Mission Planning Plan For The Fourth Manned Gemini Flight Crew Gemini 7

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NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO. 5041
MISSION TRAINING PLAN FOR THE

FOURTH MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
GEMINI VH
HIS SION PL ANNING P1A N

ED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
GEMINI 7 (NASA) 20 p Uncias
00/98 17U66
DISTRIBUTION AND .REFERENCING
This paper is not suitable for general distribution or referencing. It may be referenced
only in other working correspondence and documents by participating organizations.
^™%K
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
ERRATA SHEET
FOR
NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO.
Charles L. Coston Page 1 of 1 page

Chief, Technical Information
Preparation Branch
After the following pen-and-ink change

has teen made, insert this ERRATA sheet be-
tween the cover and title page and write on
the cover "ERRATA 1 inserted".
1. The date "October 11, 1965" should

appear at the bottom of the cover page and
the inside approval page.
NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO. 5041
MISSION TRAINING PLAN FOR THE
FOURTH MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW
GEMINI VII
Prepared by: Mission Training Section
Authorized for Distribution:
P/r, Donald K.
Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operations
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
ill
CONTENTS - -
Section Page
1.0 SUMMARY ......................... 1-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ...................... 2-1
3-0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING ............ .... 3-1
3.1 Spacecraft Tests ................. 3-1
3.1.1 Spacecraft no. 7 .............. 3-1
3..2. .Gemini Mission Simulator Training-'. ........ 3-2
3-2.1 Familiarization and systems failures'. . •. . ^3-3
3.2.2 Normal missions with random

malfunctions ............... -k
3.2.3 Integrated simulations (6 sessions) . . . . 3-5
3-3 Gemini Crew Station Mockup ............ 3-5

3A Briefings and Meetings .............. 3-5
3.^.1 Flight plan reviews ............ 3-6
3. IK 2 Systems briefing ......... . ..... 3-6
3.1K3 Flight experiments ............. 3-6

^.k.k Training meetings ,,, ............ 3-6
3.5 Celestial Training. . .-' ...... ..... ... 3-6
3.5.1 Planetarium reviews ............ 3-7

"»'.:&:• , " • . . . - ;'!: .
3.6 Egress and Recovery 'Training ........... 3-7
3.7 Launch Abort and Reentry Training ......... 3-8
3.8 Translation and Docking Training . . .. ...... 3-8
3-9 Parachute Training .............. '. . 3-8

IV
Section Page
3.10 Other Training Activities ...... i ...... 3-9
3.10.1 Aircraft flying .............. 3^9
3.10.2 Contractor visitation ..... 3-9
3.10.3 Slidewire training . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.10.4 Physical training . 3-^-9
4.0 FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4-1 Time spent by each crewman in training on

each mission activity . . . . . . . . . 4-3
t/. 4-2 Crew training schedule .' . . . . . . . 4-5

1-1
1.0 SUMMARY
This training plan outlines crew preparation plans for the 1^-day
Gemini VII Mission. The flight plan includes postinsertion station
keeping maneuvers with the second stage of the launch vehicle and a
wide variety of operational checks and experiments.
A summary of the crew time planned for each major training activity
is shown in figure k-~L.
2-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This training plan defines the specific mission training of the

primary and backup flight crews for the Gemini VII Mission. It is
published as a guide to the flight crew and the personnel responsible
for training for flight crews. The criteria used to develop this plan
were as follows:
1. This training plan covers the final period of training (approxi-

mately 6 months).
2. Although crew members are normally scheduled as teams in their

designated seat positions, cross team and cross seat training will be
accomplished to assure that each crew member can satisfactorily perform
the more critical tasks. This will permit some late date flexibility
in reassignment of crew personnel as well as alleviate scheduling
problems. Cross training will be terminated as launch date approaches.
3- Only one crew member shall participate in the less critical

activities. He will brief the other crew members on significant results.
This applies particularly to spacecraft testing, certain systems and
operations meetings.
U. The backup crew must be as prepared for flight as the primary

crew. This permits replacement as a team or by individual seat position
with a minimum delay to launch schedule.
5- Crew members will receive systems briefings prior to partici-

pation in major spacecraft tests and prior to flying the Gemini mission
simulator.
6. This training plan defines equipment requirements in general

terms. Detailed equipment requirements will be defined by the responsi-
ble organizations.
7. Crew members and FCSD training personnel will review this plan
periodically. The training coordinator and the crew will meet informally
each Monday morning to review the training planned for the coming week
and discuss the training accomplished the past week. The crew commander,
assisted by the training coordinator, is responsible for accomplishing
the activities shown in figure k-2.
3-1
3.0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING
The following is a brief description of each of the major activities

in which the crew will be involved. Schedules defining specific areas
and sequencing of activities are shown on figure k-2.
3.1 Spacecraft Tests
Participation by crew members in the testing of their spacecraft

gives them operational and training experience. Many tests require
an operator or an observer inside the spacecraft. By participating in
these tests, the crew becomes familiar with the characteristics of the
spacecraft they will fly. When modiifications are considered or re-
quired, the crew can make inputs with an understanding of the situation.
Spacecraft tests are often run on a 2^-hour basis requiring both

the primary and backup crews to cover the critical crew interface tests.
One crewman can cover less critical tests and brief the other crewmen
on any significant results. When practical, all crewmen will attend
the major spacecraft test reviews.
Crew participation in the testing of the Gemini VTI spacecraft is

shown in figure k-2. Each crewman will spend between *4-0 and 50 hours
in the Gemini VTI spacecraft and more time observing, trouble-shooting,
and reviewing the status of the spacecraft.
The following outlines the crew .participation in major spacecraft

testing activities. The complete spacecraft test plan and test pro-
cedures are contained in McDonnell Aircraft Corporation Report B-^19 and
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation Report 9882.
3.1.1 Spacecraft no. 7. -
At St. Louis, Missouri:
1. Systems assurance tests
2. Simulated flight tests
3. Altitude chamber tests
At Cape Kennedy, Florida:
1. Premate systems test
2. Mechanical and electrical mate

3-2
3- Environmental and joint guidance and control test
k. Joint combined systems test
5. Weight and balance . • •
6. Final systems test
7. Simulated flight
3-2 Gemini Mission Simulator Training
The flight crew will use the Gemini Mission Simulator (QMS) to
provide them with extensive experience in the normal and abnormal, oper-
ation of the spacecraft systems as applied to the Gemini. VII flight plan.
This program consists of ^1 sessions. Simulator hours are not signifi-
cant with regard to the training accomplished; hence, no .times are. listed.
For planning purposes, sessions are assumed to be 2-hours long;
Increased emphasis in the training program will be placed on out--

the-window vehicle positioning and control during both day and night
side operations. Tasks to be performed using the visual display systems
of the mission simulator are:
1. Orientation of the vehicle to various positions from random

initial attitudes.
2. Practice estimating vehicle rates using celestial and terres-

trial information.
3. Practice station keeping, flight plan maneuvers, and tests.
h. Manually position spacecraft and hold retroattitude during

simulated retrofires.
5. Manually control spacecraft attitudes and attitude rates dur-

ing reentry using the horizon.
6. Practice procedures and maneuvers in conjunction with accom-

plishment of various experiments.
This document contains only an outline of the flight crew mission

simulator program. A detailed description of each exercise will be
distributed on a limited basis to those personnel who are directly in-
volved in training on the Gemini mission simulators. The mission simu-
lator sessions will be accomplished with crew members in their assigned
seat position.
3-3
Generally, the familiarization and systems failure sessions will

be accomplished at Houston and the mission training exercises at Cape
Kennedy. Each training session includes a briefing and debriefing.
The program order may be modified depending upon such factors as avail-
ability of simulation tapes, equipment, and assessed value of individual
sessions.
3-2.1 Familiarization and systems failures.- The purpose of this

phase is to thoroughly familiarize crew members with the normal operating
characteristics of the spacecraft systems and prepare the flight crew
in systems failure detection and analysis and the application of alter-
nate procedures or systems modes. The application of specific mission
rules is at a minimum. These 17 sessions consist of a briefing followed
by operation in the simulator.
Briefings:
Session 1 - Orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS)
Session 2 - Sequential
Session 3 - Reentry control system (RCS)
Session 4 - Electrical
Session 5 - Attitude control and maneuver electronics (ACME)
Session 6 - Failures - sequential and electrical
Session 7 - Failures - OAMS, RCS, ACME
Session 8 - Environmental control systems (ECS)
Session 9 - Communications
Session 10 - Computer digital command system (DCS) - Manual data

readout unit (MDRU) - Platform
Session 11 - ECS failures
Session 12 - Failures - communication and computer, DCS, MDRU
Session 13 - launch aborts
Session 1^ - Rendezvous with backup procedures
Session 15 - Reentry with malfunctions

Session 16 - Integrated mission with failures .• ' *•
Session 17 - Same as Session no. 16 • .•
3-2.2 Normal missions with random malfunctions. - .This phase con-

sists of 18 training exercises with each crew member occupying his as-
signed seat position. The purpose of this training is to perfect each
crew member's capability to accomplish his specific mission duties as
detailed in the mission flight plan. The majority of the training ses-
sions will consist of a nominal launch, practicing the orbital activi- '
ties and a reentry. Random failures will be simulated which normally
will not require early termination of the mission. Critical mission
phases, such as launch, retrofire and reentry, are emphisized by ac-
complishing sessions devoted to perfecting these tasks. The exercises
comprising this phase are as follows:
Session 18 - Normal mission
Session 20 - Launch aborts
Session 23 - Normal mission with random failures
Session 2k- - Normal mission with random failures

Session 30 - Retrofires and reentries with random failures •
Session 32 - Retrofires and reentries with random failures
Session 33 - Normal mission with random failures (suited)

3-5
Session 3^ - Normal mission with random failures (suited)

3.2.3 Integrated simulations (6 sessions).- The final phase of
training on the mission simulator (F-14 to F-2 days) consists of several
simulations involving the ground network support personnel as well as
the flight crews. During these simulations the mission is rehearsed
exactly as it is planned for the actual flight.
During launch and reentry simulations, the crews will occupy their
respective seat positions. Upon completion of each launch or reentry
simulation, the crew will participate in the postsimulation discussion..
During the simulated network simulations, the crew will practice count-
down, launch, the more important orbital tasks, and reentry in con-
junction with the remote simulated site teams. No crew participation
in the network simulations is planned. Integrated simulations requiring
crew participation are:
Session 36 - Launch simulation
Session 37 - Launch simulation

Session 38 - Reentry simulation
Session 39 - Simulated network simulation
Session hO - Simulated network simulation
Session Ul - Reentry simulation
3-3 Gemini Crew Station Mockup

The Gemini crew station mockup will be used by the flight crew to
establish cockpit stowage provisions, ejection seat interfaces, and
use of special operational equipment. The advantages afforded by this
crew station are early availability and stowage flexibility. The flight
crew will utilize this mockup as the need arises.
3-^ Briefings and Meetings
The major areas of briefings (excluding those briefings and reviews

in conjunction with training exercises) are flight plan reviews, space-
craft systems briefings, flight experiments briefings and training
meetings.
3-6
3.4.1 Flight plan reviews.- Flight plan reviews will be held on

an "as required' basis. These reviews will usually be informal in'
nature with increased brevity as launch data approaches.
3.^.2 Systems briefing.- The flight crew will receive a'2 to

3 day series of briefings covering each of the major spacecraft systems.
The first briefing is given by Flight Crew Support Division personnel
at the beginning of the preflight training period, a second briefing
is at St. Louis conducted by MAC personnel and the third briefing is
shortly after the crew commences training at Cape Kennedy. The briefings
given at St. Louis and Cape Kennedy will primarily utilize the MAC engi-
neers involved in spacecraft testing. Each system will be discussed in
detail with emphasis on operational techniques and functional inter-, •
relationships, . .
A fourth series of systems briefings, covering recent modifications

to the spacecraft and the altered operational techniques involved, will
be conducted approximately 10 days prior to the scheduled launch date.
The final briefings will require 1 day or less.
3.^.3 Flight experiments.- The experiments scheduled for this mis-

sion will be reviewed in general with the flight crew at the beginning
of the specific mission training period and again in detail during a
2 to 3 day period no later than 4 weeks prior to flight. These briefings
will be given by the experimenter and the technical monitor emphasizing
objectives, pilot procedures, and postflight requirements. A final ex-
periments briefing will be conducted approximately 10 days prior to
flight to cover latest status and modification to equipment and pro-
cedures.
The crew station mockup will be utilized early in the training

program to develop operational time-line data on the experiments and
to achieve proficiency in the use and manipulation of the experimental
equipment. The Gemini mission simulator and the translation and docking
trainer will also be utilized for this purpose but on a more limited
scale and much later in -the specific mission training program.
3.4.4 Training meetings.- Each Monday morning the flight crew,and

the training coordinator will meet to discuss the training planned- for .
the coming week, the training accomplished during the past week, and
overall crew progress.
3.5 Celestial Training
The crew members will further increase their capability to orient

and control the spacecraft by the use of celestial information, as well
as make various astronomical observations, through the use of the
3-7
Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and the Gemini mission
simulator and Gemini part task trainer incorporating the out-the-window
optical display.
5.5.1 Planetarium reviews.- The flight crews will utilize the

Morehead Planetarium for general celestial reviews and orientation.
The crew will make two visits to the Morehead Planetarium. The activi-
ties included in these visits are as follows:
Exercise 1 - Review of entire celestial sphere, which includes

recognition of relative magnitudes, positions, distances, and celestial
coordinates of prominent stars and constellations.
Exercise 2 - During this visit more emphasis will be put on re-

viewing stars and constellations near the orbital plane. The flight
crew will observe and identify constellations and star patterns as they
drift across the window using the Gemini star charts as a reference.
Red lighting, such as the suit finger tip lights, will be utilized. The
orbital conditions and the window viewing limits for both pilots will
be simulated. A simulation of the booster running lights at various
positions and distances will be simulated if possible.
3. 6 Egress and Recovery Training
The flight crew will complete a Gemini egress and recovery oper-
ation utilizing Boilerplate no. 201 and Spacecraft Static Article no. 5>
if available. A brief outline of the program is as follows:
Phase 1 (Applicable only to crew members that were not assigned to

Gemini IV crew) - A briefing will be given to provide the crews with
information on spacecraft sink rates and flotation characteristics.
This will be followed by a briefing on survival and related equipment
usage. Upon completion of the briefings, each crew member will make
one or more unsuited surface egresses and one or more unsuited under-
water egresses from the Boilerplate no. 201 in the Ellington AFB space-
craft flotation tank.
Phase 2 - A recovery operation will be conducted in the Gulf of

Mexico utilizing the spacecraft handling ship "Retriever" and Space-
craft Static Article no. 5 and Boilerplate no. 201. During this exer-
cise the spacecraft flotation characteristics on open water, possible
flooding effects, surface egress and operation of survival equipment
will be demonstrated and practiced. Each crew team will make two un-
suited or modified suited egresses from the egress trainer, which will
include deployment and use of the survival pack equipment and heli-
copter pickup.
3-8
3-7 Launch Abort and Reentry Training'
In addition to the mission simulator, the dynamic crew procedures-

simulator (DCPS) will be utilized for launch vehicle monitoring and
abort training. This program includes eight different groups of runs
as listed below:
Group I Normal launches with minor deviations due to wind

transients, high or low booster thrust, et cetera
Group II Engine/propulsion failures
Group III Staging/sequential failures
• Group IV Tank pressurization failures
Group V Controls/hydraulics failures
Group VT Instrument failures
Group VII Electrical/ordnance failures .
Group VIII Selected double failures
Many of these runs do not require abort action but do involve

launch vehicle discrepancies. Each crew member will be given a mini-
mum of 100 runs. This simulator will also be used for flying out-the-
window reentries if this equipment is operational.
3.8 Translation and Docking Training
This training will be conducted on the Gemini translation and

docking simulator at MSC. The crewmen will practice station keeping
with the Agena vehicle. These sessions are planned to train the crews
in maneuvering the spacecraft in close proximity to the target vehicle.
3-9 Parachute Training
•The flight crew will accomplish a parajump review consisting of

parachute landing fall and canopy manipulation techniques briefing, -
followed by two parachute landings per crew member with full gear over
water.
3-9
3.10 Other Training Activities
3-10.1 Aircraft flying.- Space flight readiness will be maintained

throughout their training. To the extent possible, travel in support
of engineering and training activities will be via NASA aircraft. This
will expedite and permit greater flexibility in traveling as well as
maintain the crew members' flying skills.
3.10.2 Contractor visitation.- In addition to spacecraft systems

tests the flight crew will spend a considerable amount of time in sup-
port of engineering operations and participation in the various engi-
neering evaluations at contractor facilities.
3.10.3 Slidewire training.- Each crew member will practice slide

wire escape from the Gemini spacecraft on the launch pad at Cape Kennedy,
Florida, prior to the spacecraft wet mock test.
3.10.^ Physical training.- Physical training will be scheduled

each week so as not to interfere with other training activities. If
full time is not available during normal working hours, it will be each
crew member's responsibility to exercise as regularly as possible dur-
ing non-duty hours.
Page Intentionally Left Blank
H O U R S
0 25 50 75 100 125 150

_1
135 EXPERIMENTS
_"J
tQ.
125 FLYING
100 SPACECRAFT TESTING

5a
3
100 GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR
H
SYSTEMS BRIEFINGS
J
•i FLIGHT PLAN REVIEW
*
g
o
30 OPERATIONS REVIEW
0)
PLANETARIUM
&
CQ
1I
CO 20
10
SPACECRAFT MOCKUP
EGRESS AND SLIDE WIRE TRAINING

•H
M
8 DYNAMIC CREW PROCEDURES SIMULATOR
_5j PARACHUTE TRAINING
Figure 4-
WEEKS BEFORE GT-7 FLIGHT DATE
22 20 19 18 17 16 15 l^ 13 12 11 10 9 i 8 1 \ 6
1
~
1 ,
- I 1
1
1 1
•
r mum
• GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR
OPERATIONS REVIEW
DYNAMIC CREW PROCEDURES SIMULATOR
^CHU7 IE TRAINING • • EGRESS TRAININC SLIDE WIRE TRAINING

i
GT-7 SIMULATIONS
i Illl
j
FLIGHT CONTROLLERS BRIEFING
III I I
PLANETARIUM VISITS
• i
•
SYSTEMS BRIEFINGS
FLIGHT PLAN REVIEWS
" ^
EXPERIMENTS BRIEFINGS
•• SIMULATED FLIGHT TESTS

Mil
ALTITUDE CHAMBER
„. PREMATE SYSTEMS TEST

I l l l i l l l l l l i i
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL MATE
iiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii
ENVIRONMENTAL AND JOINT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL TEST
i i i i i i m i i i i j i i i i i iiiiih
JOINT COMBINED SYSTEMS TEST
I I I I I I I I I I M I I I
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Illl I Mill
:
FINAL SYSTEMS TEST
Figure 4-2. - Crew training schedule.

' i n ii r i
SIMULATED FLIGHT

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Copy No.

NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO. 5041

MISSION TRAINING PLAN FOR THE

HIS SION PL ANNING P1A N

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE

NASA PROGRAM GEMINI WORKING PAPER NO.

Charles L. Coston Page 1 of 1 page

After the following pen-and-ink change

1. The date "October 11, 1965" should

MISSION TRAINING PLAN FOR THE

FOURTH MANNED GEMINI FLIGHT CREW

Prepared by: Mission Training Section

Authorized for Distribution:

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

1.0 SUMMARY ......................... 1-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION ...................... 2-1

3-0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING ............ .... 3-1

3.1 Spacecraft Tests ................. 3-1

3.1.1 Spacecraft no. 7 .............. 3-1

3..2. .Gemini Mission Simulator Training-'. ........ 3-2

3-2.1 Familiarization and systems failures'. . •. . ^3-3

3.2.2 Normal missions with random

3.2.3 Integrated simulations (6 sessions) . . . . 3-5

3-3 Gemini Crew Station Mockup ............ 3-5

3.^.1 Flight plan reviews ............ 3-6

3. IK 2 Systems briefing ......... . ..... 3-6

3.1K3 Flight experiments ............. 3-6

3.5 Celestial Training. . .-' ...... ..... ... 3-6

3.5.1 Planetarium reviews ............ 3-7

3.7 Launch Abort and Reentry Training ......... 3-8

3.8 Translation and Docking Training . . .. ...... 3-8

3-9 Parachute Training .............. '. . 3-8

3.10 Other Training Activities ...... i ...... 3-9

3.10.1 Aircraft flying .............. 3^9

3.10.2 Contractor visitation ..... 3-9

3.10.3 Slidewire training . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

4.0 FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-1 Time spent by each crewman in training on

t/. 4-2 Crew training schedule .' . . . . . . . 4-5

This training plan defines the specific mission training of the

1. This training plan covers the final period of training (approxi-

2. Although crew members are normally scheduled as teams in their

3- Only one crew member shall participate in the less critical

U. The backup crew must be as prepared for flight as the primary

5- Crew members will receive systems briefings prior to partici-

6. This training plan defines equipment requirements in general

3.0 PREPARATION AND TRAINING

The following is a brief description of each of the major activities

3.1 Spacecraft Tests

Participation by crew members in the testing of their spacecraft

Spacecraft tests are often run on a 2^-hour basis requiring both

Crew participation in the testing of the Gemini VTI spacecraft is

The following outlines the crew .participation in major spacecraft

3.1.1 Spacecraft no. 7. -

At St. Louis, Missouri:

1. Systems assurance tests

2. Simulated flight tests

3. Altitude chamber tests

At Cape Kennedy, Florida:

1. Premate systems test

2. Mechanical and electrical mate

3- Environmental and joint guidance and control test