Experiments For GT-4 Mission

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Program Gemini Working Paper No.

_ 5023
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EXPERIMENTS FOR GT-4 MISSION
DISTRIBUTION AND REFERENCING

'Thispaper is not suitable for general distribution or referencing, It may be referenced
only in other working correspondence and documents by participating 'organizations.
.NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMNSX"X'ATION

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
May 14, 1965

NASA Program Gemini Working Paper No. 5023
EXPERIMENTS FOR GT-U MISSION
Prepared by: ^££6^L47^*-r^S 6- .

Gordon C. Hrabal
AST, Experiments Office
Authorized for Distribution:
Charles W. Mathews
Manager, Gemini Program Office
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
May 14, 1965

iii
CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 POSTFLIGHT EVALUATION REPORTING .... 2-1
3. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-l - BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY AND

EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-6 - SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . 3-1
J.I Objective 3-1
3.2 Justification 3-1
3.3 Scope 3-2
3.3.1 Experiment D-l 3-2

3.3.2 Experiment D-6 3-2
3.4 Experiment Equipment Description 3-2
3.4.1 Camera 3-3

3.^.2 Camera film back 3-3
3.^.3 Questar l400-mm lens 3-3
3.4.4 Nikkor 200-mm lens 3-4
3.4.5 Telescope sight 3-5
3-4.6 Periscope viewer •. 3-5
3.4.7 Optical mounting bracket 3-5
3-4.8 Window mount 3-5
3.4.9 Film transport adapter 3-5
3-5 Spacecraft Operational Equipment 3-6
3-5.1 Photo event indicator 3-6

3.5.2 Gemini voice recorder 3-6
3.5-3 Optical sight 3-6
3-6 Operational Description 3-6
3- 6.1 Unstow equipment 3-6

3-6.2 Mount equipment 3-6
3.6.3 Object acquisition 3-7
3.6.4 Photograph object 3-7
3.7 Preflight Considerations 3-8

iv
Section Page
J.7-1 Equipment 3-8
3.7.2 Personnel 3-8
3.8 Inflight Considerations 3-8

3.8.1 Flight plan 3-9
3.8.2 Equipment preparation procedures . . . . 3-9
3.8.3 Photographic correlation 3-9
3.8.4 Focus and/or object definition
problems — Qaestar lens 3-10
3.8.5 Focus and/or object definition
problems — Nikkor 200-mm lens 3-H
3-9 Postflight Considerations 3-11
3.9-1 Experiment equipment retrieval 3-11
3.9-2 Other required data 3-H
3-9-3 Postflight debriefing 3-11
3.10 Installation Procedures 3-11
3-11 Equipment Checkout Procedures 3-12
3.11.1 Preinstallation acceptance 3-12

3.11.2 Alinement 3-12
3.11.3 Resolution . 3-12
3.12 Flight Qualification Requirements 3-12
4.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-8 - RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT . . . . 4-1
4.1 Objective 4-1
4.3 Scope

4.4.1 Active dose rate indicators 4-2
4.4.2 Passive dosimeters 4-3
4.5 Operational Description 4-3
Section . Page
4.5.1 Active dose rate indicator -

Type I 4-3
4.5.2 Active dose rate indicator -
T!ype V 4-4
it-,5-3 Passive dosimeters 4-4
4.6.1 Equipment calibration 4-4

4.6.2 Equipment preflight servicing . . . 4-4
4.6.3 Personnel . 4-5

4.7.2 Reporting requirements 4-5
4.8 Postflight Considerations 4-6
4.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 4-6

4.8.2 Data requirements . . . 4-6
4.8.3 Postflight debriefing 4-7
4.9.1 Active dose rate indicators. . . . . 4-7

4.10 Equipment Calibration Procedures 4-8
4.10.1 Active dose rate indicators .... 4-8

5.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-9 - SIMPLE NAVIGATION 5-1
5.1 Objective 5-1
5.3 Scope 5-2

VI
Section Page
5> Experiment Equipment Description 5-3

5A.1 Space stadimeter 5-3
5.^.2 Space sextant 5-3
5-5 Principals of Operation 5-3

5.5.1 Space stadimeter 5-^
5.5.2 Space sextant 5-5
5-6.1 Space stadimeter 5-6
5.6.2 Space sextant 5-8
5.7 Pref light Considerations ... 5-9
5.7.1 Equipment 5-9
5.7.2 Personnel 5-9
5.8.2 Operational requirements 5-9
5-9 Postf light Considerations . . . . . 5-10
5.9.1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 5-10
5.9.2 Data requirements 5-10
5.9.3 Postf light debriefing 5-11
5-11 Equipment Checkout Procedures 5-11

6.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-3 - INFLIGHT EXERCISER 6-1

6.1 Objective 6-1
6.3 Scope 6-1
vii
Section Page
6.5 Operational Description ... 6-2
6.6 Pre flight Considerations 6-2
6. 6. 1 Equipment 6-2
6. 6. 2 Personnel 6-3
6. 8. 1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 6-3
6. 8. 2 Data requirements ' 6-4
6.10 Equipment Checkout Procedures 6-4
7.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-4 - INFLIGHT EHONOCARDIOGRAM . . 7-1

7.1 Objective 7-1
7-2 Justification 7-1
7-3 Scope 7-1
7A Experiment Equipment Description 7-1
7-5 Operational Description 7-2
7-6 Pref light Considerations 7-2
7. 6. 1 Equipment 7-2
7-6.2 Personnel 7-2
7-7 Inflight Considerations 7-3
7-8 Postflight Considerations 7-3
viii
Section Page

7. 8. 2 Data requirements 7-3
7.9 Installation Procedures . . 7-3
8.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-6 - BONE DEMINERALIZATION . .. 8-1
8.1 Objective 8-1
8.3 Scope 8-1
8.4 Experiment Techniques and Equipment 8-2
8. U.I . Techniques 8-2

8.4.2 Equipment 8-2
8.6 Pref light Considerations '. 8-2
8.6.1 Launch site 8-2
8.6.2 Recovery areas 8-3
8.7 Inflight Requirements 8-3
9.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-1 - ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE . . . 9-1
9-1 Objective 9-1
ix
Section Page
9.3 Scope 9-1
9-^ Experiment Equipment Description 9_2
9-5 Operational Description 9_2
9-6 Preflight Considerations 9_2
9.6.1 Equipment 9-2

9.6.2 Personnel 9-5
9-7 Inflight Considerations 9-3
9.8 Postflight Considerations 9-U
9- 8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 9-^-

9- 8.2 Data requirements 9-U
9.8.3 Postflight debriefing 9-U
10. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-2 - PROTON - ELECTRON

SPECTROMETER 10-1
10.1 Objective 10-1
10.3 Scope 10-1
10.k Experiment Equipment Description 10-2
10.6.1 Equipment 10-3

10.6.2 Personnel 10-3

X
Section
10.8 Postf light Considerations

10.8.2 Data requirements ......... 10-4
10.8.3 Postf light debriefing ....... 10-4
10. 9 Installation Procedures ........ ... 10-4
10.10 Equipment Checkout Procedures ........ 10-4
10. 11 Flight Qualification Requirements . . . . . . 10-4
11.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-3-TRI-AXIS

MAGNETOMETER .................... 11-1
11.1 Objective .................. 11-1
11.2 Justification ................ 11-1
11.3 Scope .................... 11-1
11. 4 Experiment Equipment Description ...... 11-2
11.5 Operational Description ........... 11-2
11. 6 Pref light Considerations .......... 11-3
11.6.1 Equipment ............. 11-3

11.6.2 Personnel .... ......... 11-3
11.7 Inflight Considerations ........... 11-3
11.8 Postflight Considerations . ......... 11-3

11.8.2 Data requirements ......... 11-4
11.8.3 Postflight debriefing ....... 11-4
11.9 Installation Procedures ........... 11-4
11.10 Equipment Checkout Procedures ........ 11-4
11.11 Flight Qualification Requirements ...... 11-4

XI
Section Page
12.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC 10 - TWO-COLOR EARTH'S

LIMB PHOTOS 12-1
12.1 Objective 12-1
12.3 Scope 12-1
12. U Experiment Equipment Description 12-2
12.6.1 Equipment 12-2

12.6.2 Personnel 12-3
12.8 Postf light Considerations . 12-U
12.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 12-1).

12.8.2 Data requirements 12-U

13.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER S-5 - SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY/
AND EXPERIMENT NUMBER S-6 - SYNOPTIC WEATHER
PHOTOGRAPHY 13-1
. 13.1 Objective 13-1
13.2 Justification ... 13-1
13.3 Scope 13-2
13.3.1 Experiment S-5 13-2
xii
Section . Page
13. ^ Experiment Equipment Description 13-2

13.6 Preflight Considerations 13Jj.
13.6.1 Equipment 1J-U

13.6.2 Personnel 13-U
13.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval ... 13-6

13.8.2 Data requirements 13-6

xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 EXPERIMENTS FOR GT-4 1-2
3-1 LIST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS 3-13
U-I LIST OF EXPERIMENT D-8 EQUIPMENT ^4-9

xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3-1 Experiment major equipment components 3-l4
3-2 Spacecraft main stowage area and inflight

assembled position for experiment equipment . . . . 3-15
3-3 Experiment stowage containers . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
3-4 Spacecraft operational equipment 3-1?
3-5 Assembled questar lens-camera combination 3-18
3-6 Assembled questar lens-camera combination in use. . . 3-19
3-7 Assembled experiment equipment components 3-20
4-1 Fixed active dose rate indicator — Type I 4-i.O
4-2 Removable active dose rate indicator — Type V . . . . 4-11
4-3 Passive dosimeter 4-12:
4-4 Experiment equipment spacecraft installation

location 4-13
4-5 Experiment electrical block diagram 4-l4
4-6 Experiment electrical schematic 4-15
4-7 Radiation-sensitive head in use by the pilot . . . . 4-16
5-1 Space Stadimeter. 5-12
5-2 Space sextant 5-13
5-3 Theory of space navigation principals . . . . . . . . 5-1^-

5-4 Space stadimeter in operation by astronaut 5-15
5-5 Orbital observation sequence positions 5-16
6-1 Inflight exerciser 6-5
6-2 Inflight exerciser major components 6-6

XV
Figure Page
6-3 Inflight exerciser and. spacecraft stowage

6-7
6-1* Inflight exerciser in use by astronaut ...... 6-8
7-1 Inflight phonocardiogram equipment components . . . 7

'5
7-2 GT-4 biomedical and communications harness .... 7-6
7-3 GT-U biomedical and communications harness
fitted to a subject 7-7
i i.
9-1 Electrostatic charge equipment components 9-6
9-2 Electrostatic charge equipment spacecraft
retro-adanter location 9-7
10-1 Proton-electron spectrometer (experiment MSC-2)

and tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer
(experiment MSC-j) assembly 10-5
10-2 Experiments MSC-2 and MSC-3 equipment

spacecraft adapter location 10-6
12-1 Hasselblad camera film magazine . . . . . 12-6
12-2 Hasselblad camera with photo event indicator . . . 12-7
12-3 Horizon view for desired photographs 12-8
12-4 Variation of sunlight scattering angle during

nine groups of photographs 12-8
1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A variety of scientific, medical, technological, and engineering

experiments will be conducted on the Gemini Program missions to extend
man's knowledge of space and to further develop the ability to sustain
life in the space environment.
This document presents detailed information concerning the
thirteen experiments to be conducted on the Gemini (GT)-4 mission.
These experiments are.listed in table 1-1. Some experiments have been
combined for description purposes due to similar objectives or use of
the same equipment.
This document describes the experiments and the requirements and

responsibilities necessary for the successful accomplishment of their
objectives. It is to be used for informational purposes only, but may
be used as a reference and for planning additional experiments on future
space flights. It will be updated when necessary to reflect significant
changes in the equipment, procedures, or details of the experiments.
1-2
TABLE 1-1.- EXPERIMENTS FOR
Experiment Experiment title

number
D-l Basic Object Photography
D-6 Surface Photography
D-8 Radiation in Spacecraft
D-9 Simple Navigation
M-5 Inflight Exerciser

N-k Inflight Phonocardiogram
M-6 Bone Demineralization

MSC-1 Electrostatic Charge
MSC-2 Proton-Electron Spectrometer
MSC-3 Tri-Axis Magnetometer

MSC-10 Two-Color Earth's Limb 'Photos
f.
S-5 Synoptic Terrain Photography
S-6 Synoptic Weather Photography
2-1
2.0 POSTFLIGHT EVALUATION REPORTING
The thirteen experiments will be conducted essentially as described

in this document. The preflight, inflight, and postflight procedures
are included to the point that the experimental equipment or data is re-
turned to the conducting organizations for evaluation. These organiza-
tions are responsible for performing the postflight evaluation and for
providing detailed reports of .the results obtained. If possible, these
reports should be completed in time to be included in section 8 of the
Gemini Program Mission Report for the GT-^ Mission. If the evaluation
of any experiment has not been completed within the 30-day time limit
established for publication of the mission report, a preliminary report
will be submitted to meet this deadline. For all such experiments, the
complete, detailed results of the experiment will be reported later in
the form of a supplemental report to the basic mission report. Supple-
mental report numbers will be assigned when this requirement becomes
necessary. For more information on preparation of the basic or supple-
mental reports, refer to Gemini Working Paper No. 5008 and Supplement D
thereto.
3-1
J.O EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-l - BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY

AND EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-6 - SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY
3.1 Objective
The objective of Experiments D-l and D-6 is to investigate the

technical problems associated with observing, evaluating, and photo-
graphing space-borne and terrestrial objects from an orbiting space-
craft. They will also evaluate man's ability to maintain object-camera
orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Within the limits of the
Gemini spacecraft, photo-optical equipment will be employed by the
astronauts to determine man's ability to acquire, track, and photograph
selected objects. The data obtained will be of great value in estab-
lishing design criteria for future manned photographic/observation space
missions.
3.2 Justification
Previous attempts to photograph objects from manned spacecraft

indicate that man has the potential to acquire, track, and photograph
selected objects. Some advantages of utilizing man to perform a
photographic/observation space mission are as follows:
a. The ability to discriminate and decide whether to take a
photograph of a particular object.
b. The ability to provide a "quick response" to photograph special

requests and.objects of opportunity.
c. The ability to provide efficient operation with respect to
film and photographic equipment selection and utilization.
d. The capability to "time and position" correlate the photographs

taken without later extensive data reduction.
The quantity and quality of information obtained from the photo-

optical equipment deployed on a manned spacecraft will give further
insight into the contribution of man and the equipment on space photo-
graphic missions.
Experiments D-l and D-6 have been designed for the Gemini space-
craft and complement each other. Experiment D-l is planned to photograph
space-borne objects and D-6 will photograph terrestrial objects. They
3-2
are sponsored by the Photographies Branch, Air Force Avionics Laboratory,

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. They are funded through the Air
Force Systems Command Field Office located at the NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, Texas.
3-3 Scope
3-3.1 Experiment D-l.- This experiment is planned to investigate
the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to acquire,
track, and photograph space-borne objects from an orbiting spacecraft.
These objects include natural celestial bodies such as the moon and
stars. Each series of objects will require the astronaut to utilize
specific lens-film combinations to take the photographs. The motion
of the space-borne objects with respect to the Gemini spacecraft-mounted
camera/optical system will be compensated for by astronaut maneuvering
of the spacecraft to maintain the proper object-camera orientation. The
primary celestial object for Experiment D-l on the GT-^ mission will be
the moon. Secondary objects are other prominent celestial bodies that
may be visible during the mission. The astronauts will have a list of
objects to be photographed at specific times during the mission.
3.3.2 Experiment D-6.- This experiment is planned to investigate

the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to ac-
quire, track, and photograph terrestrial objects from an orbiting space-
craft. Each series of objects will require the astronaut to utilize spe-
cific lens-film combinations to take the photographs. The motion of the
terrestrial objects with respect to the Gemini spacecraft-mounted camera/
optical system will be compensated for by astronaut maneuvering of the
spacecraft to maintain the proper object-camera orientation. The primary
terrestrial objects for Experiment D-6 on the GT-^ mission will be promi-
nent terrestrial features visible from the orbital path. The astronauts
will have a list of objects to be photographed at specific times during
the mission.
3.^ Experiment Equipment Description
Both photographic experiments will be conducted using the same

commercially available photo-optical equipment, modified as necessary
by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC) to enable installation and
integration into the Gemini spacecraft. A list of the major equipment
components with their part numbers, weights, and stowage locations is
given in table 3-1. The experiment major components are illustrated in
figure 3-1 and the spacecraft main stowage area and inflight assembled
position are shown in figure 3-2. Some components are stowed separately
in the spacecraft and some are stowed in the containers illustrated in
3-3
figure 3-3- A detailed description of each of the major components is

given in the following paragraphs..
3A.I Camera.- The camera is a modified 35-mm Zeiss Contarex-

Special incorporating single-lens reflex viewing, a focal plane shutter,
lens interchangeability, and interchangeable film backs. Additional
camera characteristics are as follows.
3.4.1.1 Shutter: The camera is equipped with a focal plane

shutter which may be adjusted by.the astronaut to provide the following
speeds: 1/30, l/6o, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, and 1/1000 seconds. Shutter
release will be actuated by a flexible cable which is part of the Gemini
operational photo event indicator. The shutter is automatically cocked
each time the film is advanced one frame.
3.U.I.2 Lens mount; The camera is equipped with a bayonet type
lens mount which allows rapid attachment or removal of the two inter-
changeable lenses.
3.4.1.3 Film advance: The camera is equipped with a modified,

single-stroke, film advance lever. The film advance mechanism is
coupled with the shutter mechanism to prevent double exposures. This
prevents the shutter from being cocked until the film has been advanced.
Operation of the film advance lever can be accomplished directly by use
of the manual lever or remotely by use of the film transport adapter.
3.4.2 Camera film back.- There are three interchangeable film

backs provided for the camera. An exposure counter is located on the
bottom of each film back which couples with the camera film advance
mechanism. The counter decreases one digit from 4l each time the film
is advanced one frame. Each film back will hold a standard 35-mm film
cassette having a capacity of approximately 70 exposures using thin
base film. Each film back will contain a different type film to enable
the astronaut to choose a film appropriate to the object being photo-
graphed. The type of film to be carried on a particular Gemini mission
will be chosen before launch from one of the following types: Mono-
chromatic (SO-206, Panatomic-X 3400>, or Plux-X 3401) J color (Aerial
Ektachrome 8442)j and infrared (Aerial Ektachrome 8443).
3.4.3 Questar l40Q-mm lens.- A Questar lens is provided which

will attach to the camera bayonet type lens mount. This lens is a com-
pact reflecting telescope with a focal length of approximately 56 inches
(l4oO mm) and provides coverage of the entire 35-mm (24- by 36-mm) film
format.
3.4.3.1 Filters: Two optical filters are provided with the Que-
star lens to reduce image degradation due to blue light scattering on
photographs of terrestrial objects.
3-*
3.4.3.2 Lens characteristics: The Questar lens has a fixed

aperture of 3.5 inches vith an axial resolving power of 75 lines per
mm or greater under laboratory conditions. In the full 35-mm format
configuration, the effective apperture is f/l6 and the image magnifi-
cation is approximately 28 times. Focusing is accomplished by turning
a single control lever on the end of the lens. Focus range is from
1 000 feet to infinity with a field-of-view of 1.8 conical angle,
exclusive of vignetting. The lens is equipped with a mounting flange
at one end which is compatible with the optical mounting bracket and
permits precise attachment to the spacecraft window frame. The lens,
including the camera body extension tube adapter, has an overall length
of approximately 13 inches and a diameter of approximately 4 inches.
3.^.4 Nikkor 200-mm lens.- A Nikkor 200-mm lens is provided which
will attach to the camera bayonet type lens mount.
3.4.4.1 Filters: Two optical filters are provided with the Nikkor
lens to reduce image degradation due to blue light scattering on photo-
graphs of terrestrial objects.
3.4.4.2 Lens characteristics; The Nikkor 200-mm lens has an

aperture range from f/4.0 to f/22 with a resolution capability of
130 lines per mm or greater under laboratory conditions. Change of
aperture is accomplished by turning a movable ring on the lens barrel.
In a 35-nim camera system, the image magnification is approximately four
times. Focusing is accomplished by means of a movable sleeve on the
lens barrel. Focus range is from 20 feet to infinity with a 12° full-
angle field-of-view. The lens is equipped with a mounting flange at
one end which is compatible with the optical mounting bracket and per-
mits precise attachment to the spacecraft window. The lens has an
overall length of approximately 6.5 inches and a diameter of approxi-
mately 2.5 inches.
3.4.5 Telescope sight.- A telescope sight is provided for use as

the primary viewing and sighting device with the Questar l4oO-mm lens.
This sight is an adjustable focus type and provides an image magnifica-
tion of approximately 4.25 times with an 8° full-angle field-of-view.
It has a non-illuminated inscribed cross hair and a reticle that corre-
sponds to the 1.8° field-of-view of the Questar lens. The sight easily
attaches to the optical mounting bracket to permit viewing through the
right-hand spacecraft window. When mounted, the telescope line-of-sight
is coincident with the Questar lens within ±0.1°, and with the spacecraft
optical sight within ±0.3°. A ±2.0° adjustment in both pitch and yaw is
provided to allow boresighting with respect to the spacecraft longitudi-
nal axis.
3-5
3A.6 Periscope viewer.- A periscope reflex viever is provided

for use as the primary viewing and sighting device with the Nikkor
200-mm lens.. It will also serve as a .secondary viewer for the Questar
1^00-mm lens to investigate the ability of the astronaut to track."an '
object under limited field-of-view conditions (approximately 1.8°-). > The
reflex viewer will attach to the ground glass of the reflex camera body
and extend upward along the attached lens barrel so that"the camera
ground glass .can be viewed by the astronaut. '•'•••.
3.k.f Optical mounting bracket.- Due to the limited space between

the spacecraft window and the astronaut's face, the 35-mm camera system
cannot be used in a direct spacecraft longitudinal alinement. ' The opti-
cal mounting bracket is provided to enable the camera optical axis to
be in a near-vertical alinement with respect to the spacecraft axes in
order to utilize the small amount of .cabin space that is available. This
optical mounting bracket is securely attached to the window mount (A-
frame) for installation on the spacecraft right-hand window frame. One
end of the optical mounting bracket contains the mechanism for attaching
either the Questar lÔ-mm or the Nikkor 200-mm lens. It contains a
single-surface mirror, essentially elliptical in shape, .that projects the
view seen through the spacecraft window downward through the attached
camera and lens. The camera will view a reflected image of an object
along the boresighted line with respect to the spacecraft longitudinal
axis. A mounting is provided on the right side of the optical mounting
bracket for precise attachment of the telescope sight.
3-^.8 Window mount.- The window mount (A-frame) is provided to

mount the optical mounting bracket to the spacecraft right-hand.window
frame. It rigidly mounts to three hard points on the window frame and
provides accurate alinement of the 35-mm camera/optical system with the
spacecraft longitudinal axis.
3A.9 Film transport adapter.- The film transport adapter (FTA) is
provided to increase the number of exposures that is possible to be
taken in a period of time and to ease the astronaut's task. It fastens
to the camera manual film transport lever by a quick release type
holder. The operational photo event indicator is used with the FTA to
enable one-hand rapid operation of the film advance and shutter release.
The film is advanced and the shutter cocked by a squeezing action of the
FTA while the thumb operates the shutter by actuating the plunger on the
photo event indicator. Ten photographs may be taken within a 15 second
period with minimum degradation of the camera/optical system resolution.
3-6
3-5 Spacecraft Operational Equipment
In addition to the 35-nm photo-optical equipment obtained speci-

fically for these experiments, certain Gemini spacecraft operational
equipment will be utilized.
3.5-1 Photo event indicator.- The operational photo event indica-

tor will be connected to the 35-™n camera to operate the shutter release.
Actuation of the plunger on the photo event indicator will release the
shutter and time correlate the exposure through a micro-switch connected
to the spacecraft bi-level channel delayed-time digital tape recorder.
The photo event indicator is used with the film transport adapter to
enable one-hand operation of the film advance and shutter release. The
photo event indicator is illustrated in figure 3-^-
3.5-2 Gemini voice recorder.- The operational Gemini voice recorder
will be utilized to record any pertinent astronaut remarks during the
conduct of these experiments. The voice recorder is illustrated in
figure 3-4.
3.5-3 Optical sight.- The operational optical sight will be

mounted on the spacecraft left-hand window and utilized by the command
pilot for coarse sighting and object acquisition. The optical sight is
illustrated in figure 3-4.
3.6 Operational Description

The astronauts will have a detailed flight plan that will list the
objects to be photographed at specific times during the mission. Each
object series will require use of specific lens-film combinations. The
general operational procedure is as follows:
3.6.1 Unstow equipment.- All experimental and operational equip-

ment required for these experiments will be stowed at various locations
in the spacecraft. After launch and insertion into orbit, they will;
be removed from stowage and assembled in time to track and photograph
the first scheduled object-
3.6.2 Mount equipment.- The appropriate photo-optical equipment

will be assembled and mounted to the right-hand window frame for use''by
the pilot. The operational optical sight will be mounted to the left-
hand window frame for use by the command pilot in acquiring and tracking
the objects •
The pilot will mount the window mount/optical mounting bracket,
attach the telescope sight and the proper lens, attach the camera with
3-7
the proper interchangeable film back, and position the reflex viewer
and other necessary equipment. A visual check-out of the system shall
be completed approximately 5 minutes prior to actuating the camera
shutter. The appropriate camera shutter speed and lens aperture settings
will be made for the lens-film- object combination to be photographed.
Figure 3-5 is an illustration of the assembled experimental equipment
with the Questar lens-camera combination.
3.6.3 Object acquisition.- Several modes of object acquisition

(coarse and fine) and tracking shall be used at various times during
these experiments. A "coarse" object acquisition shall be followed by
a "fine" acquisition and tracking in preparation for taking the photo-
graphs. The nominal procedure is as follows.
3.6.3.1 Coarse acquisition — visual mode: The command pilot will

acquire the object and maneuver the spacecraft using the Gemini optical
sight mounted on the left-hand window frame.
3.6.3.2 Coarse acquisition — instrument mode: The command pilot

will maneuver the spacecraft to a predetermined attitude with reference
to the spacecraft attitude instruments. This should aline the object
within the field-of-view of the photo-optical system telescope sight.
3.6.3.3 Fine acquisition and tracking — visual mode: After com-

pletion of a coarse object acquisition, the command pilot will continue
to maneuver the spacecraft using the optical sight. The pilot will
operate the photo-optical equipment and give verbal directions to the
command pilot while sighting the object through the telescope sight.and/
or periscope viewer.
3.6.3.^ Fine acquisition and tracking — telescope sight mode:
After completion of a coarse object acquisition and the object has been
brought into the field-of-view of the telescope sight, the command pilot
will transfer the spacecraft attitude control to the pilot. The pilot
will proceed to track the object and maneuver the spacecraft with his
left hand while operating the photo-optical equipment with his right
hand. The telescope sight will be used to view and aline the object .
3.6.3.5 Fine acquisition and tracking — periscope viewer mode:

This mode is the same as the telescope sight mode except the periscope
viewer will be used to view and aline the object. Due to the narrow
field-of-view of the Questar lens, an intermediate tracking mode using
the telescope sight may be necessary when utilizing the Questar lens.
3.6.If. Photograph object.- After the object has been acquired and
coarse acquisition of the spacecraft established, the focus of the camera
lens system will be adjusted to obtain the clearest image on the ground
3-8
glass as viewed through the periscope viewer. Focusing will be completed

prior to fine acquisition and tracking. At the time of closest approach
(TOGA - the time the spacecraft or its ground track comes closest to the
object of concern) and after the best tracking possible has been ac-
complished, a series of exposures will be made. The pilot will advance
the film, cock the camera shutter, and activate the shutter approximately
every 2 seconds until the photographic series has been completed.
The spacecraft Gemini voice recorder will be utilized to record
any astronaut remarks regarding weather over the object, lighting con-
ditions, internal reflections, camera exposure settings, and any devia-
tions from the nominal conditions. The spacecraft attitude, rate and
thruster-firing information during the exposure series will also be re-
quired for postflight analysis. The command pilot will perform the
normal air-to-ground voice communications while the pilot operates the
photo-optical system and records the pertinent remarks. Figure 3-6 is
an illustration showing the assembled Questar lens-camera combination
mounted on the right-hand window frame and in use by the pilot. Fig-
ure 3-7 identifies the assembled components on the spacecraft window.
3-7 Preflight Considerations
3.7-1 Equipment.- The experiment equipment must have resolution

checks and boresight alinement with the spacecraft prior to flight. The
type of film to be carried on the mission will be chosen before launch
from one of the following types: Monochromatic (SO-2C-6, Panatomic-
X3UOO, or Plus-X 3401); color (Aerial Ektachrome 8442); and infrared
(Aerial Ektachrome 8443). The film will require standard refrigeration
until it is loaded into the film backs immediately prior to placing the
experiment equipment on board the spacecraft. All equipment outer lenses
should be cleaned at this time.
3.7.2 Personnel.- The astronauts for the GT-4 mission will be

thoroughly trained in photographic techniques and use of the experiment
equipment. Training equipment will be used during flight simulations
to develop proficiency in performing experiment procedures.
3-8 Inflight Considerations
The astronauts will utilize the detailed flight plan to unstow

and mount the experiment equipment, and to acquire, track, and photo-
graph the scheduled objects. No special handling requirements are anti-
cipated other than normal precision equipment handling. All experiment
equipment is designed for "gloved hand" operation and all viewing devices
require the astronaut to have his visor open. Representatives for the
experiments will be available throughout the mission at the Mission
3-9
Control Center (MCC), NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, to

answer any questions concerning the experiments.
3.8.1 Flight plan.- The detailed flight plan will be released prior
to the launch of GT-^- and will outline the requirements and photographic
objects for these experiments. The first "coarse" object acquisition
will be a visual mode with the command pilot maneuvering the spacecraft
using the Gemini optical sight. A second "coarse" (instrument mode) ob-
ject acquisition will be used later in the mission for Experiment D-6.
In this mode the command pilot will maneuver the spacecraft to a predeter-
mined attitude with the spacecraft instruments in order to aline the
terrestrial object within the field-of-view of the telescope sight.
The "coarse" acquisition mode will be followed by a "fine" acquisi-

tion and tracking task. These tasks shall be done in two modes. The
first "fine" mode will consist of the command pilot maneuvering the
spacecraft using the optical sight while the pilot operates the photo-
optical equipment and gives verbal directions to the command pilot. The
second "fine" mode will consist of the pilot operating the photo-optical
.equipment and maneuvering the spacecraft after the command pilot has
accomplished "coarse" acquisition of the object •
3-8.2 Equipment preparation procedures.- When instructed by the
detailed flight plan, the astronauts will unstow and assemble the equip-
ment required for these experiments.
3.8.3 Photographic correlation.- The Gemini voice recorder will be

utilized to record data necessary for postflight analysis of each photo-
graphic series. The following minimum information is required.
3.8.3.1 With camera ready for operation:

(a) Time of the photographic series
(b) Number of photographs exposed in the series and exposure

number of each
(c) Camera shutter speed
(d) Lens aperture (not applicable to the Questar lens)
(e) Film type load in the film back (given by the identification
tag on the exterior surface of the film back)
(f) Method of object acquisition including comments concerning
difficulty of acquisition and tracking
3-10
(g) Description of object including all possible information con-

cerning haze, weather, distinguishable features of the area of concern,
and surrounding terrain
(h) Any deviations from the nominal conditions

3.8.3'2 Every time a film back is changed, the following additional
information is required:
(a) Time of the film back change

(b) Frame count and identification of the film back removed from
the camera
(c) Frame count and identification of the film back installed on

the camera
3-8.4 Focus and/or object definition problems — Questar lens.- It

will be desirable to refocus the Questar lens when terrestrial objects
are to be photographed. Since the Questar lens is a long-focal-length
telescope, it is desirable for the pilot to examine the objects through
the lens and record his observations. However, due to variations in the
spacecraft tracking rates, it may be difficult to accomplish these two
objectives.
The field-of-view that can be seen on the camera's ground glass

when terrestrial objects are photographed is approximately l4 500 feet
by 23 000 feet. At rate errors of ±0.1 degrees-per-second in spacecraft
tracking, ground image motion is ±1700 feet-per-second. As viewed on
the camera's ground glass, image motion is ±2.5 mm-per-second. This
movement of the object as seen by the pilot may cause difficulties in
lens focusing and object definition.
3.8.4.1 Object motion problem: If object motion is too great to

allow adequate focusing or object viewing, and if spacecraft tracking
rate errors cannot be reduced, take the following steps:
(a) Focus the Questar lens on celestial bodies only. Do not

attempt to focus on terrestrial objects.
(b) Use either the optical sight or telescope sight for viewing.
Do not attempt to view the camera ground glass image directly through
the Questar lens.
3.8.4.2 Questar lens astigmatism problem: If it is impossible to

adequately focus the Questar lens for both horizontal and vertical ob-
jects, astigmatism has occurred. This situation would probably occur if
3-11
the photo-optical system or the. spacecraft window has deformed due to

pressure or temperature variations. If astigmatism occurs, focus the
lens for horizontal images (the length of the camera's ground glass) and
ignore the vertical images.
3.8.5 Focus and/or object definition problems - Nikkor 200-mm lens.-

Accurate focus of the Nikkor 200-mm lens is a function of object bright-
ness on the camera's ground glass. If necessary for focusing purposes,
increase the object brightness by increasing the lens aperture to a
maximum of f/4. After adequate focus has been achieved, adjust the lens
aperture to the correct exposure setting for the object being photographed.
For camera-object distances exceeding 500 feet, a lens aperture setting
of "infinity" will provide an adequate focus.
3.9 Postflight Considerations
3-9-1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- As soon as possible after

recovery of the spacecraft, the experiment photo-optical equipment and
film backs will be removed from the spacecraft. It will be handled as
delicate equipment and carefully packed for shipment on the first air-
craft leaving the primary recovery vessel to the NASA Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston, Texas, for postflight evaluation and film processing.
3.9'2 Other required data.- In addition to the original film,
other pertinent mission information is required by the Air Force Avionics
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for evaluation and
correlation. This includes a listing of the mission intervals when the
photographs were taken, the spacecraft ephemeris, the spacecraft atti-
tude, the spacecraft rate, weather conditions over the photographed
terrestrial objects at the time of exposure, and any other pertinent
data. A copy of the transcript of the Gemini voice recorder will also
be required.
3.9.3 Postflight debriefing.- Representatives from the U.S. Air

Force will attend the mission debriefings. The astronauts will be asked
questions concerning the conduct of these experiments and ways to improve
them on future missions.
3.10 Installation Procedures
The experiment equipment will be stowed in the GT-^ spacecraft at

Cape Kennedy, Florida, at some convenient time prior to launch. Table 3-1
lists the probable spacecraft cabin stowage areas for this equipment.
Other than stowage during launch and reentry, and mounting on the right-
"hand window during orbit, this equipment has no other interface with any
spacecraft system other than the operational photo event indicator.
3-12
3.11 Equipment Checkout Procedures
3.11.1 Pre installation acceptance. - The experiment flight and

spare equipment will receive a pre installation acceptance (PIA.) check
as outlined in MAC SEDR 322. At this time the equipment will be cali-
brated on the basis of resolution, transmission, alinement, and mechan
ical performance.
3-11.2 Alinement. - The experiment flight and backup equipment

will be alined with the spacecraft as outlined in MAC SEDR
3.11.3 Resolution. - A resolution check will be made to determine

the effects of the spacecraft window on the photo-optical system. This
procedure is outlined in MAC SEDR 383.
3.12 Flight Qualification Requirements
The photo-optical equipment listed in .table 3-1 is the only equip-

ment required for these experiments. The equipment is designed, built,
and tested to operate satisfactorily in accordance with the requirements
of table I of the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC) Report Number 8^33,
"General Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
3-13
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NASA-S-65-1885
Photo event indicator
Gemini voice recorder
Optical sight
Figure 3-4. - Spacecraft operational equipment

3-18
NASA-S-65-1883
Figure 3-5. - Assembled questar lens-camera combination

3-19
NASA-S-65-1884
Figure 3-6. - Assembled questar lens-camera combination in use

5-20
NASA-S-65-2847 Inner window glass
Outer window
glass
52-88121 telescope
sight
52-88183 optical mounting bracket
52-88118 1400 mm Questar lens

(or 52-88119 Nikkor 200 mm lens)
52-88117 35mm Zeiss Contarex camera
52-88123 periscope viewer
Figure 3-7. - Assembled experiment equipment components

-. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-8 - RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT
4.1 Objective
Successful completion of future space missions may depend on ob-

taining sufficient advance data concerning the radiation environment,
shielding interactions, and dose rate levels that will be encountered.
This information is necessary to insure astronaut protection against
ambient space radiation. The objective of Experiment D-8 is to obtain
accurate, empirical data that can supplement other space radiation ex-
periments and aid in determining the instantaneous and total radiation
dose received by astronauts of the Gemini Program. Suitable measuring
instruments will be utilized to fully characterize, qualitatively and
quantitatively, the radiation penetrating the cabin of the Gemini space
craft. This data will not only aid in determining the radiation re-
ceived by the astronauts, but will yield baseline data to better under-
stand the correlation between physical and biological radiation measure
ments for use in future manned space missions.
4 . 2 Jus t if icat ion
The Gemini spacecraft presents an excellent opportunity to study

the radiation environment and dose levels resulting from passage through
regions of varying radiation intensity. Other scientific experiments
will be performed to measure the radiation levels external to the space-
craft. The internal spacecraft data received from Experiment D-8 will
be correlated with the external measurements to provide a complete pic-
ture of the radiation environment encountered. These correlations will
be utilized to confirm or provide empirical corrections to the theore-
tical radiation environment predicted. It should be possible to accur-
ately extrapolate these data to higher altitudes and other radiation
environments for use on future manned space missions. In addition,
successful operation of the radiation measurements instruments on the
Gemini missions will prove the feasibility of similar devices for use
on future manned space missions.
Experiment D-8 is sponsored by the Research and Technology Division,

Air Force Weapons laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. It
is funded through the Air Force Systems Command Field Office located at
the NASA Itenned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
4. 3 Scope
Experiment D-8 will be used to supplement external spacecraft radi-

ation measurements by studying the temporal and spatial distribution of
4-2
dose levels penetrating the spacecraft as a result of passage through

regions of varying high radiation intensity. Under normal conditions,
this radiation will consist of energetic electrons and protons in the
inner Van Allen radiation belt located over the South Atlantic Ocean.
In this region, the radiation "belt dips close to the earth's surface
because of the irregular strength of the earth's magnetic field, and
is ordinarily referred to as the South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly.
The radiation measurement instruments designed for this experiment are
optimized for response to the radiation level expected in this region.
However, to allow for measurement of the low-intensity cosmic ray dose
rates expected, and for possible high-dose rates of an unusual char-
acter, the dynamic range of the instruments has been extended. Two
tissue-equivalent, current-mode ionization chamber instruments will be
used to measure the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the cabin
as a function of time. Five small packets containing various radiation
detection and measurement devices will be placed at different locations
in the spacecraft cabin to measure the total radiation dose and to
ascertain their suitability as convenient dosimeters of space radiation.
The characterization of the radiation measured will include determina-
tions of its ionizing power, penetrating power, contribution to dose
according to particle type (electron and proton), variation with time,
and variation with position inside the spacecraft.
4.4 Experiment Equipment Description
The experiment equipment consists of two active dose rate indi-

cators and five passive type dosimeters. A list of these units with
their part numbers, weights, and installation locations is given in
table 4-1. The are illustrated in figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3, and their
spacecraft installation locations are shown in figure 4-4. A detailed
description of the different type units is given in the following
paragraphs.
4.4.1 Active dose rate indicators.- Two tissue-equivalent, current-

mode ionization chamber instruments will be used to measure the variation
of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft cabin as a function of time.
The Type I unit is permanently mounted on the left hatch and is illus-
trated in figure 4-1. The Type V unit is mounted on the right hatch and
is constructed so that the radiation-sensitive head can be detached from
the basic instrument for placement at various locations inside the cabin.
This sensor-head is attached to the basic instrument by a 5-foot cable
that has an automatic rewind feature. The Type V unit is illustrated in
figure 4-2. Each active dose rate indicator has a Bendix Pygmy electrical
connector that connects the following parameters to the unit.
4-5
4.4.1.1 Spacecraft power: Spacecraft regulated electrical power
and telemetry is supplied to each active dose rate indicator by means
of a multi-wire cable running across each hatch. Circuit protection
and isolation is provided to deliver an input regulated voltage of
24 ± 0. 4 V dc to the units. The maximum power drain on the spacecraft
will not exceed 0.5 watts continuous for both active units. The elec-
trical block diagram is shown in figure 4-5 and the electrical schematic
in figure 4-6.
4.4.1.2 Telemetry outputs: A total of six electrical output sig-

nals from the two active dose rate indicators to the spacecraft pulse
code modulation (PCM) system will provide cabin radiation dose rate and
instrument supplementary data. The output signals will be a varying
analog voltage ranging from 0.0 to 5-0 V dc into an impedance of 100 K
or greater. These signals will be recorded and/or transmitted by the
spacecraft PCM system. The PCM system will sample the instrument out-
put signals at a frequency of 1.25 times per second. The Type I unit
will have four telemetry (TM) outputs and the Type V unit will have
two TM outputs,
4.4.2 Passive dosimeters.- Five passive dosimeters will be used to

measure the total radiation dose received at various locations inside
the spacecraft cabin. These units are all alike with each one con-
taining a 0 to 200 milliradian pocket ionization chamber, 0.10 to
10 000 radian silver activated phosphate needles, a 0.01 to 10 000 radian
thermoluminescent dosimeter, a 0.005 to 10 000 radian thermoluminescent
dosimeter, and 0.005 to 10 000 radian gamma-electron sensitive films.
These elements are hermetically sealed in the dosimeter container. A
typical passive dosimeter is illustrated in figure 4-3. The five units
are installed in the spacecraft in the approximate locations shown in
figure 4-4 and require no spacecraft power or telemetry.

operations with the Type V dose rate indicator. These exercises will
be performed while the spacecraft is passing through the South Atlantic
anomaly. The active dose rate indicators receive spacecraft electrical
power and start to operate as soon as the spacecraft power is turned
on prior to launch. Operational functions of each type of radiation
measuring instrument are given in the following paragraphs.
4.5-1 Active dose rate indicator - Type I.- The Type I active
unit is fully automatic in operation and does not require astronaut
participation. It will measure the instantaneous radiation dosage re-
ceived at the spacecraft left hatch. The data obtained will be telem-
etered to appropriate ground receiving stations for relay to the Mission
Control Center (MCC), Houston, Texas.
4.5.2 Active dose rate Indicator - Type V. - The Type V active
unit is fully automatic in operation and vill measure the instantaneous
radiation dosage received at the spacecraft right hatch and according
to astronaut placement in the spacecraft cabin. As instructed by the
mission flight plan, the pilot will remove the radiation-sensitive head
from its secured location on the right hatch and place it for a period
of 1 minute at each of several pre-planned positions. These positions
are: against his chest covering the sensor with his glove, between his
legs in the groin area, under his left arm-pit, in front of the right-
hand cabin window, in front of the spacecraft instrument panel midway
from the floor to the top of the cabin, and on the cabin floor near his
feet. The data obtained will be telemetered to appropriate ground sta-
tions for relay to the MCC-Houston. In addition, the pilot must record
the time and sensor-head location at the beginning of each position, and
the time at the start and completion of each series of six measurements.
Figure 4-7 is an illustration showing the radiation-sensitive head in
use by the pilot.
4.5.3 Passive dosimeters.- The five passive dosimeters do not re-

quire astronaut participation, spacecraft power, or spacecraft telemetry.
They will measure the total radiation dose received at various locations
inside the spacecraft.
4.6 Preflight Considerations

4. 6.1 Equipment calibration.- The two active dose rate indicators
will require calibration checks during Spacecraft Systems Test (SST) at
the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant at St. Louis, Missouri; and
during prelaunch preparations at Cape Kennedy, Florida. The final cali-
bration check at Cape Kennedy should be made not more than 3 weeks prior
to launch and before spacecraft installation of the five passive dosi-
meters. Each calibration check will require a 2-hour period of access
to the hatch-mounted active units. During this time, there will be
three 10-minute periods in which the spacecraft work area will have to
be cleared of personnel due to the radiation calibration source. The
radiation source to be utilized is 0.1 millicurie of Sr - Y90 beta rays.
The maximum range of these beta rays in air is less than 10 yards.
Spacecraft telemetry should be on and TM records are desired during
these calibrations. There are no calibration checks or tests required
for the passive dosimeters.
4.6.2 Equipment preflight servicing.- The five passive dosimeter

flight units must be installed in their respective spacecraft locations
as close as possible to launch. The flight units will be furnished to
Cape Kennedy, Florida by an Air Force Weapons laboratory representative
shortly before scheduled installation. There will be no tests run on
4-5
the units before or after installation, except for physical dimension

checks. Each passive unit has its specific mounting orientation on the
spacecraft, and it is important that the proper unit be installed in
the designated location. At no time after installation should any ra-
diation source be placed near the spacecraft or within the spacecraft
cabin. The passive units are hermetically sealed and have no special
handling requirements. However, they are very sensitive to temperature
and must never be allowed to exceed 120° F prior to launch. There are
no preflight servicing requirements for the active units except for the
final prelaunch calibration check. This check must be completed prior
to spacecraft installation of the passive units.
4.6.3 Personnel.- The astronauts for the GT-4 mission will be

thoroughly trained in the use of the Type V active dose rate indicator.
They must be familiar with the portable radiation-sensitive head, the
method of release from its secured position on the right hatch, the
required inflight movements and locations of the sensor head, and the
method of restowing the head on the hatch. Training equipment will be
used during flight simulations to develop proficiency in performing
the experimental procedures. A preflight briefing will give the astro-
nauts final details concerning this experiment.
4.7 Inflight Considerations
The astronauts will utilize the detailed flight plan for astronaut
participation in this experiment. No special handling requirements are
anticipated other than normal precision equipment handling. The
radiation-sensitive head is designed for "gloved hand" operation.
Representatives for the experiment will be available throughout the
mission at the MCC-Houston to answer any questions concerning the
experiment.
4.7.1 Flight plan.- The detailed flight plan will be released
prior to the launch of GT-4. It will outline astronaut participation
for the experiment during a minimum of three orbital passes through the
South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly. At the completion of each passage
through the anomaly, the sensor head will be returned to the stowed
position on the right hatch.
4.7.2 Reporting requirements.- During astronaut participation in

this experiment, the pilot will record the time at the beginning and
end of each of the three 6-minute exercises. This record will be cor-
related later with the spacecraft ephemeris containing longitude,
latitude, and altitude as a function of time. The pilot will also
4-6
record the time and sensor-head position as he places it at the various

locations in the cabin.
4.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- At a convenient time imme-

diately after recovery of the spacecraft, the five passive dosimeters
will be removed from the spacecraft and shipped on the first aircraft
leaving the primary recovery vessel so as to arrive at the NASA Manned
Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, within 24 hours. They will then be
transferred to the Biophysics Branch, Air Force Weapons Laboratory,
Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. The flight units are required at
the Laboratory within 2 days of recovery to permit analysis of the total
radiation dose measured. At no time should the units be allowed in
proximity with any radiation source. Also, the units must never be
allowed to exceed a temperature of 120° F.
With NASA concurrence, the active units mounted on the spacecraft

hatches will be returned to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory. There
are no postflight calibration requirements for these active units.
4.8.2 Data requirements.- In addition to the retrieval of the

passive dosimeters, certain other mission information is necessary to
analyze the data obtained from this experiment. A transcript of the
record made during astronaut participation with the Type V active unit
is needed. Also, certain telemetry and spacecraft orbital data is
required as follows.
4.8.2.1 Raw data strip charts: The course and fine radiation rate
outputs from both active type units, the calibrate monitor, and the tem-
perature monitor telemetry signals for the entire period of the mission
are needed in strip chart form. Recorder speed desired is 1-inch of
output per minute of data. The 0-5 volt signal output must be repre-
sented by no less than a 2-inch total deflection. All six signal out-
puts on a single strip of 12-inch wide paper with a common time ref-
erence would be adequate for these data reduction purposes.
4.8.2.2 Computer analysis; The telemetry data obtained from the
active units must be correlated with location in a magnetic coordinate
system calculated from the spacecraft geographic coordinate of altitude,
latitude, and longitude. Therefore, it is necessary that the space-
craft ephemeris be merged with the experiment telemetry data, preferably
as a function of Greenwich mean time. It is expected that only during
the time the spacecraft spent in the region of the South Atlantic anomaly
will there be enough radiation present to produce a reading with the
active dose rate indicators. It is desired that the NASA Manned Space-
craft Center provide data analysis and reduction as required and
requested by the Air Force Weapons laboratory. Machine plots of the
adjusted dose rate versus time for both the Type I and Type V units is
part of the reduction required.
^.8. 2. 3 Additional required data: In order that a more thorough

analysis of the experiment data obtained can be performed at AFWL at a
later date, a low-density (200 bpi) tape in floating binary format con-
taining the spacecraft ephemeris merged with the experiment data is
needed. For the tape to be compatible with the AFWL CDC l60^ computer,
the tape must be generated on the NASA-MSC CDC 3600 computer. The fol-
lowing data should be contained on the tape:
(a) Time in seconds
(b) Altitude in km
(c) North latitude
(d) East longitude
(e) The six experiment data pins in this order: XB01, XB02, XB17,
XB06, XB03, and XBl8.
The data may be either in voltage (0-5 volts correct to two digits )
or in the digital equivalent value of PCM bits.
^.8.3 Fostf light debriefing.- This experiment does not require any
post flight astronaut debriefing.
k. 9 Installation Procedures
^4-. 9- 1 Active dose rate indicators. - The Type I and Type V active
dose rate indicators will be installed on the spacecraft left and right
hatches respectively at the MAC-St. Louis, Missouri, plant. These units
will receive periodic calibration checks while at MAC-St. Louis, and
after spacecraft delivery to Cape Kennedy, Florida. Physical installa-
tion consists of bolting the active units to the hatch structure and
connecting the electrical power -telemetry signal cable.
k. 9. 2 Passive dosimeters. - The five passive dosimeters will be

installed in the spacecraft in their assigned positions as close as
possible to launch of the GT-4 spacecraft from Cape Kennedy, Florida.
Physical installation consists of bolting the units to the areas pre-
viously prepared to receive them. They have no other interface with
the spacecraft or its systems. In the event of a delay of 7 days or
more in the GT-^ launch after the passive units have been installed,
the passive dosimeters must be replaced with fresh units. The passive
units vill be hand-carried to Cape Kennedy, Florida, by AFWL repre-
sentatives and delivered to appropriate MAC or NASA personnel for
installation into the spacecraft.
4.10 Equipment Calibration Procedures
^. 10.1 Active dose rate indicators.- The active dose rate indicator
flight units will be installed in the GT-4 spacecraft at the MAC plant
in St. Louis, Missouri. During SST testing and every 90 days thereafter
until launch from Cape Kennedy, Florida, the units will have a calibra-
tion check. A final calibration check on these units will be made at
Cape Kennedy, Florida, within 2 weeks of launch.
4.10.2 Passive dosimeters.- The five passive dosimeters do not re-

quire calibration before flight. The flight units will be installed
shortly before launch of the GT-4 spacecraft from Cape Kennedy, Florida.
The radiation measuring instruments listed in table 4-1 are the

only equipment required for this experiment. The equipment is designed,
built, and tested to operate satisfactorily in accordance with the
requirements of table I of the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC)
Report Number 8433, "General Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
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5-1
5.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-9 - SIMPLE NAVIGATION
5.1 Objective
Manned space flight, both in and out of earth orbit, dictates that
man have the capability for space navigation. Ideally, this capability
would be independent of ground support and provide a reliable navigation
system in the event of failure of all earth-ground communications and
guidance facilities. If possible, it should be a manual system and in-
volve only the simplest of onboard spacecraft equipment. In support of
these goals, Experiment D-9 has three basic objectives: to test and
evaluate the theoretical concept of a manual space navigation system;
to test and improve on the design of manual space navigation equipment;
and to provide basic data on the observable phenomena of space that may
be used for navigational purposes. The experiment will utilize the
Gemini astronauts to gather celestial data and test two manual naviga-
tion system concepts. Two special navigation instruments will be used
in these concepts, a space stadimeter and a space sextant. The informa-
tion and data obtained from these instruments will be used to develop a
simple, lightweight, manual space navigation system that makes maximum
use of man's capabilities.
5.2 Justification
Many theories exist regarding the usefulness of certain observable

phenomena for space navigation, but little actual data is available.
Analytical studies and atmospheric flight tests conducted by the United
States Air Force Avionics Laboratory indicate that man has the capabi-
lity to determine all necessary spacecraft orbital parameters if he has
the proper on-board sighting instruments and manual computational aids.
This capability is desired as a backup emergency procedure for earth-
orbital flights and for development of the Apollo space navigation sys-
tem. Two special instruments have been developed for use on Gemini
spacecraft to allow detailed manual-visual examination of the space
phenomena thought to be best for space navigation purposes. These two
instruments will make maximum use of the observable phenomena necessary
for solution of the space navigation problem. The Gemini astronauts will
provide the necessary instrument alinement and object-sighting. The data
obtained from Experiment D-9 will permit completion of the design of a
manual space navigation system and related equipment that can be used on
future manned space missions.
Experiment D-9 is sponsored by the Research and Technology Division,

Air Force Avionics laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. It
is funded through the Air Force Systems Command Field Office located at
the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
5-2
5-3 Scope
There are two basic space phenomena which appear to be the most
stable and useful for space navigation purposes. These are the blue
haze and green line horizons. An unknown phenomenon which may be useful
is the existence of the green emission line of the day side. A second
is the usefulness of the shade differentiation between the black of
the dark earth and the black of space behind it. In addition, there
may be other horizons which have been overlooked due to the lack of
phenemona examination in this area.
Experiment D-9 will utilize the Gemini astronauts to test simple

stadimetric and sextant measuring devices to make visual sightings and
measurements on the stars and earth horizons. Data from these sightings
will be used for postflight computations with manual type computers to
determine the spacecraft orbital parameters. Comparison of these com-
putations with actual orbital parameters will be made to determine the
accuracies of the sighting procedures.
Only the space sextant will be carried on the GT-4 mission. The
mission flight plan will list the detailed sightings to be made of the
blue haze and green line horizons. No attempt will be made to provide
definitive data on the unknown horizons. Only general information on
these phenomena will be studied, with the judgment and comments of the
astronauts being of prime importance. Experiment D-9 will help to
provide answers to the following questions by comparison of astronaut-
measured and observed information with the ground stations-obtained
data:
(a) What horizon is most useful for star-horizon angular

measurements?
(b) What part of that horizon should be used: top, middle, or

bottom?
(c) Can any or all visual horizons be made sharper with filters?
(d) Are any horizons discontinuous?
(e) What are the mean heights of the visible horizons?
(f) What kind of accuracies are possible in visual-optical stadi-

metry and star-horizon measurements from an orbiting spacecraft?
(g) What are the sources of measurement error; what are their
magnitudes; and what can be done to achieve greater accuracy?
5-3
Experiment Equipment Description
The experiment equipment consists of a stadimetric altitude-

measuring device (space stadimeter) and a star-horizon angle-measuring
device (space sextant). These instruments vill be stowed inside the
Gemini spacecraft cabin and be easily available to the astronauts for
use during the mission. They will be hand-held for observations through
the spacecraft windows. All sightings, alinements, and data readouts
will be accomplished by the astronauts. The instruments are self-
contained and require no spacecraft power or telemetry. Although only
the sextant will be carried on the GT-^ mission, a detailed descrip-
tion of each instrument is given in the following paragraphs.
5.^.1 Space stadimeter.- The space stadimeter will be used to make

blue haze and green line horizon curvature measurements for altitude de-
terminations. It is stowed in a shock-insulated container in the center-
line stowage box of the spacecraft cabin. It is approximately 5^< inches
-] —
high by 6^ inches wide by 7 inches long and weighs 8.26 pounds. It has
GFAE part number AF69998 and is illustrated in figure 5-1. The stadi-
meter contains four 1-5 V U50 mA dry cell batteries to provide reticle
illumination.
5.^.2 Space sextant.- The space sextant will be used to make star-
horizon angular measurements for orbit orientation determinations. It
is stowed in a shock-insulated container in the center-line stowage box
of the spacecraft cabin. It is approximately 5p inches high by 6^ inches
wide by 7 inches long and weighs 8.26 pounds. It has GFAE part number
AF69999 and is illustrated in figure 5-2. The sextant contains four
1— V ^50 mA dry cell batteries to provide reticle illumination.
5.5 Principals of Operation

The equations necessary for determination of spacecraft orbital
parameters generally amount to a set of six simultaneous equations.
The complete description of an orbit, with respect to size, shape,
and orientation in three-dimensional space, requires the determi-
nation of six independent parameters from these equations. These
parameters could be: the period of the orbit; the eccentricity of the
orbit; time from perigee to first measurement point; orbital inclination
to the equatorial reference plane; sidereal hour angle of the line of
nodes (the line which is the intersection of the orbital and equatorial
planes); and the true anomaly of the line of nodes (measured in the
orbital plane). The first three parameters (period, eccentricity, and
time) can be used to determine the size and shape of the orbit and are
obtained by use of the space stadimeter. The remaining three parameters
(orbital inclination, sidereal hour angle, and true anomaly) can be used
to describe the orbit orientation and are obtained by use of the space
sextant. The principals of operation for both instruments are given in
the following paragraphs.
5.5.1 Space stadimeter.- The space stadimeter is used for space-

craft altitude and time determinations, which, with the proper computa-
tions, will yield the orbital size and shape. The operational charac-
teristics are as follows:
5.5.1.1 Theory: Spacecraft range (or altitude) from a spherical

earth's surface, and its distance from the center of the sphere, are
functions of the angle subtended by lines from the spacecraft tangent to
the surface of the sphere. Measuring this angle (or half-angle) will
give the distance from the surface, assuming a known radius of the earth,
and performing the proper calculations (see A, figure 5-3).
However, for near earth orbits of the type planned for the Gemini
spacecraft, the total angle subtended by the lines tangent to the earth's
surface approaches 180°. Observation of both limbs of the earth through
a spacecraft window to accurately measure this wide angle becomes im-
practical. Therefore, a method for obtaining the necessary information
using only a portion of the horizon has been developed. In this method,
the center of a low power telescope is pointed at some reference earth
horizon. The telescope is then positioned so that a single, center cross
hair cuts a chord across the horizon curvature, intersecting the curva-
ture at the center and near the outer edge of the telescope field-of-
view (see B, figure 5-3). A second movable cross hair, originally coin-
cident with the first, is then rotated about the center point to intersect
the horizon curvature at the center and the opposite edge of the telescope
field-of-view (see C, figure ^-3).
The subtended half-angle, and thus the altitude of the spacecraft

(see A, figure 5-3)> are functions of the angle between the two cross
hairs (see C, figure 5-3), the known radius of the earth plus the alti-
tude of the reference horizon, and the angular field-of-view of the tele-
scope corrected for the non-sphericity of the earth. If these parameters
are used in conjunction with an appropriate graph or table, the spacecraft
altitude can be determined for this position without extensive computation.
5.5.1.2 Operation: The space stadimeter contains the necessary
optics and equipment to measure the subtended half-angle. However, simul-
taneous alinement in the field-of-view of the two edge points and the
center point, with the chord lines yielded by intersecting the earth
5-5
horizon, is very difficult for a large field-of-view (see D, fig. 5-3).

In the space stadimeter, the movement of the cross hairs is simulated
by the movement of a prism, and the three points of interest are opti-
cally brought to the center of the field-of-view for proper alinement
(see E, fig. 5-3). The angle subtended by the chords is read out in
degrees and minutes directly on the instrument. This method enables
full use to be made of the large field-of-view through the Gemini space-
craft window to yield orbital size and shape without scrificing resolu-
tion and ease of visual alinement.
5.5.2 Space sextant.- The space sextant is used to determine the

orientation of the spacecraft orbit in time and space. The operational
characteristics are as follows.
5.5.2.1 Theory: Determination of the orientation of a spacecraft

orbit in time and space can be made using angular measurements between
the earth horizon and selected stars. If knowledge of the spacecraft
altitude and orbital size and shape has been previously determined, the
half-angle subtended is known (see A, fig. 5-3). From these data and
tiie measured angle between the earth horizon and the star, the angle be-
tween the spacecraft zenith and the star, called the co-altitude, can be
determined. Through the use of appropriate tables, two such co-altitude
determinations on each of three selected stars uniquely determines the
plane of the orbit.
5.5.2.2 Operation: The space sextant is a star-horizon angle

measurement device that operates very similar to a normal sextant, but
has an optical system specifically designed for optimum performance in
the space environment. The selected star will be identified through
the spacecraft window and the instrument sighted on it. The instrument
optics will then be rotated until the horizon and star are superimposed.
This measures the angle between the depressed horizon and the star. With
this data and the other orbital parameters, the angle between the space-
craft zenith and the star (co-altitude) can be computed. From this co-
altitude, the orbit orientation parameters can be computed.
observations and measurements to be made with the space sextant.
These measurements will be made during both the day-side and night-side
portions of the orbits. The observations are time phased and affected
by orbit variations. In order that these variations detract from the
basic experiment objectives in the least possible manner, it is neces-
sary that the following criteria be used in making the observations:
5-6
(a) Measurements are needed over the entire range of earth lighting
from direct to completely slant rays of the sun.
(b) It is assumed that the direction of travel of the spacecraft
(whether the horizon is moving away or approaching, or whether the light
is diminishing or increasing) will have an effect on the measurements.
(c) It is necessary when making an observation that the sun not
strike the spacecraft window. Orientation of the vehicle must be in such
a manner as to place a shadow over the window. In the Gemini spacecraft,
this would be with the heat shield toward the sun. For this reason, the
spacecraft must be turned 180° in yaw in the middle of both the daylight
and night sides.
(d) Work periods in which an astronaut is actively making observa-
tions and recording measurements should not exceed fatigue limits, esti-
mated to be approximately ^5 minutes for this type of measurement. The
experiment observation sequences will be programed in ^-minute incre-
ments. Division of these increments in other ways is generally not det-
rimental. However, in order to take advantage of the effects of the
short-term learning curve, it is desirable that observations be made in
groups of three in sequence.
(e) Control measurements are necessary to check repeatability be-
tween measurements and between individuals. Therefore, both astronauts
will made observations and portions of the measurements are repeated.
Even though the space sextant is the only instrument to be carried on
the GT-1*- mission, operational descriptions for both instruments are given
in the following paragraphs.
5.6.1 Space stadimeter.- The space stadimeter will be used to make
spacecraft altitude measurements. It will be hand-held by the astronauts
and does not require spacecraft power or telemetry. The spacecraft will
be maneuvered to obtain the proper view of the earth horizon as detailed
by the mission flight plan. After the instrument cross hairs have been
alined properly with the horizon, the readout angle and time will be re-
corded. These measurements will be repeated at approximate 5-minute in-
tervals around the orbit. Only three measurements would be necessary to
permit the astronaut to determine his altitude and orbit size and shape
without assistance from ground facilities. However, for experimental
purposes, several series of observations will be made at different por-
tions of the spacecraft orbit. Figure 5-^ is an illustration showing
the stadimeter being operated by an astronaut. Reference figure 5-5 for
5-7
the spacecraft orbital sequence during the following observations and

measurements.
5.6.1.1 Primary measurements of the daylight blue haze horizon:

These measurements will be taken while the spacecraft is on the daylight
side of the earth-orbit, using a blue filter to accentuate the blue haze
horizon. Starting with the twilight of the orbital morning, the space-
craft will be alined at a relative heading of l80° to the orbital track
to look away from the sun. The first stadimetric measurement will be
taken as the sun illuminates the horizon behind the spacecraft. The
stadiraeter will be alined with the blue haze horizon and the time and
instrument readings recorded. Near the middle of the daylight side the
spacecraft will be turned to either 90° or 270° so as not to look into
the sun. Additional measurements will be taken from this position. The
spacecraft will then be turned to a relative heading of 0°. Measurements
will continue to be taken as the spacecraft approaches the night twilight
region.
5.6.1.2 Primary measurements of the 5577A* green emission line:

These measurements will be taken while the spacecraft is on the night
side of the earth-orbit, using a green band-pass filter. The spacecraft
will be alined to a relative heading of 0° to the orbital track and
measurements taken. At the half-way point on the night side, it will be
turned to either 9(f or 2?0° and additional measurements taken as it
continues into the morning twilight region.
5.6.1.3 Correlation check of the night side 5577A green emission

line and investigation of its visibility on the day side: Using the
green band-pass filter, measurements will start approximately two-thirds
of the way around the night side of the earth-orbit, and continue into
the daylight side. Special care should be used by the astronauts to re-
tain dark adaptation. If the green line is not visible on the daylight
side, measurements will continue as programed but using the blue filter.
5.6.1.^ Correlation check of the daylight blue haze horizon: These
measurements will start at the midpoint of the daylight side and continue
into the night twilight region.
5.6.1.5 Measurement of individual bias using the other astronaut:

Data obtained by one astronaut operating the stadimeter will be corre-
lated with the data obtained from the other astronaut's measurements.
This should establish the personal bias which might be expected in meas-
urements of this type. Correlation measurements will be taken during
the last half of a night side orbit using the green band-pass filter,
and during the last half of a day side orbit using the blue filter.
5-8
5-6.1.6 Horizons of opportunity: Using the neutral density filter,

the astronaut will select a portion of the day side horizon which appears
to be the most consistent and well defined. He will use the same sche-
dule outlined in paragraph 5.6.1.1, starting at sunrise and taking meas-
urements into the night twilight region.
5.6.1.7 Definition of the dark-shades horizon: Using the zero
filter, the astronaut will make stadimetric measurements using the shade
difference between the earth and space. Measurements will begin halfway
into the night side and continue into the morning twilight.
5.6.1.8 Additional correlation check of the night side 557?A
green emission line: This correlation check will be the same as para-
graph 5.6.1.3* but will measure the first portion of the night side
orbit not previously covered.
5.6.1.9 Additional correlation check of the daylight blue horizon:
This correlation check will be the same as paragraph 5.6.1.^, but will
measure the first portion of the day side orbit not previously covered.
5.6.1.10 Additional data: During any unforeseen or previously non-
appropriated time during the mission, the astronauts are requested to
ure any horizon of opportunity using their discretion for filters and
direction. A record of all pertinent data concerning the observations
must be kept.
5.6.2 Space sextant.- The space sextant will be hand-held by the
astronauts to make star-horizon observations using the same approximate
sequence and reference horizons as for the stadimetric measurements. In
each observation, the selected star will be optically moved to. aline or
be superimposed on the horizon. The astronaut will look through the
window and identify thet selected star, sight the sextant, and optically
move the star to the horizon. For observations away from the direction
of flight, the horizon will be placed slightly below the star and the
time of star-passage through the horizon will be recorded. When the ob-
servations are along the direction of flight, the horizon will be ini-
tially placed above the star, the observation being perpendicular to the
plane of the orbit. In this type of, measurement, time is less critical
and the two images can be directly alined.
5-9
5-7 Preflight Considerations
5-7-1 Equipment.- The space sextant flight unit will be delivered

to Cape Kennedy, Florida, approximately 2 weeks before scheduled launch
of the G-T-4 spacecraft. Only the prescribed preinstallation acceptance
procedures will be conducted on the instrument. The sextant prisms and
lens should be checked to insure that they are clean. The instrument
will be placed in its spacecraft stowage container and stowed in the
assigned position in the centerline stowage box.
5-7-2 Personnel.- The astronauts for the G-T-4 mission will be

thoroughly trained in the experiment procedures and concepts and in the
use of the space sextant. They must be familiar with its functions and
operation and how it should be used for optimum performance. Training
equipment will be used during flight simulations to develop proficiency
in performing the experimental procedure and sighting on reference
horizons and stars.
The astronaut will utilize the detailed flight plan to unstow the
space sextant from the centerline stowage box. No special handling
requirements are anticipated other than normal precision equipment
handling. The sextant is designed for "gloved hand" operation. Repre-
sentatives for the experiment will be available throughout the mission
at the MCC-Houston to answer any questions concerning the experiment.
5-8.1 Flight plan.- The detailed flight plan will be released prior
to launch of GT-^ and will outline astronaut participation for the exper-
iment. At appropriate times, the sextant will be used to make the re-
quired observations and measurements through the spacecraft window. When
not in use, the instrument may be placed anywhere in the cabin where it
will not be damaged and interfere with other spacecraft activities. The
scheduling of a particular sequence into the flight plan will depend on
other spacecraft activities and astronaut duties.
5-8.2 Operational requirements.- For horizon measurements requiring
manual timing, the astronaut will hack the spacecraft GMT clock from
ground communications, set the spacecraft cabin illumination as desired,
and attach the operational photo event indicator to the sextant. The
sextant timer will be checked for zero setting, and the proper filter
selected. When the horizon is visible, the astronaut will sight the
instrument. When the horizon and star have been alined, the sextant
timer and the operational photo event indicator are activated simul-
taneously. On the next even minute of the spacecraft GMT clock, the
sextant timer is stopped. The G-MT clock, sextant timer, and sextant
5-10
counter readings are recorded with any pertinent comments regarding the
measurement. The measurements will continue according to the flight
plan schedule, with approximately a 5-minute interval between observa-
tions. Additional measurements can be taken in the sequence and it is
not necessary to make the observation on the precise scheduled time.
The time of the first observation will be designated +00.

5.9.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- At some convenient time
after recovery of the spacecraft, the space sextant will be removed
from the spacecraft. It will be handled as delicate equipment and care-
fully packed for shipment to the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston,
Texas. With NASA concurrence, the flight equipment (including spares)
will be returned to the Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Ohio. There are no postflight calibration requirements
for the sextant.
5.9.2 Data requirements. - In order to analyze the results of this
experiment, certain mission information is needed by the Air Force
Avionics laboratory as follows:
5.9.2.1 Astronaut verbal record: A copy of all astronaut verbal
comments regarding the experiment is necessary in tape form. This tape
must be time correlated to permit comparison with other data.
5.9.2.2 Astronaut written record: A copy of the written mission
record is necessary containing all readings and notes concerning the
experiment.
5.9.2.3 Telemetry tape data: Time correlated telemetry data is
required containing the operational photo event indicator inputs for the
experiment. This data will be correlated with the verbal and written
data from the mission.
5.9.2.k Spacecraft ground track data: A complete spacecraft ground
track record giving the spacecraft position as a function of time is re-
quired. This data will be used to determine the accuracy of the manual
measurements made by the astronauts.
5-H
5-9-5 Postflight debriefing.- Representatives for the experiment

will attend the mission debriefings. The astronauts will be asked
questions concerning the experiment as follows:
(a) Ease of measurement of the horizons. •
(b) Description of precise portions of the horizons measured.
(c) Description of special horizons measured.
(d) Any problem with making the measurements, such as horizon cer-
tainty and continuity, experimental methods and procedures, or instrument
design and performance.
(e) Recommendations of observable horizons.
(f) Recommendations on the instrument.

(g) Any special remarks on specific measurements.
5-10 Installation Procedures
The space sextant will be installed in the GT-4 spacecraft at

Cape Kennedy, Florida, at some convenient time prior to launch. Other
than stowage in the spacecraft centerline stowage box during launch and
reentry, and use of the operational photo event indicator during measure-
ments, the sextant has no other interface with any spacecraft system.
The space sextant will be calibrated and alined prior to delivery

of the flight units to Cape Kennedy, Florida. Upon delivery, only the
pre-installation acceptance procedures will be performed on the instrument
prior to stowage in the spacecraft cabin.
The space stadimeter and space sextant are the only equipment re-
quired for this experiment. These instruments are designed, built, and
tested to operate satisfactorily in accordance with the requirements of
table I of the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC) Report Number 8^33,
"General Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
5-12
NASA-S-65-2848
Reticle illumination
housing
Long eye relief
eyepiece
Scanning prism
Counter control knob
illumination
housing
Data readout
(counter)
Timer
Fixed
prism
Movable
scanning
prism
Long eye relief

eyepiece
Scanning prism
control knob
:ounter illumination
switch
eticle
illumination
rheostat
Fixed attery
prism containers
Left side front view
Figure 5-1. - Space Stadimeter

5-13
NASA-S-65-2992
Prism scanning control

Eye piece
Reticule
illumination
rheostat
Counter illumination switch

Battery containers
Left side-rear view
Scanning prism
Blue filter lever

Timer
Fixed
field-of-view
prism
Counter
illumination
housing
Counter Green filter lever
Right side-front view
Figure 5-2. - Space sextant

NASA-S-65-2849
Selected
star
Earth
sphere
Co-altitude
S pacecraft Zenith
position
A. Angle subtended by lines from spacecraft tangent to earth's surface
Angle between
Telescope cross hairs
field-of-view
\ ^- Earth
horizon \
B. First chord yielded by C. Second chord yielded by

intersecting earth horizon intersecting earth horizon
Telescope Stadimeter
field-of-view field-of-view
D. Three points of interest E. Space stadimeter with three

in telescope field-of-view points of interest optically alined
Figure 5-3. - Theory of space navigation principals

5-15
re
Q.
to
g,-
minutes
minutes Night
twilight 5 \
region minutes
4
7 \
90° or@
27 0"
;minutes
\ 7
\minutes
minutes \
7
minutes
@Fo('j.-Y
+I -
-g
r3
cn
+
Morning
\ minutes twilight
region 5
5
180°
orbital sequence p o ~ i t i o ~ ~
Figure 5-5. '
6-1
6.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-3 - INFLIGHT EXERCISER
6.1 Objective
The degree of cardiovascular adaptation or "deconditioning" of the

human body during prolonged space flight is not presently known. Lack
of gravity and/or continued physical inactivity for long periods may
lead to loss of peripheral venous tone, diminished circulating blood
volume, and a decrease in cardiovascular reflex activity. The objective
of Experiment M-3 is to investigate and measure the cardiovascular re-
flex activity of a man in space in response to a given physical workload.
Periodic exercise checks throughout a manned space flight may provide
information as to whether there is an actual decrement or accommodation
of the astronauts' cardiovascular system to the spaceflight environment.
6.2 Justification
Previous Project Mercury manned space flights indicated some changes

in the astronauts' cardiovascular reflex mechanisms. These phenomena
require further study in order to ascertain the effect of space flight
conditions on the astronauts' ability to perform physical work and their
capability for sustained performance. The Gemini manned spacecraft
offers an opportunity to study these effects for relatively long periods
of space flight. It may be that adequate programed exercise will be suf-
ficient to overcome any cardiovascular changes due to prolonged periods
of weightlessness. Successful exercise programs on the Gemini missions
will provide valuable data for future long-duration manned space missions.
Experiment M-3 will be conducted by the Space Medicine Branch of the

Crew Systems Division of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston,
Texas, and is sponsored by the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight (ONSF),
Washington, D. C.
6.3 Scope
The rapidity with which the heart rate returns to normal after ces-
sation of exercise is an indication of an individual's physical fitness.
Experiment M-3 will measure heart rate and other available physiological
responses (such as respiration rate and blood pressure) before, during,
and after a fixed workload. The workload will be provided by specific
periods of exercise with an exercise device that requires a known amount
of effort. Exercise periods performed before flight in a 1. Og environ-
ment can be compared with those in zero gravity during space flight to
6-2
detect any cardiovascular changes. Periodic inflight exercise periods

can also be compared with each other for changes in response as the time
of exposure to the space environment is increased.
6.k Experiment Equipment Description

The experiment equipment is an exercise device that requires a
known amount of work. It consists of a pair of rubber bungee cords
attached to a nylon handle at one end, and to a nylon foot strap at the
other end. A stainless steel stop-cable limits the stretch length of
the rubber bungee cords and fixes the workload. A "rowing type" exertion
is produced by placing the nylon foot strap around the feet and pulling
on the handle until the stop-cable limit has been reached. The inflight
exerciser is shown in figure 6-1, weighs approximately 8 ounces, and
has GFAE part number EC 30001)-. The exerciser major components are il-
lustrated in figure 6-2.

The inflight exerciser will be stowed in the spacecraft cabin right-
aft stowage box in a special pouch type container. The exerciser and its
container are illustrated in figure 6-J. Each exercise period will be
scheduled in the detailed flight plan. An exercise period will consist of
one pull per second to the limit of the stop-cable for a 30-second per-
iod. The experiment will utilize the standard operational Gemini bio-
instrumentation to measure the desired physiological parameters. The
data will be recorded on the operational biomedical recorders. There-
fore, the exercise periods must be programed in the flight plan at times
when the recorders are scheduled to be operating. The inflight data
obtained will be compared with preflight control data obtained from the
astronauts to determine any inflight changes in their cardiovascular
systems. Other than simple stowage, the exerciser has no interface with
any spacecraft system and requires no spacecraft power, telemetry, or
special bioinstrumentation.

6.6.1 Equipment.- The inflight exerciser flight unit will be de-
livered to Cape Kennedy, Florida, approximately 3 weeks before launch.
After the preinstallation acceptance tests have been satisfactorily com-
pleted, no further calibration checks or tests are required. The ex-
ceriser will be placed in the stowage container and stowed in the space-
craft right-aft stowage box.
6-3
6.6.2 Personnel.- In order to validate the inflight data obtained

from use of the exerciser, it is necessary that preflight control data
"be obtained from each astronaut in the GT-^ crew. Each astronaut will
perform the "one pull per second for 30-seconds" exercise period several
times while in the Gemini simulator. The biosensors should be applied
to the astronauts during these training sessions and the biomedical data
recorded before, during, and after the exercise periods. These data
should be recorded on magnetic tape as well as on direct write-out oscil-
lograph paper and furnished to the Crew Systems Division of the NASA
Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. It is preferable that the
exercise periods be performed periodically throughout a long training
session to obtain characteristic responses in the l.Og environment.
The GT-4 detailed flight plan will be utilized for astronaut parti-
cipation in this experiment. At appropriate times when the operational
biomedical recorder is scheduled to be operating, an exercise period will
be performed. The exerciser will be removed from its stowage location
and container. The nylon foot strap will be placed around the feet and
the handle pulled to the limits of the stop-cable at the rate of one pull
per second. The period will last for 30 seconds. The pilot will com-
plete four exercise periods per day during waking hours. One of these
periods shall be performed while the spacecraft is in contact with a
ground station. During this period, a blood pressure measurement will be
made before and after exercising. The command pilot will exercise once
daily while in contact with the ground station, also with a before and
after blood pressure measurement. The pilot's first exercise period will
be scheduled as soon as feasible after orbital insertion. The other
periods should be equally spaced throughout the day so as not to inter-
fere with other spacecraft operations or pilot functions.
The exerciser has been designed for "gloved hand" operation and has
no special handling requirements. Representatives for the experiment
will be available throughout the mission at the IMCC, NASA Manned Space-
craft Center, Houston, Texas, to answer any questions concerning the
experiment. Figure 6-4 is an illustration of the exerciser in use by
an astronaut.
6.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- At some convenient time

after recovery of the spacecraft, the inflight exerciser should be re-
moved from the spacecraft. The unit shall be returned to the Space
Medicine Branch, Crew Systems Division, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston, Texas.
6.8.2 Data requirements.- The flight data obtained from the space-
craft operational biomedical recorders will be utilized by this experi-
ment in the same format required by the medical operations personnel.
There are no special data reduction requirements for the experiment.
These flight data should be furnished to the Crew Systems Division of
the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
6.8.J Postflight debriefing.- Representatives from the NASA-MSC

Crew Systems Division will attend the mission medical debriefings.
Astronaut comments are desired for the following questions:
(a) Were any difficulties encountered in unstowing, stowing, or in

using the inflight exerciser?
(b) Were there any noticeable physiological changes during or fol-

lowing the exercise periods?
(c) Was the work performed in flight easier, the same, or more
difficult than that performed in the preflight training sessions?
The inflight exerciser will be stowed in the GT-4 spacecraft at

Cape Kennedy, Florida, at some convenient time prior to launch. This
unit has no other interface with any spacecraft system.
Upon delivery of the inflight exerciser to Cape Kennedy, Florida,

only dimensional and operational type pre-installation acceptance pro-
cedures will be performed prior to stowage in the spacecraft cabin.
The inflight exerciser is the only equipment required for this ex-
periment. The exerciser is designed, built, and tested to operate
satisfactorily in accordance with the requirements of table I of the
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC) Report Number 8^33, "General I
Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
6-5
NASA-S-65-2852
Figure 6-1. - Inflight exerciser

6-6
NASA-S-65-2993
Stainless steel
aircraft cable
Figure 6-2.-Inflight exerciser major components

6-7
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6-8
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7-1
7.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER U-k - INFLIGHT PHONOCAKDIOGRAM
7.1 Objective
The time interval between the electrical activation of a muscle

and the onset of the muscular contraction is a measure of the functional
status or fatigue-state of that muscle. The objective of Experiment M-U
is to measure this interval for the heart muscle of a man in space.
This information will provide some insight into the functional cardiac
status of astronauts during prolonged space flights.
7.2 Justification
Russian physiologists have reported a considerable increase in the

interval between the QRS-complex of the electrocardiogram and the onset
of vertricular systole for their cosmonauts during long space flights.
This phenomenon requires further study to determine the effect of pro-
longed space flight on the myocardium (heart muscle) of a man in space.
Data obtained from this experiment on the Gemini missions will provide
valuable information on methods of determining the physical well-being
of astronauts on future long duration space missions.
Experiment M-^ will be conducted by the Space Medicine Branch of

the Crew Systems Division, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas,
and is sponsored by the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF),
Washington, D. C.
7.3 Scope
Experiment M-U will utilize a small phonocardiographic sensor

(transducer) applied to each astronaut's chest wall on the sternum.
Heart sounds detected will be recorded on the Gemini operational bio-
medical recorder. This sound trace will be compared to the QRC-complex
wave form obtained from a simultaneous inflight electrocardiogram to
determine the time interval between electrical activation of the heart
muscle and the onset of ventricular systole. These data may provide a
means to detect and assess decrements in myocardial functions during
prolonged space flights.
The experiment equipment consists of one transducer and an asso-

ciated signal conditioner for each astronaut. The signal conditioner
7-2
is the same unit used for the operational electrocardiogram measurements.

The transducer will be applied to the chest wall on the sternum for each
of the Gemini astronauts on the GT-lj- mission. Each unit (transducer and
signal conditioner) is connected to the individual astronaut's biomedical
and communications harness. All heart sounds detected will be trans-
mitted through the harness wiring bundle to the biomedical recorder. The
transducer and signal conditioner together weigh approximately 2 ounces
and are illustrated in figure 7-1. The transducer has GFAE part ..
number EC 3002U and the signal conditioner has GFAE part number EC 30006.
7-5 Operational Description
The phonocardiogram transducer and signal conditioner are connected

to the operational biomedical and communications harness and are worn
by the astronauts inside their Gemini spacesuit. The entire GT-k harness
is shown in figure 7-2 and an illustration showing it fitted to a sub-
ject is given in figure 7-3- The phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram
signals will be recorded simultaneously on the operational biomedical
recorder whenever it is operating. This recording is of a passive nature
and requires no active astronaut participation. The data obtained will
provide information regarding the duration of mechanical systole (Q to
II-heart sound) and distole (ll-heart sound to next Q), the duration of
the time period between electrical and mechanical systole, and the dura-
tion of the complete heart cycle (R to R). In addition, the phase of
isometric contraction can be measured (Q to I-heart sound) which in-
cludes the electrical excitation period. In normal adult individuals,
this is a relatively constant value of approximately 1/UOOth of a sec-
ond. From these measurements, an assessment of myocardial function can
be made, particularly the effectiveness of cardiac contractility under
conditions of space flight.
7.6.1 Equipment.- The phonocardiogram transducers and signal con-

ditioners will be delivered to Cape Kennedy, Florida, prior to launch
of GT-4. After the preinstallation acceptance tests have been satis-
factorily completed, the units will be connected to the operational
biomedical and communications harness. At an appropriate time prior to
donning the spacesuit, one complete harness will be fitted to each
astronaut. The transducer will be firmly applied to the chest wall
on the sternum.
7. 6. 2 Personnel.- In order to establish a reference for the data

obtained during flight, at least one 5-minute preflight control recording
must be obtained from each astronaut while wearing the flight equipment.
7-3
This recording will be performed as part of the operational preflight

check of the Gemini spacesuit and biomedical parameters.
Data from the phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram signals will

be recorded simultaneously on the operational biomedical recorder when-
ever it is operating. No active astronaut participation is required for
this experiment. Representatives for the experiment will be available
throughout the mission at the MCC, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston,
Texas, to answer any questions concerning the experiment.
7.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval. - The phonocardiogram equip-

ment will be detached from each astronaut when the spacesuit and bio-
medical and communications harness are removed. There are no special
instructions for postflight handling of the transducer or signal con-
ditioner. The units shall be returned to the Space Medicine Branch,
Crew Systems Division, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
7.8.2 Data requirements.- The flight data obtained by the space-

craft operational biomedical tape recorders will be utilized by this
experiment in the same format required by the medical operations person-
nel. Immediately after recovery of the spacecraft, the two biomedical
tape recorders shall be removed from the spacecraft. The magnetic tapes
shall be removed from the recorders and placed in special shielded con-
tainers provided on the recovery ships. These containers are designed
to protect the tapes from exposure to electrical or magnetic fields
that might cause erasure. The tapes must not become contaminated with
dust particles or oil from human hands or any other source. The maximum
temperature for storage of the recorded tapes in their containers must
not exceed 120° F. The tapes will be returned to Cape Kennedy, Florida,
aboard the first aircraft returning the mission exposed film.
7-8.3 Fostflight debriefing.- This experiment has no requirement

for participation in the postflight debriefing.
The phonocardiogram equipment will be fitted to the astronauts

during the donning of the Gemini spacesuits. Other than the electrical
connections to the operational biomedical recorders, the equipment has
no interface with any spacecraft system.
Upon delivery of the phonocardiogram flight equipment to Cape

Kennedy, Florida, only the preinstallation acceptance procedures will
be performed prior to fitting the units to the astronauts.
The electrocardiogram-type signal conditioners utilized for this

experiment will be flight qualified with the other operational medical
equipment. The phonocardiogram transducer will be tested to verify
the safety of the Gemini bioinstrumentation equipment and to the astro-
nauts .
7-5
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7-6
NASA-S-65-3507
Pnonocardiogram
transducer
Phonocardiogram
conditioner
Figure 7-2. - GT-4 biomedical and communications harness

7-7
NASA-S-65-3508
Phonocardiogram
transducer
Phonocardiogram
signal conditioner
Figure 7-3. - GT-4 biomedical and communications harness fitted to a subject

5-1
8. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-6 - BONE DEMORALIZATION
8.1 Objective
Bone demineralization has been observed in humans during periods

of inadequate calcium intake, during periods of immobilization such as
bed rest, and during other situations involving physical inactivity.
The objective of Experiment M-6 is to investigate the occurrence and
degree of any bone demineralization resulting from prolonged space
flights. Information on the effect of weightlessness on the physio-
logical integrity of the astronauts' bones should help determine if
corrective measures will be necessary during future long duration space
missions.
8.2 Justification
Clinical research has observed demineralization of the human heel

bone (Os Calcis) during as little as 3 days of bed rest. The density
of the bone can be reduced as much as 20 to 30 percent during this
short period. Since bone demineralization has been reported by Russian
scientists during space flights of up to 5 days duration, it is important
that the extent of this effect be determined as early as possible during
Gemini missions to ensure the physical well-being of astronauts during
space flight.
Experiment M-6 will be conducted by the Nelda Childers Stark Lab-

oratory for Human Nutrition Research, Texas Woman's University, Denton,
Texas, and is sponsored by the NASA office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF),
Washington, D. C.
8.3 Scope
Experiment M-6 consists of X-ray studies of two selected bones of

the astronauts before and after space flight. Special X-rays will be
taken of the astronauts' heel bone of one foot and the terminal bone
of the fifth digit (little finger) of one hand. Three preflight and
three postflight exposures will be taken of these two bones and com-
pared to determine if any bone demineralization has occurred due to
the space flight. These data will complement the calcium metabolic
measurements planned for Gemini space flights.
8-2
Q.k Experiment Techniques and Equipment
8.k. 1 Techniques.- This experiment will utilize direct roentgen-

ologic (X-ray) visualization techniques to detect reductions in bone
density due to demineralization. Two factors are expected to influence
the demineralization process: relative immobilization associated with
the cockpit of the Gemini spacecraft, and weightlessness. The influence
of immobilization can be roughly determined from bed rest studies in a
1. Og environment. Any additional decrease in oone density should be
principally attributable to diminished skeletal structure integrity
because of the zero gravity.
The heel bone of one foot and the terminal bone of the little
finger of one hand were selected for densitometrie studies because they
are known to be little affected by soft tissue X-ray scatter. This is
due to the small amount of overlying tissues. Also, these sites are
non-hazardous from the irradiation aspect since blood-forming marrow
will not be exposed to radiation. The X-ray exposure field will be
strictly limited to these two small areas.
8.4.2 Equipment.- The equipment to be utilized in this experi-

ment will be the standard clinical X-ray machine, standard 11 inch by
14 inch X-ray films, and calibrated wedge densitometers. The equip-
ment must be properly calibrated and the film development procedures
must be closely controlled regarding the chemicals, temperature, and
timing. Densitometer control readings of all films must agree within
2 percent.
At three designated times prior to launch of the GT-k spacecraft,

the astronauts will have precise X-ray measurements made of the heel
bone of one foot and the terminal bone of the little finger of one hand.
Three similar measurements will be made after completion of the mission.
The data obtained will be compared to determine any bone demineralization
that occurred during the mission. There are no inflight astronaut re-
quirements, no spacecraft equipment, and no use or interface with any
spacecraft system.
8. 6.1 Launch site.- The three preflight X-rays will be made on

the GT-4 astronauts at Cape Kennedy, Florida, in accordance with the
8-3
following approximate schedule:
a. Launch minus 10 days.
b. Launch minus kQ hours.
c. Launch minus 220 minutes.
Experiment representatives will arrive at Cape Kennedy, Florida, suf-

ficently in advance of the scheduled GT-U launch to take the required
preflight X-ray measurements. They will bring with them one calibration
wedge for the heel bone, one calibration wedge for the little finger,
2k units of 11 inch by lit- inch Eastman Industrial Type AA X-ray film,
and a portable X-ray machine. The Patrick Air Force Base X-ray facil-
ities will be utilized for making the first two preflight measurements.
The portable machine will be utilized for the final measurement prior
to launch. The Patrick AFB film developing facilities will be utilized
to develop the film for all three preflight measurements. All exposed
film will be developed in a standardized but closely controlled manner
by the experiment representatives.
8.6. 2 Recovery areas.- Due to the postflight measurements of the

astronauts soon after completion of the GT-it mission, it is necessary
that experiment representatives be aboard the primary recovery vessel
for the primary recovery zones. They will have with them little
finger and heel bone calibration wedges, and 2it- units of 11 inch by
lit inch Eastman Industrial Type AA X-ray film. They will utilize the
recovery vessel's X-ray and film developing facilities for the first
two postflight measurements.
8.7 Inflight Requirements
There are no inflight requirements or considerations for this

experiment.
The three postflight X-rays will be made on the GT-it- astronauts

in accordance with the following schedule:
a. As soon as possible after recovery of the astronauts.
b. Approximately k& to 72 hours after completion of the GT-it-

mission, and prior to the astronaut's departure from the primary recovery
vessel.
c. Approximately 5 "to 9 days after completion of the GT-U mission
at the NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas.
The X-ray and film developing facilities of the primary recovery

vessel and the Manned Spacecraft Center will be utilized by the experi-
ment representatives to take and develop the postflight measurements.
The necessary X-ray film and calibration wedges will be furnished by
the experiment representatives.
Installation procedures are not applicable to this experiment.
Equipment checkout procedures are not applicable to this experi-

ment. The experiment representatives are responsible for the calibration
of the little finger and heel bone wedges, and of the portable X-ray
machine.
8.11 Plight Qualification Requirements
This experiment has no flight equipment and requires no inflight

procedures or considerations. Flight qualification requirements are
not applicable.
9-1
9. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-1 - ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE
9.1 Objective
Natural charging mechanisms and ejection of charged particles with

rocket engine exhaust products can induce an electrostatic potential on
orbiting spacecraft. Before space rendezvous missions are attempted,
an investigation must be made of the possibility of inadvertent ignition
of pyrotechnics and other detrimental effects due to discharge of this
potential between rendezvousing spacecraft. The objective of Experi-
ment MSC-1 is to detect and measure any accumulated electrostatic charge
on the surface of the Gemini spacecraft.
9.2 Justification
Potential differences between docking orbital space vehicles can

cause an electrical discharge between the vehicles. Such a discharge
could damage the vehicle skin, damage unprotected electronic equipment,
and cause involuntary ignition of spacecraft pyrotechnics. Since later
Gemini missions will include a rendezvous and docking maneuver, it is
important to investigate the existence and strength of these charges.
Knowledge of the spacecraft potential and capacitance will make it pos-
sible to calculate the net charge on the spacecraft, and the energy
available for an electrical discharge between the spacecraft and another
space vehicle of known potential.
Experiment MSC-1 will be conducted by the Radiation and Fields

Branch of the Advanced Spacecraft Technology Division of the NASA Manned
Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, and is sponsored by the NASA Office
of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), Washington, D.C.
9.3 Scope
In Experiment MSC-1, an electrostatic potential meter will be

utilized to detect and measure any accululated electrostatic charge
that may be created on the surface of the GT-4 Gemini spacecraft. The
meter will be located in the retroadapter section with the face of the
sensor unit flush with the spacecraft outer surface. It will be operated
during all periods of extensive spacecraft attitude maneuvering and during
retrofire. Data obtained will be recorded on the spacecraft telemetry
system and relayed to appropriate ground stations. These data will be
analyzed to determine if the accumulated charge is sufficient to create
a problem during rendezvous.
9-2
The experiment equipment is called an electrostatic potential meter

(EPM). The EPM consists of a sensor unit and an electronics unit. These
two units are located in the Gemini retroadapter section and are inter-
connected by electrical wiring. The sensor unit has its face flush with
the spacecraft outer surface and is used to obtain electrical signals
proportional to the spacecraft potential. The electronics unit is com-
pletely inside the retroadapter section and processes the information
obtained by the sensor unit and adapts it to the spacecraft telemetry
system. The electronics unit includes power regulating equipment and
is controlled from the spacecraft cabin by an ES SENSOR ON/OFF power
switch. Output from the electronics unit is monitored by two space-
craft 0 to 5 volt analog telemetry channels and data is transmitted to
appropriate ground stations via the spacecraft tape recorder/reproducer
system.
The sensor unit and the electronics together weigh approximately

1.8 pounds and are illustrated in figure 9-1- Their installation lo-
cation in the spacecraft retroadapter is shown in figure 9-2. The
sensor unit has GFAE part number EA 35040 and the electronics unit has
G-FAE part number EA 350^1.

The electrostatic potential meter will be off during launch of the
GT-4 spacecraft. A pyrotechnic operated, spring-loaded door will pro-
vide protection for the sensor unit face during launch and ascent of
the spacecraft into orbit. At appropriate times during the mission,
the pilot will actuate the ES SENSOR switch located on the spacecraft
AGENA CONTROL panel to turn the electrostatic potential meter on and
6ff. The pilot will record the on-off times on the operational Gemini
voice recorder. No additional participation is required of the astro-
nauts. All other data will be recorded automatically and transmitted
to ground stations by the spacecraft recorder/reproducer telemetry
system. When the experiment equipment is turned on, it will use ap-
proximately 2 watts of spacecraft electrical power at 22 to JO V dc.
It will use no power while it is turned off. The experiment will uti-
lize two points of 1.25 samples-per-second high level prime, 0 to
5.0 V dc spacecraft telemetry output signals.
9.6.1 Equipment.- The experiment equipment will be installed in

the GT-4 spacecraft at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant at
9-3
St. Louis, Missouri. The equipment will require a minimum of one

operational check during spacecraft systems test (SST) at St. Louis.
It will also require a similar check after delivery of the spacecraft
to Cape Kennedy, Florida, as close as possible prior to mating of the
spacecraft with the booster. A final operational check will be made
as close as possible to launch of the GT-^4- spacecraft. During these
checks, 22 to 30 V dc must be provided from the spacecraft power supply,
the sensor unit protective door must net cover the sensor face, the
spacecraft telemetry must be operating, and instrumentation must be
provided to visually read and permanently record the outputs of the
two experiment telemetry channels.
9-6.2 Personnel.- The astronauts for the GT-U mission will be

thoroughly briefed in the operation and objectives of the experiment.
The mission flight plan must provide for operation of the experiment
prior to, during, and following retrofire, and during any period of
extensive maneuvering or attitude control.
participation in this experiment. At preselected times during the mis-
sion, the ES SENSOR switch will be actuated to operate the experiment
and correlate meaningfully with operation of the spacecraft orbital
attitude maneuvering system (CAMS). However, if unforseen periods of
extensive CAMS use occur, it is highly desirable that the experiment
be operating. The pilot will actuate the ES SENSOR switch as follows:
a. Turn experiment switch ON no less than 10 minutes preceding
the beginning of all preprogramed periods of operation of the OAMS.
b. Turn experiment switch OFF no less than 10 minutes following

the completion of all preprogramed periods of operation of the OAMS.
c. Activate the experiment for four or five periods of approxi-

mately 3 hours each. At the end of these periods, the experiment switch
will be turned OFF. These periods may include or be exclusive of the
periods mentioned in paragraph a above.
d. Activate the experiment no less than 10 minutes preceding the

separation of the adapter equipment section from the spacecraft. The
experiment switch will remain ON until the retroadapter section has
been separated from the reentry module.
The pilot will record the experiment on-off times on the operational
Gemini voice recorder. Representatives for the experiment will be avail-
able throughout the mission at the MCC, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
9-U
Houston, Texas, to answer any questions concerning the experiment.
9.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- There are no equipment

retrieval requirements since the experiment equipment remains with the
retroadapter section when it is separated from the reentry module just
prior to reentry.
9-8.2 Data requirements.- The following mission information and
experiment data is required to permit analysis and evaluation of the
experiment results:
a. Electrostatic potential meter channel 1 output versus time
after launch.
b. Electrostatic potential meter channel 2 output versus time

after launch.
c. Time after launch for separation of the Gemini spacecraft
from the booster second-stage.
d. Time after launch for all firings of the attitude control and
maneuvering thrusters and the durations of these firings.
e. Time after launch for separation of the adapter equipment

section.
f. Time after launch for firing of the retrorockets and the

duration of these firings.
g. Time after launch for separation of the retroadapter section

from the reentry module.
h. A transcript of the spacecraft Gemini voice recorder giving the

on-off times for activation of the experiment.
9.8.3 Postflight debriefing.- Representatives for the experiment

will attend the scientific debriefing to verify experiment operation
times with the astronauts.
9-5
The experiment equipment will be installed in tne GT-4 spacecraft

retroadapter section at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant in
St. Louis, Missouri.
The experiment equipment will receive operational checks while at

McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, St. Louis, and after spacecraft delivery
to Cape Kennedy, Florida.
The experiment equipment is designed, built, and tested to operate

satisfactorily in accordance with the requirements of table III of MAC
Report 8^33, "General Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
9-6
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10-1
10.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-2 - PROTON - ELECTRON SPECTROMETER
10.1 Objective
The objective of Experiment MSC-2 is to measure the radiation

environment immediately exterior to an orbiting spacecraft. A
scintillating-crystal, charged-particle analyzer will be utilized to
measure the number and energy of electrons and protons present. Data
from this experiment will be used to correlate radiation measurements
made inside the spacecraft and to predict radiation levels on future
space missions.
10.2 Justification
Other scientific experiments will be performed on Gemini orbital

missions to measure the radiation levels inside the spacecraft cabin.
Measurement of the external radiation is necessary to provide a complete
picture of the radiation environment encountered. These correlations
will be utilized to confirm or provide empirical corrections to the
theoretical radiation environment predicted. It should be possible to
accurately extraploate these data to higher altitudes and other radiation
environments for use on future manned space missions. In addition, suc-
cessful operation of the radiation measurement instruments will provide
scientific insight to possible technological problem areas in the de-
velopment of an operational radiation spectrometer on future manned
space missions.
Experiment MSC-2 will be conducted by the Radiation and Fields

Branch of the Advanced Spacecraft Technology Division of the NASA Manned
Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. It is sponsored by the NASA Office
of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), Washington, D.C.
10.3 Scope
In Experiment MSC-2, a proton-electron spectrometer will be utilized

to detect and measure the number and energy of the electrons and protons
immediately exterior to the GT-U Gemini spacecraft. The spectrometer
will be located in the equipment adapter section with the sensor face
looking to the rear of the spacecraft. It will be operated during pass-
age of the spacecraft through the region bounded approximately by
30° East and 60° West longitude, and 15° South and 55° South latitude.
In this region, the inner Van Allen radiation belt dips close to the
earth's surface because of the irregular strength of the earth's magnetic
field, and is ordinarily referred to as the South Atlantic geomagnetic
10-2
anomaly. Data obtained will be recorded on the spacecraft telemetry

system and relayed to appropriate ground stations. These data will be
analyzed to develop a method for predicting the radiation dose to which
astronauts may be exposed on future space missions.
The proton-electron spectrometer is located in the Gemini equip-

ment adapter. It is securely fastened to the center pallet area with
the sensor face very near and covered by the adapter thermal curtain.
The unit operates on spacecraft electrical power and is controlled from
the spacecraft cabin by a SPT-MAG ON/OFF power switch. Output from the
spectrometer is monitored by the equipment adapter section telemetry
multiplexer so as to provide eight points of ten samples-per-second bi-
level, 0 or 24 V dc, and six points of 1.25 samples-per-second high
level prime, 0 to 5-0 V dc, (data-dump) telemetry. Data is transmitted
to appropriate ground stations via the spacecraft pulse coded modulation
(PCM) telemetry system. The spectrometer has a total weight of approxi-
mately 12.5 pounds, has GFAE part number EA J5014, and is shown in
figure 10-1. The tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer sensor and electronics
unit (Experiment MSC-j) are physically mounted on opposite sides of the
proton-electron spectrometer support assembly. The installation location
for these combined experiment equipments is shown in figure 10-2.
The proton-electron spectrometer will be off during launch of the

GT-U spacecraft. At appropriate times during the mission, the pilot
will actuate the SPT-MAG switch located on the spacecraft AGENA CONTROL
panel to turn the spectrometer on and off. The pilot will record the
on-off times on the operational Gemini voice recorder. No additional
participation is required of the astronauts. All other data will be
recorded automatically and transmitted to ground stations by the space-
craft PCM telemetry system. When the spectrometer is turned on, it will
use approximately 4 watts of spacecraft electrical power at 22 to JO V dc.
It will use no power while it is turned off. Eight points of ten samples-
per-second, bi-level, and six points of 1.25 samples-per-second high
level prime subframe telemetry will be utilized to obtain the desired
data. The bi-level points will be arranged as two four-bit words, each
evenly separated in time from the other within the sample sequence limi-
tations of the PCM programer. Each four-bit word will be located within
a single standard eight-bit telemetry word so that each bit within the
word is sampled simultaneously.
10-3

the GT-^ spacecraft at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant at
St. Louis, Missouri. The equipment will require a minimum of one oper-
ational check during spacecraft systems test (SST) at St. Louis. It will
also require a similar check after delivery of the spacecraft to Cape
Kennedy, Florida, as close as possible prior to mating of the spacecraft
with the booster. A final operational check will be made as close as
possible to launch of the GT-^ spacecraft. During these checks, 22 to
30 V dc must be provided from the spacecraft power supply, the space-
craft telemetry system must be operating, and instrumentation must be
provided to visually read and permanently record the outputs of the ex-
periment telemetry channels. A small radiation source (strontuim-90
radioisotope on the order of 2 microcuries) will be placed in the vicinity
of the experiment and the output changes in each recorded channel observed.
10.6.2 Personnel. - The astronauts for the GT-4 mission will be

The mission flight plan must provide for activation of the experiment at
various times.
praticipation in this experiment. At specific times during the mission,
depending on the spacecraft orbital track, the pilot will actuate the
SPT-MAG switch to operate the experiment as follows:
a. While the spacecraft is passing through the region bounded ap-

proximately by 30° East and 60° West longitude, and 15° South and 55°
South latitude on each of at least 10 orbits.
b. While the spacecraft is not passing through the region described

in paragraph a above for a period of at least 15 minutes.
c. The experiment will be turned off when the experiment is not

being operated in the periods described in paragraphs a or b above.
The pilot will record the experiment on-off times on the operational
Gemini voice recorder. Representatives for the experiment will be avail-
able throughout the mission at the MCC, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston, Texas, to answer any questions concerning the experiment.

equipment adapter section when it is separated from the retro-adapter
section just prior to reentry.
10.8.2 Data requirements.- The following mission information and

experiment data is required to permit analysis and evaluation of the
experiment results:
a. Data received from the experiment telemetry channels versus

time after launch.
b. The geographic latitude, longitude, and altitude of the space-

craft versus time when each sample of experiment data was obtained.
c. A reference time corresponding to a time after launch or a

systems time indexed at the sampling rate of the experiment data.
d. A transcript of the spacecraft Gemini voice recorder giving

the on-off times for activation of the experiment.
e. Data received from the experiment telemetry channels for

Experiment MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer.
10.8.3 Postflight debriefing.- This experiment has no require-

ment for participation in the postflight debriefing.
The experiment equipment will be installed in the GT-^ spacecraft

equipment adapter section at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant
in St. Louis, Missouri.

MAC - St. Louis, and after spacecraft delivery to Cape Kennedy, Florida.

Report Slj-33, "General Environmental Requirements for Model 133P."
10-5
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11-1
11.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC-3-TRI-AXIS MAGNETOMETER
11.1 Objective
The objective of Experiment MSC-J is to monitor the direction and

amplitude of the earth's magnetic field with respect to an orbiting
spacecraft. A tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer will be utilized to de-
termine the direction of the geomagnetic field in three axes. Data
from this experiment will be used to correlate radiation measurements
made by Experiment MSC-2, Proton-Electron Spectrometer.
11.2 Justification
The proton-electron spectrometer, Experiment MSC-2, will measure

the radiation environment immediately exterior to the Gl-k spacecraft.
However, the spectrometer can not determine the directional distribution
of the trapped radiation present at Gemini orbital altitudes. Also,
the spacecraft attitude data is not adequate to determine the relative
orientation of the earth's geomagnetic field during drifting flight.
This directional distribution and orientation is necessary to correlate
the radiation measurements. Experiment MSC-3 will monitor the direction
and amplitude of the earth's magnetic field in support of Experiment MSC-2.
Experiment MSC-J will be conducted by the Radiation and Fields Branch

of the Advanced Spacecraft Technology Division of the NASA Manned Space-
craft Center, Houston, Texas. It is sponsored by the NASA Office of
Manned Space Flight (OMSF), Washington, D.C.
11.3 Scope
A tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer will be utilized to measure the

magnitude of the three orthogonal components of the earth's magnetic
field with respect to the GT-^ spacecraft. The magnetometer will be
located in the equipment adapter section with the sensor unit facing
aft. It will be operated during passage of the spacecraft through the
South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly at the same times as Experiment MSC-2.
Three sensors will be mounted orthogonally to measure vector components
Hx, Hy, and Hz of the magnetic field. By measuring each component, the
direction of the field lines can be referenced to the spacecraft and the
proton-electron spectrometer, Experiment MSC-2. With field line direction
and pitch angle of the charged particles known, interpolation of data
from the spectrometer can be related to the total charged particles in-
cident on the spacecraft. Data obtained will be recorded on the space-
craft telemetry system and relayed to appropriate ground stations.
11-2
The tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer consists of an electronics

unit, a sensor unit, and an interconnecting cable, all located in the
Gemini equipment adapter section. The sensor unit is mounted on an
extendible boom which allows projection of the unit beyond the end of
the spacecraft adapter. The extendible boom/sensor unit and the elec-
tronics unit are securely fastened to the support assembly for the
proton-electron spectrometer of Experiment MSC-2. The adapter section
thermal curtain has a hole over the sensor unit to allow extension of
the boom. The equipment operates on spacecraft electrical power and is
controlled from the spacecraft cabin by two switches. The SPT-MAG ON/OFF
switch controls the operation of the magnetometer and the SPT-MAG BOOM
switch controls extension of the sensor unit boom. Output from the
magnetometer is monitored by the adapter equipment section telemetry
multiplexer so as to provide 3 points of 1.25 samples-per-second high
level prime, 0 to 5.0 V dc (data-dump) telemetry. Data are transmitted
to appropriate ground stations via the spacecraft pulse coded modu-
lation (PCM) telemetry system. The magnetometer equipment has a total
weight of approximately 3-5 pounds and is shown with the proton-electron
spectrometer in figure 10-1. The installation location for these com-
bined experiment equipments is shown in figure 10-2. The magnetometer
electronics unit has GFAE part number EA 35000, and the sensor unit and
connecting cable has GFAE part number EA 35001. The extendible boom
is furnished by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (MAC) and has MAC
part number 52-01992?- The MAC furnished support assembly for both
the MSC-2 and MSC-3 experiments has part number 52-87331.
The tri-axis flux-gate magnetometer will be off during launch of

the GT-4 spacecraft. Just prior to the scheduled first operation of
the experiment, the pilot will actuate the SPT-MAG BOOM switch, located
on the AGENA CONTROL panel, to extend the boom through the hole in the
thermal curtain to clear the rear of the spacecraft adapter section.
This is a one-time operation only and the boom will not be retracted.
At appropriate times during the mission, the pilot will actuate the
SPT-MAG switch to turn the proton-electron spectrometer on and off.
Activation of this switch will simultaneously operate the magnetometer.
Therefore, the on-off times recorded for the spectrometer will be the
same for the magnetometer. Wo additional participation is required of
the astronauts. All data will be recorded automatically and transmitted
to ground stations by the spacecraft PCM telemetry system. When the
magnetometer is turned on, it will use approximately 4 watts of space-
craft electrical power at 22 to 30 V dc. It will use no power while
it is turned off.
11-3

the GT-4 spacecraft at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant at
St. Louis, Missouri. The equipment will require a minimum of one com-
plete operational check during spacecraft systems test (SST) at St. Louis,
including extension of the boom. The equipment will also require a
similar check after delivery of the spacecraft to Cape Kennedy, Florida,
as close as possible to mating of the spacecraft with the booster. During
these checks, electrical power should be on for all spacecraft systems
to enable any magnetic field produced by coils, power supplies, et cetera,
to be sensed by the magnetometer. The spacecraft telemetry system must
be operating and instrumentation must be provided to visually read and
permanently record the outputs of the experiment telemetry channels.
After the background reading has been established, a small source magnet
will be hand-held in a position parallel to each of the three sensors
for approximately 5 minutes. By positioning the source magnet on each
sensor head, the source magnet to background field flux and polarity of
the field can be observed by monitoring the experiment telemetry output
channels.
11.6.2 Personnel. - The astronauts for the GT-1*- mission will be

The relationship with Experiment MSC-2 will also be explained. The
mission flight plan will provide for extension of the boom prior to
first operation of the two experiments.
participation in this experiment. Prior to operation of either Experi-
ment MSC-2 or MSC-3, the SPT-MAG BOOM switch will be actuated to extend
the magnetometer sensor boom out the rear of the equipment adapter section.
The operation of the magnetometer will be conducted each time the SPT-MAG
switch is activated to operate the proton-electron spectrometer for
Equipment MSC-2. The magnetometer operation times will be the same as
for the spectrometer and need not be recorded separately. Representatives
for the experiment will be available throughout the mission at the MCC,
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, to answer any questions
concerning the experiment.

equipment adapter section when it is separated from the retro-adapter
section just prior to reentry.
11.8.2 Data requirements. - The only data necessary for this experi-
ment, in addition to that required by Experiment MSC-2, is the data re-
ceived from the three experiment telemetry channels versus time after
launch.
11.8.3 Fostflight debriefing.- This experiment has no requirements

for participation in the postflight debriefing.
The experiment equipment will be installed in the GT-U spacecraft

experiment adapter section at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation plant
in St. Louis, Missouri.

MAC St. Louis, and after spacecraft delivery to Cape Kennedy, Florida.

Report 8VJ3, "General Environmental Requirements for Model
12-1
12.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER MSC 10 - TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS
12.1 Objective
The objective of Experiment MSC-10 is to obtain photographs of the

earth's limb in an effort to determine the excess elevation of the blue
limb over the red. These photographs will be taken from a manned orbiting
spacecraft and will utilize a hand-held camera, black and white film, and
a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly
through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. Postflight micro-
dens itometer measurements of the photographs will be used to determine
if the elevation of the earth's limb can be a reliable aid in future
manned space flight guidance and navigation sightings.
12.2 Justification
Little data is presently available regarding the usefulness of

observable earth phenomena for space guidance and navigation purposes.
The Gemini spacecraft presents an opportunity to obtain data concerning
the elevation of the earth's limb and its possible contribution to these
purposes. This information will be combined with the results of photo-
graphs from other programs (such as the X-15) to determine accurate
measurements of the real terrestrial heights of observed horizon phe-
nomena.
Experiment MSC-10 will be conducted by the Instrumentation Lab-

oratory, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is sponsored by
the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), Washington, B.C.
12.3 Scope
The intent of Experiment MSC-10 is to subject black and white neg-

atives of the earth's limb to the most careful measurements possible in
photographic photometry. Each frame, or picture, of the earth's limb
will have its central portion taken through a red filter, and the side
portions through a blue filter. The ends of the film strip will have
sensitometric step-wedge exposures applied to enable postflight deter-
mination of the limb brightness values. A series of these photographs
will be taken during the dayling period of one orbit of the GT-U space-
craft to measure the variation of the relative limb elevation for the
full range of sunlight scattering angles. These data will be used to
determine if the sunlit earth's limb can be reliably observed in the
12-2
short visible, or near ultraviolet spectral region, and be useful for

space flight guidance and navigation purposes.
12. h Experiment Equipment Description
The experiment equipment consists of a modified Hasselblad camera

film magazine with a two-color filter mounted just in front of the film
plane. The filter has a red central portion (Wratton no. 92) with a
blue portion (Wratton no. ^7-B) at both ends. The film magazine is
shown in figure 12-1, weights approximately 1 pound, and has GFAE part
number CP 55009-1.
The film magazine will be stowed in the cabin during launch of the
GT-^4- spacecraft. As instructed by the detailed mission flight plan, the
film magazine, the Hasselblad camera equipment, and the operational
photo event indicator will be unstowed and assembled for use in accordance
with standard camera operating procedures. Figure 12-2 illustrates the
equipment ready for operation. As the sunlit earth's limb becomes visible,
the pilot will take three photographs in succession, taking time to
properly aim the camera at the horizon directly in front of the Gemini
spacecraft along the line-of-flight. The time of the first photograph
in each series of three photographs should be orally recorded on the
spacecraft Gemini voice recorder. The photo event indicator will be
utilized to mark the exact times for all pictures taken. Approximately
every 5 minutes, the pilot will again take a group of three pictures,
recording orally the time for the first exposure of the group. Nine
or more such groups may be obtained during the day-side portion of the
orbit in which the sunlit limb is visible. Figure 12-3 illustrates the
proper camera view of the desired photographs, and figure 12-U shows the
exposure positions and variation in the sunlight scattering angle during
the daylight portion of an orbit. The experiment will be conducted
during the day-side portion of one orbit. The pilot is free to perform
other tasks in the intervals between the groups of photographs. However,
the experiment film magazine must not be removed from the camera, nor
should the camera settings be altered until after the last group of
pictures has been taken.
12.6.1 Equipment.- The film magazine flight unit will be delivered

to Cape Kennedy, Florida, approximately 3 weeks before scheduled launch
of the GT-U spacecraft. After the preinstallation acceptance tests have
12-3
been satisfactorily completed, no further calibration checks or tests

are required. The photometric exposures of the step-wedge portions
of the film will be made prior to delivery of the film to Cape Kennedy.
The film will be loaded into the film magazine at the launch site by
authorized personnel. Since the emulsion is an extended panchromat,
film loading must be done under controlled conditions in a darkroom
without safe lights. Prior to launch, the flight magazine will be stowed
in its assigned position inside the spacecraft cabin.
12.6.2 Personnel.- The astronauts for the G1-k mission will be

thoroughly trained in the experiment procedures and use of the oper-
ational Hasselblad camera equipment. Training equipment will be used
during flight simulations to develop proficiency in performing the
experimental procedures.
The astronauts will utilize the detailed flight plan to unstow and
assemble the experiment film magazine and Hasselblad camera equipment
near the end of the dark portion of an orbit. The pilot will adjust
the various camera controls to the proper settings marked on the end of
the film magazine. The spacecraft will be oriented with the small-end-
forward along the orbital track prior to the appearance of the sunlit
earth's limb. The pilot should hold the camera so that the magazine
dark slide may be removed from the top of the camera just prior to taking
the first set of three pictures. The camera film advance knob must be
cocked by turning counterclockwise until it latches. A notation that
the camera is ready for operation should be made into the Gemini voice
recorder.
As the sunlit earth's limb becomes visible, the first group of

pictures is announced and three closely spaced photographs will be taken.
As each exposure is made, an electrical time marker is provided by the
photo event indicator. After approximately 5 minutes, a second group
of pictures is announced on the recorder, and three more exposures made.
After four groups of pictures (12 exposures) have been taken, the camera
film advance must be recocked by turning the knob counterclockwise until
it latches. Photographs will be taken in similar groups until the sunset
limb has been photographed. This will involve approximately 27 exposures,
depending on the orbital conditions and the intrusion of other necessary
astronaut tasks. At the conclusion of the experiment, the dark slide is
replaced in the film magazine and it is returned to its assigned stowage
place.
In the event of an interruption of the experiment, the series may

be continued in the similar portion of a later day-side orbit. However,
12 -k
the experiment magazine should not be removed from the camera until the
experiment has been completed. Minor deviations from the suggested
5-minute intervals are permissible. When not in use, the camera may
be placed anywhere in the cabin where it will not be damaged or interfere
with other spacecraft activities.
The film magazine contains approximately 36 frames of film. If

the astronauts should wish to record an unrelated phenomenon during
the conduct of the experiment, this extra film will allow up to nine
additional exposures. The experiment does not require attitude maneu-
vering other than to properly orient the spacecraft along the orbital
track during the time each series of three photographs is being taken.
Small spacecraft residual rates are allowable if they do not interfere
with the proper aiming of the camera. The accuracy with which the camera
is capable of being aimed should be sufficient to assure that the earth's
limb crosses close to the center of the frame and is nearly perpendicular
to the lines separating the red and blue filter portions.
No special handling requirements are anticipated other than normal

precision equipment handling. The camera is designed for "gloved hand"
operations and all sighting operations require the astronaut to have his
visor open. Representatives for the experiment will be available through-
out the mission at the MCC, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston,
Texas, to answer any questions concerning the experiments.
12.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- Immediately after recovery

of the spacecraft, the experiment film magazine will be removed from the
spacecraft and shipped on the first aircraft leaving the primary recovery
vessel to the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, for develop-
ment. Only normal film handling procedures are required. With NASA
concurrence, the original film will be loaned to the prime experimenter
to allow specific measurements to be made. After completion of these
measurements, the original film will be returned to NASA and maintained
as space artifacts.
• 12.8.2 Data requirements. - In addition to retrieval of the original

film, certain other mission information is necessary to permit analysis
of the photographs obtained from this experiment. A complete record of
the spacecraft ephemeris is desired for the day-side portion of the
orbits during which the experiment was conducted. Also, a record of the
photo event indicator times marking the operation of the camera, and a
transcript of the applicable portions of the Gemini voice recorder is
necessary to determine spacecraft orbital locations during the taking
of the photographs.
12-5
12.8.3 Fostflight debriefing.- Postflight debriefing of the GT-4

astronauts is not required for this experiment unless significant al-
terations in the conduct of the experiment occurred during the mission.
The experiment film magazine will be stowed in the GT-^ spacecraft

at Cape Kennedy, Florida, at some convenient time prior to launch. Ex-
cept for inflight attachment to the operational Hasselblad camera body
and photo event indicator, this experiment has no interface with any
spacecraft system.
Upon delivery of the film magazine to Cape Kennedy, Florida, only

the preinstallation acceptance procedures will be performed. Essentially
these procedures are as follows:
a. Perform an external visual inspection of the film magazine for

damage which might have occurred during shipment. Check for obvious
damage such as heavy marring, scratches, gouges, and bent fittings. The
inspector must not move, displace, operate, or change any settings,
latches, or film covers.
b. Perform a fit-check of the film magazine with the spacecraft

stowage location.
c. Mate the film magazine to the Hasselblad camera body one time
to check operational compatibility. The film cover slide must not be
removed during this procedure. A group of three camera shutter closings
and film advance motions will be performed by a qualified person who can
audibly verify proper functioning and compatibility. The film magazine
will be demated from the camera body immediately after compatibility has
been verified.
The film magazine for this experiment will be tested to the same
flight qualification requirements as the operational film magazines for
the Hasselblad camera.
12-6
NASA-S-65-3512
Figure 12-1. - Hasselblad camera film magazine

12-7
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NASA-S-65-3513
-Opaque line
Figure 12-3. - Horizon view for desired photographs
Sunlight
Horizon
viewing
line
Figure 12-4. - Variation of sunlight scattering angle during nine groups of photographs
13-1
13-0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER S-5 - SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY, AND

EXPERIMENT NUMBER S-6 - SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY
13.1 Objective
Photographs taken on Project Mercury manned orbital space flights

demonstrated the scientific value of such pictures for basic research
in geology, geophysics, geography, oceanography, and meteorology because
of their uniquely great synoptic coverage. The objective of Experi-
ments S-5 and S-6 is to continue these studies with additional photo-
graphs from earth-orbiting manned spacecraft. Experiment S-5 will obtain
small-scale pictures of large physiographic features, such as folded
mountain chains, major fault zones, and volcanic fields. Experiment S-6
will obtain detailed, high-qualify pictures of selected clouds and weather
systems. The 70 mm operational camera on the Gemini spacecraft will be
utilized for both types of photography. The data obtained will improve
and extend the techniques of synoptic aerial photography up to orbital
altitudes.
13.2 Justification
Study of photographs of the earth from orbital altitudes, such as

those taken by the Project Mercury astronauts, demonstrated that such
high altitudes permit very large features, hundreds of miles across,
to be photographed with a small number of exposures. Pictures of this
sort have great value in studying large geological and meteorological
features since the perspective provided cannot be duplicated by low alti-
tude near-earth photography. Also, the high resolution of film cannot
be duplicated by televised images such as are obtained from non-manned
orbiting satellites. The conduct of Experiments S-5 and S-6 on the
Gemini missions will permit maximum use of man's flexibility to obtain
the best photographs of selected ground features and weather systems.
It will also allow use of man's on-the-spot judgment to photograph un-
expected but significant phenomena. Experience in synoptic photography
of the earth and interpretation techniques will be valuable for planning
future manned space missions.
Experiments S-5 and S-6 will both utilize the Gemini operation
70 mm camera equipment and complement each other. Experiment S-5 will
photograph terrain features and will be conducted by the NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. Experiment S-6 will photo-
graph cloud and weather features and will be conducted by the National
Weather Satellite Center, Unites States Weather Bureau, Suitland, Mary-
land. Both experiments are sponsored by the NASA Office of Space Science
and Applications (OSSA), Washington, D.C.
13-2
13-3 Scope
13.3.1 Experiment S-5.- This experiment is being conducted to
obtain high quality, small-scale color photographs of selected areas of
the earth's surface. Pictures will be taken of typical physiographic
features of terrain for vhich information is known or can be readily
obtained. These include folded mountain chains, major fault zones, vol-
canic fields, impact craters, and cratonic areas. Specific areas will
be repeatedly photographed on successive orbital passes to permit measure-
ment of the variation in photometric properties with changes in sun angle
and sky reflectance. Large, exposed Pre-Cambrian shield areas will be
photographed as undisturbed records which might contain ancient impact
craters. These areas are of special interest because of their similarity
to lunar craters. Comparison of photographic data obtained with known
facts about the terrain will serve as a control for refining the methods
of recognition and analysis as applied to previously unstudied regions.
This will improve and extend the techniques of synoptic geographic and
topographic aerial photography up to orbital altitudes.
13.3.2 Experiment S-6. - This experiment is being conducted to

obtain high qualify, small-scale color photographs of selected weather
systems in a wide range of categories. The gemini astronauts will take
pictures of particularly interesting weather systems which appear during
the mission. Pictures taken will be based on their own knowledge of
weather analysis or suggested by ground meteorological experts utilizing
worldwide weather information. Specific areas of interest will be re-
peatedly photographed or successive orbital passes, or at intersecting
points several orbits apart, to allow identification of the same cloud
element which may have undergone developmental changes. This information
will give clues to wind velocity and direction at various levels. If
possible, pictures will be taken of the same areas being concurrently
photographed by meteorological satellites. Comparison with the lower
resolution, higher altitude television pictures from the satellites will
improve the ability to interpret and utilize the satellite pictures more
effectively.
Both synoptic photographic experiments will be conducted using the

Gemini operational 70 mm Hasselblad camera and accessories. One ad-
ditional film magazine for each experiment will be carried on the GT-4
mission. Film type will be Ektachrome SO-217 emulsion on a 2.5 mil
Estar Polyester base. An illustration of a similar Hasselblad film
magazine is given in figure 12-1. Each magazine weighs approximately
12 ounces and has GFAE part number CF 55026-1.
13-3
13-5 Operational Description
The film magazines will be stowed in the cabin during launch of

the GT-U spacecraft. At a convenient time during the mission, the film
magazines, the Hasselblad camera equipment, and the operational photo
event indicator will be unstowed and assembled for use in accordance
with standard camera operating procedures. Figure 12-2 illustrates the
equipment ready for operation. The camera will be hand-held by the
astronaut with the line-of-sight of the camera as nearly normal to the
spacecraft window surface as conveniently possible. No sunlight or
other stray lighting should be on either the camera optics or the window.
All photographs should be taken when the spacecraft is as near to the
nadir as possible (opposite the zenith), although obliques are acceptable
when warranted by the subject matter being photographed. Additional
descriptions of each experiment are given in the following paragraphs.
13.5-1 Experiment S-5.- Photographs for this experiment will be

taken during daylight when cloud cover does not obscure the terrain
such that significant features are unrecognizable. The astronauts will
take pictures of appropriate terrain features as time and other space-
craft functions allow. There are approximately 50 film exposures avail-
able for this experiment. The following are areas where it is desired
that photographs be taken, but exposures may be made anywhere a signi-
ficant terrain feature is visible:
a. The southern United States and northern Mexico. Complete cover-

age on two successive orbital passes with similar ground tracks is de-
sired.
b. Northwestern South America, particularly the Andes Mountains.
c. Central Australia if time of launch, spacecraft ephemeris,

and/or mission duration should ever put this region in daylight.
d. The African continent.
e. Other land areas unobscured by weather, particularly remote

areas devoid of foliage.
13.5.2 Experiment S-6.- Photographs for this experiment will be

taken during daylight, beginning 1 hour after sunrise and lasting until
1 hour before sunset (local time). Oblique angle photographs should
include the horizon line in some part of the frame to simplify later
construction of an accurate latitude-longitude grid overlay for per-
spective viewing and analysis. The astronauts will take pictures of
appropriate cloud types as time and other spacecraft functions allow.
13-U
There are approximately 50 film exposures available for this experiment.

The following are cloud types which are desired to be photographed:
a. Squall line clouds.
b. Thunderstorm activity not associated with squall lines.

ji
c. Frontal clouds and views of fronts.
d. Jet stream cirrus clouds.
e. Typical morning stratus clouds over the Gulf states.
f. Coastal cloudiness.
g. Tropical and extra-tropical cyclones.
h. Intertropical convergence zone and the various perturbations

along this zone.
i. Cellular patterns in subtropical phenomenon.
j. Wave clouds induced by islands and mountain ranges.
k. Broad banding of clouds in the trade winds or other regions.
1. Other interesting systems which are left to the astronaut's

judgement and discretion.
13.6.1 Equipment.- The film magazine flight units will be de-

livered to Cape Kennedy, Florida, approximately 3 weeks before scheduled
launch of the GT-4 spacecraft. After the preinstallation acceptance
tests have been satisfactorily completed, the flight film will be loaded
and the ease of film transport verified. This film loading should be
accomplished as near as possible to the time for prelaunch equipment
stowage aboard the spacecraft. If necessary, one frame of the film in
each magazine may be exposed for film density/color calibration and
equipment operation verification. Prior to launch, the film magazines
will be stowed in their assigned position inside the spacecraft cabin.
13.6.2 Personnel.- The astronauts for the GT-^ mission will be
thoroughly trained in the experiment procedures and use of the operational
Hasselblad camera equipment. Training equipment will be used to develop
13-5
presidency in estimating lighting conditions and proper camera exposure

settings for various terrain scenes and types of clouds.
At a convenient time during the mission, the astronauts will unstow

and assemble the experiment film magazines and Hasselblad camera equip-
ment. The camera exposure controls will be adjusted to precalculated
values. The spacecraft will be oriented to properly view the subject
and the photograph taken. A record should be kept of the details con-
cerning the photograph, either on the Gemini voice recorder or written
down. Information needed includes time, subject or scene viewed, and
direction from the spacecraft line of flight or known earth position.
If the subject is a weather scene, the type of clouds, their location
with respect to the spacecraft, and an estimate of their vertical and
lateral development should be included. The photo event indicator will
provide an electrical time marker for each exposure. Specific requests
for photography from meteorological experts will be passed to the astro-
nauts through the ground flight controllers. The spacecraft weather
information will be updated at least daily as an operational requirement
and to assist in planning for terrain and weather photographs.
The photographs for the two experiments can be interspersed through-

out the film of the two experimental magazines since they use the same
type film. This will give each experiment approximately 50 exposures,
more or less, depending on the weather conditions during the mission.
If there is heavy cloud cover in the areas over which the spacecraft
passes during daytime, there would be correspondingly more weather than
terrain photographs. The film magazine may be removed from the Hassel-
blad camera if the camera is needed for other purposes. When not in use,
the camera or the magazines may be placed anywhere in the cabin where
they will not be damaged or interfere with other spacecraft activities.
The experiments do not require attitude maneuvering other than to

properly orient the spacecraft toward the subject to be photographed.
Small spacecraft residual rates are allowable if they do not interfere
with the taking of the photographs. No special camera handling require-
ments are anticipated other than normal precision equipment handling.
The camera is designed for "gloved hand" operation and sighting oper-
ations may be made with the visor open or closed. Representatives for
the experiments will be available throughout the mission at the MCC,
NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, to answer any ,questions
concerning the experiments.
13-6
13.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval.- Immediately after re-

covery of the spacecraft, the experiment film magazines will be removed
from the spacecraft and shipped on the first aircraft leaving the primary
recovery vessel to the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas,
for development. Only normal film handling procedures are required.
With NASA concurrence, the prime experimenter will have access to the
original film and will be provided all necessary copies and prints in
the format desired.
13.8.2 Data requirements.- The prime experimenter will require

duplicate color positives, color negatives, and positive color prints
of all photographs taken for his experiment. In addition, the following
mission information is necessary to permit analysis of the photographs
obtained from these experiments:
a. Spacecraft ephemeris in terms of latitude and longitude (decimal

degrees, or degrees, minutes, and seconds), and spacecraft altitude versus
elapsed time from launch to end-of-mission.
b. Spacecraft attitudes (degrees) and rates (degrees per second)

versus time.
c. All times recorded by the photo event indicator including those

for other experiments and photographic exposures.
d. A timed transcript of all onboard Gemini voice tape recordings.
e. A copy of the astronauts notes and written data.

f. Earth and spacecraft day-night times.
13.8.3 Postflight debriefing.- Representatives for the experiments

will attend the scientific debriefing. The astronauts will be asked
questions to clear up data ambiguities and to fill in additional perti-
nent data. They will be asked to comment on any significant terrain or
weather features that they remember or noted down but did not photograph.

The experiment film magazines will be stowed in the GT-4 spacecraft
at Cape Kennedy, Florida, at some convenient time prior to launch. Ex-
cept for inflight attachment to the operation Hasselblad camera body and
photo event indicator, these experiments have no interface with any
spacecraft system.
13-7
1J.10 Equipment Checkout Procedures
Upon delivery of the film magazines to Cape Kennedy, Florida, only

the preinstallation acceptance procedures for the operational Hasselblad
camera equipment will be performed.
The film magazines for these experiments will be tested to the

same flight qualification requirements as the operational film magazines
for the Hasselblad camera.

Experiments For GT-4 Mission

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Copy No.

Program Gemini Working Paper No.

DISTRIBUTION AND REFERENCING

.NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMNSX"X'ATION

May 14, 1965

EXPERIMENTS FOR GT-U MISSION

Prepared by: ^££6^L47^*-r^S 6- .

Authorized for Distribution:

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER

May 14, 1965

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1

2.0 POSTFLIGHT EVALUATION REPORTING .... 2-1

3. 0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-l - BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY AND

J.I Objective 3-1

3.2 Justification 3-1

3.3 Scope 3-2

3.3.1 Experiment D-l 3-2

3.4 Experiment Equipment Description 3-2

3.4.1 Camera 3-3

3-5 Spacecraft Operational Equipment 3-6

3-5.1 Photo event indicator 3-6

3-6 Operational Description 3-6

3- 6.1 Unstow equipment 3-6

3.7 Preflight Considerations 3-8

3.8 Inflight Considerations 3-8

3-11 Equipment Checkout Procedures 3-12

3.11.1 Preinstallation acceptance 3-12

3.12 Flight Qualification Requirements 3-12

4.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-8 - RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT . . . . 4-1

4.1 Objective 4-1

4.2 Justification 4-1

4.4 Experiment Equipment Description 4-2

4.5.1 Active dose rate indicator -

4.6 Preflight Considerations 4-4

4.6.1 Equipment calibration 4-4

4.7 Inflight Considerations 4-5

4.7.1 Flight plan 4-5

4.8 Postflight Considerations 4-6

4.8.1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 4-6

4.9 Installation Procedures 4-7

4.9.1 Active dose rate indicators. . . . . 4-7

4.10 Equipment Calibration Procedures 4-8

4.10.1 Active dose rate indicators .... 4-8

4.11 Flight Qualification Requirements 4-8

5.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER D-9 - SIMPLE NAVIGATION 5-1

5.1 Objective 5-1

5.2 Justification 5-1

5.3 Scope 5-2

5> Experiment Equipment Description 5-3

5-5 Principals of Operation 5-3

5-11 Equipment Checkout Procedures 5-11

6.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-3 - INFLIGHT EXERCISER 6-1

6.4 Experiment Equipment Description 6-2

6.5 Operational Description ... 6-2

6.6 Pre flight Considerations 6-2

7.0 EXPERIMENT NUMBER M-4 - INFLIGHT EHONOCARDIOGRAM . . 7-1

7. 8. 1 Experiment equipment retrieval . . . 7-3

8. U.I . Techniques 8-2

9.3 Scope 9-1

9-^ Experiment Equipment Description 9_2

9-5 Operational Description 9_2