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Abstract
The problem of dynamic stability of power system has challenged power system
engineers since over three decades now. The use of fast acting high gain AVRs and
evolution of large interconnected power systems with transfer of bulk power across weak
transmission links have further aggravated the problem of low frequency oscillations.
These oscillations limit the power transmission capability of a network and, sometimes
even cause a loss of synchronism and an eventual breakdown of the entire system. The
application of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) can help in damping out these oscillations
and improve the system stability. The traditional and till date the most popular solution to
this problem is application of conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS). However,
continual changes in the operating condition and network parameters result in
corresponding change in system dynamics. This constantly changing nature of power
system makes the design of CPSS a difficult task.
A new method has been proposed for tuning the parameters of a fixed
gain power system stabilizer. Conventional lead/lag PSS structure is retained but its
parameters are re-tuned using genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain enhanced performance.
The advantage of GA technique for tuning the PSS parameters is that it is independent of
the complexity of the performance index considered. The simplicity in design and
Implementation of the proposed stabilizers makes them better suited for practical
applications in real plants.
Small oscillations in power systems were observed as far back as the early twenties of
this century. The oscillations were described as hunting of synchronous machines. In a
generator, the electro-mechanical coupling between the rotor and the rest of the system
causes it to behave in a manner similar to a spring-mass-damper system which exhibits
oscillatory behavior following any disturbance from the equilibrium state. Small
oscillations were a matter of concern, but for several decades power system engineers
remained preoccupied with transient stability. That is the stability of the system following
large disturbances. Causes for such disturbances were easily identified and remedial
measures were devised. In early sixties, most of the generators were getting
interconnected and the automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) were more efficient. With
bulk power transfer on long and weak transmission lines and application of high gain,
fast acting AVRs, small oscillations of even lower frequencies were observed. These
were described as Inter-Tie oscillations.
Some Times oscillations of the generators within the plant were also observed. These
oscillations at slightly higher frequencies were termed as Intra-Plant oscillations.
The combined oscillatory behavior of the system encompassing the three modes of
oscillations are popularly called the dynamic stability of the system. In more precise
terms it is known as the small signal oscillatory stability of the system.
PSS Model
For the simplicity a conventional PSS is modeled by two stage (identical), lead/lag
network which is represented by a gain KS and two time constants T1 and T2. This
network is connected with a washout circuit of a time constant Tw, as shown Figure.
Figure shows the closed loop poles with CPSS. It is clear from the figure that D-
stability can not be achieved by application of CPSS as the system is unstable for few of
the operating conditions. Local modes are poorly damped for most of the operating
conditions. Hence CPSS does not guarantee robust performance for entire set of
operating conditions.
Figure shows the closed loop poles for the entire set of operating conditions with the
PGAPSS. As seen, robust D-stability of the closed loop has been achieved. Hence
PGAPSS guarantees desired performance for entire set of operating conditions.
Figure: Closed loop poles with CPSS
The proposed design technique is seen to provide the desired closed loop
performance over the prespecified range of operating conditions.
The performance evaluation of the proposed stabilizer on single machine system
shows that this increased robustness could be achieved by application of genetic
algorithms to stabilizer design.
The design procedure is simple and bears much potential for practical
implementation.
It may be mentioned that the conventional PSS design is quite complex and requires
Considerable expertise. Considerable effort was also extended towards designing the very
Well tuned CPSS used for the comparative analysis.
Conventional stabilizer design for multimachine systems is even more complex. The
GA based stabilizer design technique proposed here could be quite helpful under such
circumstances.
References
[1] F. P. Demello and C. Concordia , \Concepts of Synchronous Machine Stability as Ef-
fected by Excitation Control", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, pp. 316-329, April 1969.
[2] A. Klofenstein, \Experience with System Stabilizing Excitation Controls on the
Generation of the Southern California Edition Company", IEEE Transactions on PAS,
Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 698-706, March/April 1971.
[3] IEEE Working Group \Annotated Bibliography on Power System Stability Controls
1986-1994 ", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 794-804, May
1996.
[4] K. Bollinger, A. Laha, R. Hamilton and T. Harras, \Power System Stabilizer Design
Using Root-Locus Methods", IEEE Transaction on PAS, Vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 1484-1488,
Sep/Oct. 1975.
[5] F.P. Demello, P.J. Nolan, T.F. Laskowski, and J.M. Undrill, \Coordinated Application
of Stabilizers in Multi-machine power systems", IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol. 99,
pp. 892-901, 1980.
[6] R.V. Larsen and D.A. Swann, \Applying Power System Stabilizers, I, II and III",
IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol. 100, No.6, pp. 3017-3046, June 1981.
[7] J.S. Czuba, L.N. Hannett and J.R. Willis, \Implementation of Power System Stabilizer
at the Ludington Pumped Storage Plant", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.
PWRS-1, pp. 121-128, Feb. 1986.