EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 1

EIT Review Session

Mechanics of Materials Review Session

For the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam

Using examples from Fundamentals of Engineering by Potter

and Beer and Johnson Mechanics of Materials
or Hibbler Mechanics of Materials

Conducted By:
W. Jason Weiss
Room G 215A
wjweiss@ecn.purdue.edu

Topics Covered

• Basic Definitions
• Stress and Strain (Mohrs Circle, Hooke’s Law)
• Uni-Axial Deformations (Load, Thermal)
• Torsion
• Beam Behavior (Shear, Bending)
• Combined Stresses
• Composites
• Columns
• Material Behavior
• Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

Review of Basics

Types of Problems Assumptions

• Internal Equilibrium • Homogeniety
(stresses) • Isotropy
• Geometry of • Elastic Behavior
Deformation (strains)
• Mechanical and
Thermal

• Isotropic - Elastic Properties Constant in All Directions

• Homogenous - Same physical properties
• Elastic - resumes initial shape after load is removed
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 2

Stress and Strain

P
∆F ∆A A ∆x B δ or ∆L

L
P

P
u u+∆u
u - Rigid Body Movement
∆F
σ = Lim ∆u - Change in Length of Element ∆x
∆A→0 ∆A

P = ∑ dF = ∑ σ • ∆A
∆u δ ∆L
N
εX = = commonly or
P = ∫ dF = ∫ σdA ∆x L L
A

Force Deformation Relationship

and Hookes Law

F = kδ
σA = k (ε ⋅ L )
δ
k⋅L
σ= ε
A
F
σ = E ⋅ε
F σ

k E

δ ε

Uniaxial Deformation

Loading Deformations Temperature Deformations

LO δTEMP
δLoad

L
δ TEMP = α ⋅ L ⋅ ∆T
P

σ = E ⋅ε α − COTE (l / l o C )
P δ Steel 6.5 x10 −6 in / in o F
= E⋅
A LO L − Length
PLO ∆T − Temperature Change
δ=
AE
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 3

Example Problem #1

A composite bar is made of aluminum and steel. An axial

load is applied at the positions shown. Determine the
average stress in each section.
Aluminum, A = 1.6 in2
8000 lb 3000 lb
11,000 lb

Steel
A = 1.2 in2
8000 lb

Steel A = 1.2 in2

3000 lb Aluminum, A = 1.6 in

2

8000 lb

Steel
A = 1.2 in2

Example Problem #2

Find the Allowable Load in kN of a 1 meter long rod that has

a 10 cm diameter if its elongation can not exceed 1 mm. E =
207 GPa L
O
δLoad
PLO
A δ=
AE
L AEδ
P=
LO
P

P=
(π * 0.05 m )(207 x10 )(0.001m)
2 2 9 N
m2
1m
P = 1.62MN

Example Problem #3

A Steel Bridge Spans 500 m. What is the Change of Length

When the Temperature is changed from 30°C to -20 °C.
(Note the COTE of steel is 12E-6 /°C)

Original Length
δ = αL(∆T )
δ = (12 x10 −6 )(500m)(− 20 C − 30 C )
0 0 0
C
0
C ⋅m
Apply Temperature Change δ = −0.3m
δTEMP
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 4

Example Problem #4
An aluminum bar is placed between two rigid walls and
heated by 50°. What is the stress in the aluminum bar at the
end of the test if the COTE of the aluminum is 23E-6 /°C and
E is 69 GPa)

δ = αL∆T
PL
δ=
AE

Shear Stress and Strain

Shear
Component (V)
Resultant
Force (R)
V
R
90°
F 90 − γ xy
Normal
Component (F)

V E
τ AVE = τ = Gγ , G=
A 2(1 + ν )

Example Problem #5

A wood block is rigidly attached to the horizontal surface as

shown below. The block is subjected to a 1000 kN horizontal
force as shown. Determine the shear stress in a typical
horizontal plane of the block and the horizontal displacement
of the top edge of the block AB (a=0.2m, b=0.6m, c=0.8m). G
= 4.1 GPa
V 1000kN
τ AVE = = = 6,250kPa
1000kN a A 0.8m • 0.2m
τ 6250kPa
b δ = bγ = b xy = 0.6m = 0.91mm
xy
c G 4.1GPa
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 5

Poisson’s Ratio

εy εx

lateral strain εy
ν= =−
axial strain εx

Example Problem #6

A 500 mm long, 16 mm diameter rod made of a homogenous

isotropic materials is observed to increase in length by 300
µm, and to decrease in diameter by 2.4 µm when subjected
to an axial 12 kN load. Determine the modulus of elasticity
and Poisson’s ratio of the material

PL 12 x103 ⋅ 500
E= = = 99.5GPa
Aδ 201 ⋅ 300 x10 −6
δ
εy − 0.0024 y

ν = − = − δD = − 0.300
16
= 0.25
εx L 500
x

From Beer and Johnston

Hooke’s Law In Three Dimensions

σX ν
εX = − [σ Y + σ Z ]
E E
σY ν
εY = − [σ X + σ Z ]
E E
σZ ν
εZ = − [σ Y + σ X ]
E E
τ XY
γ XY =
G
τ YZ
γ YZ =
G
τ XZ
γ XZ =
G
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 6

Mohr’s Circle

(σx,σy,τxy)

τ
2α
σ

σ3 σ1

σ 1, 3 =
σ x +σ y
±
(σ x −σ y )
2

+ τ xy
2 2
σ 1 −σ 3 α
τ MAX =
2

Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

Internal Pressure

RO2 + RI2
σ l = PI , σ r = − PI L
RO2 − RI2
D

Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

External Pressure

RO2 + RI2
σ l = − PO , σ r = − PO L
RO2 − RI2

P
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 7

Example Problem #7

A 1.5 m diameter pipe is made of wooden planks that are

held together with steel hoops. If the cross section of the
hoops is 300 mm2 each and the pressure is 350 kPa how far
apart can the hoops spaced to prevent failure?
P

pDL
pDL = 2 P P
350 E 3 ⋅1.5 ⋅ L = 2 ⋅ 300 x10 −6 ⋅130 x106
L = 0.149m

Torsion

TL
φ= Tr
GJ τ=
J
T TRO
φ τ MAX =
J
L

J = Given in the
Dynamics Section

Example Problem #8

What is the maximum shearing stress that exists in a 6cm

diameter shaft that is subjected to a 200 N-m torque

Tr 200 ⋅ 0.03
τ= = = 4.72 x106 Pa
J 0.06 4
π⋅
32
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 8

Internal Shear Forces, Axial Forces,

and Bending Moments
0.5L
0.25L 4F

L
3F F

∑F X = 0 = PAX
0.5L ∑F Y = 0 = 3F − 4 F − V
0.25L 4F M
V = −F
PAX

V ∑M Cut = 0 = −3F (0.5 L ) + 4 F (0.25L ) + M

3F M = 0.5 FL

Beam Theory - Sign Convention

M M M

V V V

Positive
Shear
Positive Bending

Negative
Shear
Negative Bending

Beam Theory - Example #9

60 lb/ft
200 lb

6 ft 2 ft 2 ft

10 ft
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 9

Basic Shear and Moment Diagrams

w
P

L L

P/2 wL/2
Shear Shear
-P/2 -wL/2

0 0

Moment Moment
-PL/4 -wL2/8

Beam Bending Stress Distribution

My
σ (x ) =
I Mc bh 3
σ MAX = I=
y I 12
σ (x ) = Page 27
ρ

h y

Beam Shear Stress Distribution

VQ
t=
Ib
Q = yA
y − distance to the centroid of the portion of the area
A - Area of the portion of the area

y A
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 10

Example Problem #10

2000 lb

Compute the Maximum Tensile Stress

the Maximum Compressive Stress
8 in
the Maximum Shearing Stress
1 in
1 in NA
5 in
I=60.67in4

Example Continued

Beam Deflections

V (x ) = ∫ w( x )dx

M (x ) = ∫ V (x )dx

1
θ (x ) = M (x )dx
EI ∫
1
y (x ) = M ( x )dx
EI ∫ ∫

Use boundary conditions to obtain constants

EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 11

Beam Tables

Guidebook
tables of
formulas

Superposition

P
w L

L
= w

Superposition

Find the Maximum Deflection

P
w

δMax
L
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 12

Maximum Principle (Normal) Stress

• Whenever the maximum or minimum

principle stress exceeds the uni-axial
strength of the material
- assume the material yields σ1>σ2>σ3
- compression positive
τMax
Failure Limits τ
σ 1 ≥ ST Safe
Region
σ 3 ≤ −SC
ST is the tensile strength and σ3 σ1
SC is the compressive strength

Maximum Shear

• Whenever the maximum or minimum

shear stress exceeds the maximum shear
strength of a material
- assume the material yields σ1>σ2>σ3
τ

- compression positive
τMax=Sy /2 Envelope
Failure Limits
SY Safe Design
τ MAX ≥
2
SY is the
Envelope
yield strength Sy Sy

Distortion Energy Theory

• Energy Based Failure Criteria - when the

energy of a volume equals the energy of a
a uniaxial specimen at yield

[(σ 1 − σ 2 ) + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) + (σ 1 − σ 3 )
2 2 2
= SY
]
2
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 13

Elastic Strain Energy

P Potential Energy
U = Energy Stored
W = Work Done
U = W = 12 Pδ
δ Strain Energy Per Unit Volume
P
U σ2
u= =
AL 2 E

Composite Sections

VA VP

Columns

π 2 EI
PCR = 2
le
Pinned-pinned le = l
PCR π 2 E pinned-fixed le=0.7 l
=
A le 2
k () fixed-fixed le=0.5 l

Radius of gyration
EIT Review Weiss, Mechanics of Materials Page 14

Column Example