ins (si)
-pCO
g 1
during their pref light preparation period. (Approximately 26 weeks).

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engineering from acceptance readiness checkout to GT-3 la
142 (approximately)
j j
(12) SinVNOHXSV dnOHD f (52V)

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TOTAL HOURS - 3670
(V) M3HO IHDI13 INIW30 Q3NMVW HNQ03S j" (05TJ
REQUIREMENT
-
(V) rtSHO XHDI13 INIW30 Q3MNW ISHM (OOC)

WEEKLY
(MOHVOI3IH3A sHononne anvaaoo 'BOVIHSXNI) snoaNvnaosiw j (osi)
OMIIIflO 3JVI I (00^)

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A-l
APPENDIX A
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLIGHT CREWS
TRAINING SESSIONS (37) ON THE MISSION SIMULATOR
GENERAL TRAINING
SESSION NO. 1 - LEFT SEAT
SPACECRAFT CONTROL
ITEM TIME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
00 Session briefing and simulator :15

familiarization
1 :15 OAMS in rate command, reentry rate command,
direct and pulse modes :20
- Thrusting only
- Attitude control only
2 :J5 RCS in rate command, reentry rate command,

direct and pulse modes :20
- Attitude control
3 '-55 Demonstrate difference "between OAMS and :20

RCS, cross coupling effects, attitude changes
due to translation control.
k 1:15 Platform alinement procedures :JO

- Normal alinement modes
- Demonstrate effect of incorrect platform

alinement
5 1:^5 Retrofire . :15
- Control retroattitude during retrofire
with variation of magnitude and direction
of misalinement torques.
2;00 End of session
2:00 ST.
A-2
GENERAL TRAINING
SESSION NO. 2 RIGHT SEAT
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL
ITEM TIME SIMULATION . TRI3G TIME
00 Session "briefing and simulator :15

familiarization
1 :15 OAMS in rate command, reentry rate :20
command, direct and pulse modes
- Attitude control only
2 : 35 RCS in rate command, reentry rate :20

command, direct and pulse modes
- Attitude control
3 :55 Platform alinement -.20
4 1:15 Retrofires :10
- Two in rate command mode
- Two in reentry rate command mode
- Four in direct mode

5 1:25 . Reentrys -.35
- One in rate command mode
- Two in direct mode

2:00 End of session •
2:00 Hr.
A-5
GENERAL TRAINING
SESSION NO. 4 - RIGHT SEAT
NORMAL LAUNCH AND REENTRY
:00 Session briefing :15
1 :15 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
:20 Launch .. :07
:£6 Insertion - Use OAMS for velocity correction
:27 Initial platform alineiaent :33
2 1:00 Final platform alinement and retro preparation :30
1:30' TR-5 :05
1:35 Retrofire :05
1:^0 Reentry (ÔOK) :20
1:50 Manual main parachute deploy
1:56 Post landing
2:00 End of session

2:00 Hr.
GENERAL TRAINING
NORMAL MISSION
:00 . Session briefing
1 :15 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown
:20 Launch
:26 Insertion - Use OAMS for insertion
:27 Initial platform alinement
- Session will follow the latest available

Flight Plan
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-5
GENERAL TRAINING
NORMAL MISSION
ITEM TJEME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
: 2.C Launch
:26 Insertion - Use OAMS for velocity correction :07
:27 Initial platform alinement :33
1:00 . Final platform alinement and retrofire prep. :30
1:30 TR-5 :05
1: 3? •• Retrofire : 05
1:^4-0 Reentry (400K) :20
1:56 Post landing
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-6
GENERAL TRAINING

ELECTRICAL SEQUENTIAL FAILURES
..-00 ' Session briefing :15
1 :15 Launch - Nose fairing and scanner cover :05

do not jettison . •
2,3,^ :20 Launch - Booster does not separate from :15

spacecraft
5 :35 Retrofire prep - IND RETRO ATT telelight :05

switch does not give l6° pitch down bias
and BEF mode on the FDI's
6 :kO Retrofire prep - 0 HIGH RATE telelight :05

switch inoperative
7 :U5 Retrofire prep - BTRY PWR telelight remains amber :05
8,9 :55 Retrofire prep - RCS telelight switch inoperative :10
10,11 1:05 Retrofire prep - SEP OAMS LINE telelight switch :10
inoperative
12 1:15 Retrofire prep - SEP ELECT telelight switch inoper. :05
13 1:20 Retrofire prep - Adapter does not separate :10
15jl6 1:30 Retrofire - Retrorockets do not fire automatically :10
1? 1:^0 Retrofire - Petrorockets do not fire manually :05
18 1:^5 Retrofire - Retroadapter does not separate :05
19,20 1:50 Reetry - Drogue parachute and pilot parachute :10

do not deploy
21 2:00 Launch, Retro, Reentry, sequential lights :15

inoperative
2:15 End of session

2:15 Hr.
A-7
GENERAL TRAINING
ELECTRICAL POWER AND COMMUNICATION FAILURES
ITEM TIME SIMULATION TRHG TIME
1 :15 Orbit - Fuel cell ammeter or voltmeter fails -.05
2 :20 Orbit - Failing stack in one section (amber light) :05
3 :25 Orbit - Differential pressure in one section :05

(three red lights)
4 :30 Orbit - Battery voltage decrease :03
5 :33 Orbit - Fuel cell 02 or H quantity or pressure

indicator fails :05
6 :38 Orbit - Fuel cell 02 or H leak :10
7 :^t8 Orbit - Fuel cell 02 or H0 heater inoperative

in AUTO or ON position
8 :53 Orbit - Fuel cell 0 or H2 heater operates

continuously :10
9 1:03 Orbit - RCS HTR Light amber • -.05
10 1:08 Launch - No UHF transmission or reception :05
11 1:13 Orbit - No UHF transmission or reception :05
12 1:18 Orbit - No HF transmission or reception :05
13 1:23 Orbit - Headphone and mike failure :03
I1!- 1:23 Orbit - VOX or PIT fails open or closed :05
15 1:28 HF antenna will not retract :03

A-8
GENERAL TRAINING
SESSION NO. 10 - Concluded.
ITEM TIME • SIMULATION TRNG TIME
16 1:31 Orbit - S-band beacon failure :05
IT 1:36 Orbit - C-band beacon failure :05
18 l:4l Launch :09
19 1:50 Reentry :10
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-9
GENERAL ln::AINING-
ATTITUDE CONTROL AND MANEUVER ELECTRONICS FAILURES
ITEM TIME - SIMULATION TRMr TIME-
: 00 Session briefing :15

1 :15 Orbit - ACME logic primary open :10
2 :25 Orbit - ACME logic primary short :10
3 : -55 Reentry - Primary limiter fail (reentry mode);

no roll control :10
4 :45 Orbit - Rate gyro primary open :10
5 ':55 Orbit - Rate gyro priiaary error :10

6 1:05 Orbit - OAMS direct or pulse microswitches open :10
7 - 1:1^ Orbit - OAMS direct or pulse microswitches short :10
8 1:25 Reentry - RCS Ring A or Ring B direct micro- .:10

switches open
9 1:55 Reentry - RCS Ring A or Ring B direct micro- :10

switches short
10 1:45 Orbit - Rate control potentiometer fails in

rate command mode
11 1:55 Orbit - Hand control inoperative in pulse mode :05
12 2:00 Orbit - ACME bias power fails :10
2:10 End of session

2:10 Hr.
A-10
GENERAL TRAINING
ORBITAL ATTITUDE AND MANEUVER SYSTEM
AND REENTRY CONTROL SYSTEM FAILURES
1 :15 Orbit - Primary OAMS attitude driver(s) open :10
2 :25 Orbit - Primary OAMS attitude driver(s) short :10
3 : 35 Orbit - Maneuver drivers primary open :10
k :^5 Orbit - Maneuver drivers primary short :10
5 :55 Orbit - OAMS fuel or oxidizer valves fail open or

closed :10
6 1:05 Orbit - OAMS pressure switch allows excessive

propellant pressure :10
7 1:15 Orbit - OAMS pressure regulator fails :10
8 1:25 Orbit - OAMS helium or propellant leak :10
9 1:35 Orbit - Propellant temperature, pressure, or

quantity indicator fails :05
10 1:40 Reentry - RCS A or B drivers open (ACME mode) :10
11 1:50 Reentry - RCS helium or propellant leak :10
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-17.
GENERAL TRAINING
ACME, OAMS, and RCS COMBINED FAILURES
1 :15 Orbit - ACME logic primary open :10
2 :25 Orbit - Primary OAMS attitude driver(s) open :10
3 :35 Orbit - ACME logic primary short :10
4 :45 Orbit - Primary OAMS attitude driver(s) short :10
5 :55 Orbit - Rate gyro primary open :10
6 1:05 Orbit - Maneuver drivers primary open : 10
7 1:15 Orbit - Rate gyro primary error :10
8 1:25 Orbit - Maneuvers drivers primary short :10
9 1:35 Orbit - OAMS direct or pulse microswitches open :10
10 1:J45 Orbit - OAMS fuel or oxidizer valves fail open :10

or closed
11 1:55 Orbit - OAMS direct or pulse microswitches :10

short
2:05 End of session
2:05 Hr.
A -12
GENERAL TRAINING
ACME, OAMS, AND RCS COMBINED FAILURES
:00 Session briefing = 15

1 :15 Orbit - OAMS pressure switch allows excessive :10
propellant pressure.
2 :25 Orbit - Rate control potentiometer fails in :10

rate command mode
3 :35 Orbit - OAMS pressure regulator fails :10
k :^5 Orbit - Hand controller inoperative in pulse mode : 05
5 :50 Orbit - OAMS helium or propellant leak :10
6 1:00 Orbit - ACME bias power fails :10
7 1:10 Orbit - Propellant temperature, pressure, or :05

quantity indicator fails
8 1:15 Reentry - Primary limiter fails (REENT mode);

no roll control :10
9 1:25 Reentry - RCS A or B drivers open (ACME mode) :10
10 1:35 Reentry - RCS Ring A or Ring B direct micro- :10

switches open
11 • 1:45 Reentry - RCS helium or propellant leak :10
12 1:55. Reentry - RCS Ring A or Ring B direct micro- :10

switches short
?-ns V.nft of RpRRinn
2:05 Hr.
A-13
GENERAL TRAINING'
NAVIGATION AND CONTROL FAILURES
-.00 Session briefing :15
1 :15 Orbit - Primary horizon sensor electronics fails :05
2 :20 Orbit - Rate gyro fails :10
3 :*0 Orbit - IGS power supply fails :10
4 :-'l-0 Orbit - IGS attitude malfunctions or accelero- :10

meter malfunction
5 '. ';0 Orbit - Radar range or range rate indicates zero :10
6 3:00 Orbit - Radar azimuth or elevation indicates zero :10
7 1:10 Orbit - No radar lock-on :10
8 1:20 Orbit - Either attitude ball fails in any axis :10
9 1:30 Retro - Any FBI needle fails in any axis :15
10 1:45 Retro/reentry - Electronic timer fails :15
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
If GMS does not possess radar/rendezvous

capability - session time devoted to MDIU
computer practice.
NO, l? „
" ^
1
^fc>lt _ 0
2
-25 •
• -2C
O-nK,-^
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3
4
:40 n ln se
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- * — :c
° ' °^bit _ 5ec
Sf3A ^ °2 ottle
5 ' .4,
. •. " ^conaaxy
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5
Orbit -
6
Orbit _
7
8
9
^ O^"1" ^ô^
10
-•» o rZtt t t " s a t e r s e a l —°« B
i - Suit f«« „ ..
12
13
^^ Ôo7nv,j- ,
15
16
17
1--55
"^G - H.o PPPO.
:05
:05
A-15
GENERAL TRAINING
SESSION WO. 1? - Concluded.
ITEM .TIME SIMULATION TITO TIME
19 2:00 Orbit - Manual Op HIGH RATE control inoperative :05
2:05 End of session

2:05 Hr,
A-l6
GENERAL TRAINING
.SESSION NO. 18 - OPEN
2 hour session .
Unscheduled task to allow astro to determine

area for simulation
A-17
SPECIFIC FLIGHT CREW TRAINING

RIGHT SEAT
'NORMAL MISSION
:00 Session briefing and discussion :15
1 :15 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdovn :05
:20 Launch - Variation of nominal limits -.06

*
:26 Insertion - Use CAMS for velocity correction :01
:27 Initial platform alinement :33
Orbit - Computer practice
Orbit - Attitude control task
Orbit - Maneuver control task
1:00 Orbit - Final platform alinement and retro prep. :30
1:30 Orbit - TR-5 :05
1:35 Retrofire :05
l:kO Reentry (400K) :20
1:57 Post landing
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-18

RKHT SEAT
NORMAL MKSION
TIEM TIME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
:20 Launch - Variation of nominal limits :06
:2? Initial platform alinement :33
Orbit - MDUJ and computer practice

Orbit. - Maneuver control task
1:00 Orbit - Final platform alinement and retro prep. :JO

1:30 Orbit - TR-5 :05
1:35 Retrofire :05
1:^0 Reentry (kOCK) :20

1:57 Post landing

2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-19

RIGHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABORTS
ITEM Tim SIMULATION TRNG TIME
:00 Session briefing and review abort mission rules :15
1 : 1J) Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
: 20 Launch :01
:21 Abort - Mode 1 attitude rate light :02
:23 Discussion :05

.52 Launch : 01
:33 Abort - Mode I, Engine 1 light :02
: 35 Discussion :05
3 :kO Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
:^5 Launch :03
:48 Abort - Mode II, stage failure :03
:51 Retrorockets for spacecraft separation, reentry
1:05 Discussion :05

k 1:10 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
1:15 Launch :04
1:19 Abort - Mode II :06
- Attitude rate light with automatic guidance

switchover, then manual switch over, engine 2
light on
A-20
SPECIFIC FLIGHT CREW TRAINIMJ
SESSION NO. 21 - Concluded - LEFT SEAT

RIGHT SEAT
Retrofire
1:25 Reentry :25
Manual main parachute deploy, post landing
1:50 Discussion and review of abort mission rules :10
2:00 End of session

2:00 Hr.
A-21

RIGHT SEAT
NORMAL MISSION
:20 Launch-Variation of nominal limits :06
:2? Initial platform alinement ;33
Orbit - MLIU and computer practice
Orbit - Touchdown predict mode practice
Orbit - Attitude control tasks
1:00 Orbit - Final platform alinement and retro prep. :JO
1:30 Orbit - TR-5 :05
1:35 Retrofire :05
1:40 Reentry (400K) :20
1:57 Post landing
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-22

REHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABORTS
ITEM TIME SIMULATION TRNG. TIME
:20 Launch
:2h Abort - Mode II, engine 1 failure
:2? Retrorockets for spacecraft separation, reentry
:35 Discussion
2 :^0 Abbreviation prelaunch and countdown :05
:^5 Launch
:^9 Abort - Mode II, incomplete staging
:52 Retrorockets for spacecraft separation, reentry
1:00 Discussion
3 1:05 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
1:10 Launch
1:15 Abort-Mode III, velocity below insertion
Retrofire
1:20 Reentry :10
Post landing
1:30 Discussion and review of abort mission rules :20
1:50 End of session

1:50 Hr.
A-23
SPECIFIC FLIGHT CREW THAWING
SESSION NO. 2k - LEFT SEAT

RIGHT SEAT
NORMAL MISSION WITH RANDOM MALFUNCTIONS

(ASTRO IN PRESSURE SUIT)
JTEM TIME SIMULATION TRNG TIME

:20 Launch - Event timer fail, no lift off signal :07
Communication failure prior stage

Insertion - Use OAMS for velocity correction
:27 Orbit - Initial platform alinement :J8
FBI malfunction
Rate gyro open
Roll logic failure
Thruster fail open
Thruster fail closed
Orbit - Cabin fan failure
Coolant pump failure

Orbit - MDHJ tasks
IMU pover - eircuit breaker

1:05 Orbit - Final platform alinement :30
1:35 Orbit - TR-5-secondary 0 indicator failure, :05

temperature rate error, RCS "A" drivers failure
1:^0 Retrofire - Auto and manual fail :05

Retropack jettison failure
1:^5 Reentry (ÔOK) - Drogue parachute deployment :15
fail, snorkel open failure, cabin vent failure
SESSION NO. 2U - Concluded - LEFT SEAT

RIGHT SEAT
1:50 Manual main parachute deployment - R and R

separation failure
2:00 Post landing :05
2:05 End of session

2:05 Hr.
A-25
SESSION NO. 25 - OPEN
2 hour session
Unscheduled task to allow crew to determine
area of simulation
A-26

RIGHT SEAT
NORMAL MISSION WITH RANDOM MALFUNCTIDNS
: 15 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown .: 05
:20 Launch - Nose fairing and scanner do not :07

jettison
Abort light (2nd astro) fail on Booster cutoff
no. 1 circuit breaker fail j
UHF communication garbled and noise SEP SPCFT
green light fail
MDIU failure
Insertion - UHF communication garbled and noise

Use OAMS for velocity correction
:27 Orbit - Initial platform alinement, scanner pri- :58

mary error (or open) in pitch or roll
Orbit - Cabin pressure fail

Orbit - FBI malfunction
1:05 Orbit - Final platform alinement • :?0
RCS Htr failure (circuit breaker) primary

coolant pumps failure
1:35 Orbit - TR-5 sequence lights fail circuit breaker :05

ECS temperature rate error
ACME bias power primary failure
1:^0 Retrofire - Retrorocket firing incomplete :05
1:^5 Reentry (ÔOK) RCS Ring "A" short :15

ACME primary and secondary roll limiter failure
Snorkel failure
Cabin vent valve failure
A-27
SESSION WO. 26 - Concluded - LEFT SEAT

RKHT SEAT
1:50 Manual main parachute deployment

2:05 End of session
2:05 Hr.
.A-28
SESSION WO. 27 - LEFT SEAT

RIGHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABORTS
:15 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
:20 Launch
:22 Abort - Mode I, attitude rate light red
:25 Discussion :05
:JO Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
:35 Launch
:39 Abort - Mode II
:^2 Retrorocket for spacecraft separation, reentry
:50 Discussion
:55 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown
1:00 launch
f
1:05 Abort - Mode III
Retrofire
1:11 Reentry :10
Manual main parachute deploy
Post landing
1:21 Discussion
1:26 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05

A-29

RIGHT SEAT
1:31 Launch - critical insertion velocity correction
1:37 Abort - Mode III or insertion :08
1:^5 Discussion and review of abort mission rules :15
2:00 End of session

2:00 Hr.
A-30

RKHT SEAT
NORMAL MBS ION
ITEM TIME . SIMULATION TRNG TIME
:20 Launch - Variation of nominal limits :06
:26 Insertion - Use CAMS for velocity correction
:27 Initial platform alinement

Orbit - MDIU and computer practice
Orbit - Maneuver control task
Orbit - Final platform alinement and retro prep.

1:JO Orbit - TR-5 :05
1:35 Retrofire :05

1:^0 Reentry (kOOK.) :20
1:57 Post landing

2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.
A-31

RIGHT SEAT
:20 Launch - Engine 1 light fails on :07

Engine 2 light fails off
Second astro communication fails
Insertion - Use CAMS for velocity correction
:27 Orbit - Initial platform alinement :38
ACME rate gyro error

ACME rate gyro open
Orbit - Coolant leak in either loop, high 0

pressure
1:05 Orbit - Final platform alinement, OAMS primary

attitude drivers open, battery voltage decrease
1:35 Orbit - TR-5 - One or more sequential lights fail :05

to illuminate amber at proper time
One or more sequential lights fail to illuminate

green at proper time
l:kO Retrofire - Retropack fails to jettison :05
1:^5 Reentry (400K) - First astro FBI ball fails in :15

one axis
1:50 Manual main parachute deployment - parachute

dereef
2:05 End of session

2:05 Hr.
A-32

RTCHT SEAT
ITEM T3ME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
:20 Launch - L/V power APS fuel press meter open :07
Engine II light fail on
Insertion - Platform - ACC light illuminates
:27 Orbit - Initial platform alinement :38
OAMS oxidizer valve failed closed

ECS pressure rate error
EVAP press warning light illuminates
Orbit - S-band open

C-band open
Orbit - DCS failure
OAMS attitude drivers shorted
1:05 Orbit - Final platform alinement :30

ACME inverter failure
1:35 Orbit - TR-5 - RCS regulator failure :05

IND RETRO ATT light will not illuminate
1:40 Retrofire - FDI needle failure :05
1:45 Reentry (400K) - RCS "A" drivers shorted :15

Rate of descent meter failure altimeter error
2:05 End of session

2:05 Hr.
A-33

RIGHT SEAT
RETROFIRE AND REENTRY WITH RANDOM FAILURES
1 :15 Complete pre-retro checklist :15
Maneuver to retro attitude on rate command
TR-5 checklist and TR-30 sec checklists
Manually fire retro (TR + 1 sec)
Post-retro jett checklist
Fast time to reentry
:30 Reentry :15
Pre-main and Post-main checklists
Landing and discussion
2 :^5 Pre-retro checklist :15
RCS Ring A thruster fails open
ACME logic primary short
TR-5 checklist
Yaw rate gyro fails

TR-30 sec. checklist

SESSTON NO. 31 - Continued - LEFT SEAT

RTCHT SEAT
HEM TIME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
Primary limiters fail
1:00 Reentry :15

Pre-main and Post-main checklists
3 1:15 Pre-retro checklist :15

Sequence lights inoperative

Pitch bias fails
TR-5 checklist and TR-30 sec checklists
Adapter does not separate (Use abort handle)


1:30 Reentry : 15
Pre-main checklist and post-main checklists
b 1:^5 Pre-retro checklist :15

TR-5 checklist
A-35

RIGHT SEAT
IND RETRO ATT telelight switch inoperative
TR-30 sec checklist
Auto-retro and manual retro inoperative
2:00 Reentry :15

RCS Ring A propellant depletion
Pre-main checklist
Main parachute does riot deploy .
2:15 End of session _.

2:15 Hr.
A-36

RIGHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABDKTG
:00 Session briefing and rcvnev of abort mission :15

rules
1 :15 Abbreviated prelaunch ancL countdown :05
:20 launch
:22 Abort - Mode I
:25 Discussion :05

2 tJO Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
:35 Launch :25

:39 Abort - Mode II
r^-2 Retrorocket for spacecraft separation
Reentry
:50 Discussion
3 :55 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown ;k6

1:00 Launch
1:05 Abort - Mode III
Retrofire
Reentry
Manual main parachute deploy
Post landing
A-37

REHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABORTS
1:36 Discussion
^ 1:^-1 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :11
1:^6 Launch
1:52 Abort - Mode III near insertion velocity due to :08

Engine 2 performance
2:00 Discussion and review :10

2:10 End of session
2:10 Hr.
A-38

RIGHT SEAT
RETROFIRE AND REENTRY wITH RANDOM FAILURES
ITEM TIME SIMULATION TRHG TIME
:00 Session brief :15
1 :15 Manual retrofire practice, 3 each on "Direct" :20

and "Rate Cmd"
2 :35 Maneuver to retroattitude on "Rate Cmd" :10
:37 TR-5 checklist. OAMS yaw thruster fails open
Ground reports electronic timer inoperative.

TR-30 checklist
:^2 Manually fire retrorockets (TR + l)
3 :^5 Maneuver to retroattito.de on "Rate Cmd" :10
;kj TR-5 checklist. ACME logic open.
TR-30 checklist. Adapter does not separate
:52 Manually fire retrorockets (TR + l)
^ :55 Maneuver to retroattitude on "Rate Cmd" :10
:57 TR-5 checklist, pitch rate gyro fails
1:02 TR-30 checklist, auto retrofire inoperative -

initiate manually
5 1:05 Normal reentry on "Direct" :10
6 1:15 Reentry, primary limiters and electronic timer :10

failed
7 1:25 Reentry, suit fan fails, ACME logic primary open :10

A-39

/
RTCHT SEAT
ITEM T3ME SIMULATION TRNG TIME
8 1:35 Reentry, pitch rate gyro failed :15

9 1:^5 Reentry, RCS Ring A roll thruster fails short, :15

landing
2:00 Discussion and debriefing

2:00 Hr.
A-kO
SESSION NO. 54 - OPEN
HEM TIME SIMULATDN • TRNG TIME
2 hour session
Unscheduled task to allow crew to determine

area for simulation

RIGHT SEAT
REAL TIME NORMAL MISSION
WITH RANDOM FAILURES (ASTRO IN PRESSURE SUIT)
:20 Launch - Stage light fails on when staging complete :07
Insertion - UHF transmitter failure

:2T Orbit - Initial platform alinement
ACME logic open primary

ACME logic short secondary
ECS 0 heater auto control failure
Suit CO partial press indicator
exceeds 8mm hg and ABNORMAL
Light illuminates
Orbit - OAMS hand controller "Direct" roll micro

switches open
EVAP PRESS warning light remains illuminated
Orbit - Cabin fan failure
Orbit - Final platform alinement - OAMS regulator

failed closed, both suit fans fail
Orbit - TR-5 - Battery power telelight remains

amber
Retrofire - ARM AUTO RETRO failure
Reentry (kOOK) - Hand controller RCS B "Direct"

microswitch short in roll, computer MALF RESET
light illuminates.
A-42
SPECIFIC FLIGHT CREW TRAINING-

RIGHT SEAT
Manual main parachute deployment
Post landing .
5:00 End of session

5:00 Hr.

RIGHT SEAT
NORMAL MISSION WITH RANDOM FAILURES
-.00 Session briefing :15
:20 Launch - MDS bulb fails on Engine 2, :0?

IPS fuel press meter open
Insertion - Use OAMS for velocity correction

HF antenna fails to extend
:27 Orbit - Initial platform alinement, ACME

primary rate gyro roll error . :38
Orbit - Secondary coolant PRIMARY RES LO light

illuminates
Orbit DC-DC converter failure
1:05 Orbit - Final platform alinement, ACME primary :30

pitch logic open
1:35 Orbit - TR-5-Op high rate failure :05

Attitude indicator pitch open
1:^0 Retrofire - Computer failure :05
1:^5 Reentry (ÔOK) - Pre-set rate gyros/attitude error :15
2:05 End of session
2:05 Hr.

RIGHT SEAT
LAUNCH ABORTS
:00 Session briefing and review of abort rules :15
:20 Launch
:2k Abort - Mode II - Engine 1 light.red
:27 Retrorocket for spacecraft separation, reentry
:55 Discussion
2 :40 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown
:45 Launch
:^9 Abort - Mode II attitude rate light red
:52 Retrorocket for spacecraft separation, reentry
1:00 Discussion
3 1:05 Abbreviated prelaunch and countdown :05
1:10 Launch :06
1:16 Abort - Mode III - Engine 2 light and :06

Engine 2 performance
Retrofire
1:22 Reentry :10
Post landing
1:32 Discussion
k 1:37 Amplified prelaunch and countdown procedures for :23

preparation for net launch simulation
2:00 End of session
2:00 Hr.

Preflight Training Plan For First Manned Gemini Flight Crew

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Preflight Training Plan For First Manned Gemini Flight Crew

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NASA Program Gemini Working Paper No. 5011

PREFLIGHT TRAINING PLAN FOR FIRST

' (Working-Paper-5011) P.HEF.IIGHT TBAIN1NG N79-78222

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

PREFLIGHT TRAINING PLAN FOR FIRST

MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW

Prepared by: Mission Training Section

Authorized for Distribution:

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINKTRATION

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER

1.0 SUMMARY ....'•' 1-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1

3.0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING 3-1

3.1 Spacecraft Tests 3-1

3.1.1 Spacecraft 1- 3-1

3.2 Gemini Mission Simulator Training 3-5

3.2.1 Familiarization 3-6

3.3.1 Gemini Part Task Trainer 3-9

3.^.1 Flight Plan Reviews 3-10

3-5.1 Planetarium Reviews 3-11

3.6 Centrifuge Training 3-11

3.7 Egress and Recovery Training 3-12

3.8 Other Training Activities 3-13

3.8.1 Launch Abort Simulation (LTV) 3-13

3.8.3 Parachute Jump Review 3-13

4.0 TABLES 4-1

5.0 . FIGURES 5-1

APPENDIX A - Detailed Description of the Flight

FIRST MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW MISSION

MAJOR STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS TO BE REVIEWED

1 Time spent by each flight crev member on training or

2 Mission simulator (2) time required for maintenance,

3a Crew participation in spacecraft test schedule ..... 5-5

3b Crew training activities schedule (Other than

4 Mission simulator checkout and availability schedule . . 5-8

The completion of the training activities, directly related to the

The total requirement for use of the mission simulators is heavy

Planning and coordination will determine the relative success in

This document defines the preflight training and operational activ-

1. The preflight training period covers the final period of train-

2. Although crew members are normally scheduled as teams and in

3- Only one crew member will be required to participate in the less

^. The backup crew must be as prepared for flight as the primary

5. The spacecraft test schedule is the basis for scheduling all

6. Crew members will receive a brief review of the appropriate

7. For simplification the following member designation has been

1-1 Command pilot primary crew

1-5 Command pilot backup crew

8. The hours attached to many of the activities are for planning

9. The overall plan will be reviewed periodically between the crew

3.0 PREPARATION AND TRACKING

The following is a description of each of the major areas in which

3.1 Spacecraft Tests

Extensive participation by crew members in the testing of their

Spacecraft tests are normally run on a 2^ hour basis, requiring both

The crew participation in the spacecraft testing of the GT-1, GT-2,

Simulated Launch and RF Primary 8

Simulated Flight (Cape) Primary 8

GT-1 Launch (Cape) All 8

Debr ief ing (Cape) All 8

3.1.2 Spacecraft no. 2

Propellent Static Fire All