1.

CE AND CS AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1.To construct common emitter and common source amplifier.
2.To verify their voltage gain, current gain, input resistance theoretically and
practically.
3.To obtain the frequency response of common emitter and common source
amplifier and to find the band width.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO Name Range Quality

1 Regulated Power Supply (0-20)V 1

2 Function Generator ------- 1

3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHZ 1

4 Transistor BC547 1

5 FET BFW11 1

6 Capacitors 10µf/63v 3

7 Resistors 2.2kΩ,33kΩ, 1
8.2kΩ,1kΩ
47kΩ,820Ω
3.3kΩ,4.7kΩ

THEORY:

Common emitter amplifier:

The transistor connected in CE configuration provides high gain compared to

other configuration . This is generally a self biased circuit R 1 and R2 provides the voltage
divider network that provides necessary forward bias to base emitter junction. The
emitter resistor Re provides stabilization since the emitter junction is reverse biased the
transistor is in active region and thus act as an amplifier. Since the emitter junction is in
forward bias input impedance of CE amplifier is low and similarly collector junction is
reverse biased so output impedance is very high.

Common source amplifier:

The most frequently used biasing circuit for FET amplifier is the self bias
arrangement Rg, Rd and Rs is the short circuited by a capacitor .Cs, C1,C2 are the
coupling capacitors which blocks the dc and allows the ac signal to pass through it .Cs is
the bypass capacitor which stabilizes the gain. The low frequency range is governed by
the coupling and bypass capacitor. Therefore voltage gain and phase angle are constant in
the mid frequency range region, there is no effect of input or output coupling capacitors.
In high frequency range the response is effected by inter electrode capacitance which
play an important role.

PROCEDURE:

Common emitter amplifier:

1. connect the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the function generator input voltage to 20mv.
3. Connect the CRO at the output varying input frequencies from 50Hz to 1MHz.
Observe the output voltage in CRO without changing input voltage.
4. Tabulate the frequencies and corresponding output voltages.
5. Plot the graph for frequency and gain in db.
Common source amplifier:

1. Connect the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the function generator input voltage to 50mv.
3. Connect the CRO at the output, varying input frequencies from 50Hz to 1MHz.
Observe the output voltage in CRO without changing input voltage.
4. Tabulate the frequencies and corresponding output voltages.
5. Plot the graph for frequency and gain in db.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR CE AMPLIFIER :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR CS AMPLIFIER :

TABULAR COLUMN FOR CE AMLIFIER:

Vi = 20mv

Frequency(Hz) Output voltage(V) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (db)

EXPECTED GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN FOR CS AMLIFIER:

Vi = 50mv

Frequency(Hz) Output voltage(V) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (db)

EXPECTED GRAPH:
CALCULATIONS:

For CE Amplifier:

Lower half power frequency fL = ____________ Hz.

Higher half power frequency fH = ____________ KHz.
Band width = fH - fL = ____________ KHz.
Maximum gain =

For CS Amplifier:

Lower half power frequency fL = ____________ Hz.

Higher half power frequency fH = ____________ MHz.
Band width = fH - fL = ____________ MHz.
Maximum gain =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid wrong connections.

2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Check the connections once or twice.

RESULT:
The frequency response of CE and CS are obtained and Maximum gain
and bandwidth are also determined.

QUESTIONS:

1. Does phase reversal exist in CE amplifier?

2. Does phase reversal affect amplification?
3. What is signification of operating point?
4. Which components are responsible for fixing operating point?
5. Calculate α with the help of β observed in this experiment?
6. In which transistor configuration current gain is less than unity.
 2. CURRENT SHUNT FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of current shunt amplifier with and without
feedback and to calculate the maximum voltage gain and bandwidth.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO Name Range Quality

1 Regulated Power Supply (0-20)V 1

2 Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1

3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHZ 1

4 Transistor BC547 1

5 Capacitors 10µF/63v 1
100µF 1
3
6 Resistors 2.2kΩ,33kΩ,
8.2kΩ,1kΩ 1
4.7kΩ

THEORY:

Current shunt feedback is also known as derived shunt fed feedback amplifier. In
this circuit, the feedback network picks up a part of the output current and produces a
feedback voltage in parallel with the input signal voltage as shown in figure.since the
feedback shunts the input,so input impedence is reduced with feedback whereas output
impedence is increased because of feedback network being in series with the output.This
type of amplifier is called current amplifier.
Figure shows a CE amplifier circuit in which the resistor Rf acts as feedback
resistor.If the input signal increases Isincreases and as a consequence the feedback current
If also increases . As a result Ii=Is-If is smaller than it would be without feedback. This is
the nature of negative feedback.
Salient features of current shunt feedback amplifiers:
Gain reduces its value with feedback it is given by,Avf = A/1+Aß
Where , Avf is gain with feedback
Av is gain with out feedback
ß is feedback network
. Input impedence decreases i.e,Rif = Ri/1+A ß
where Rif is input resistance with feedback
Ri is resistance without feedback

Output impedence increases i.e,Rof =Ro(1+_Aß)

where Rof is output impedence with feedback
Ro is output impedence without feedback
Bandwidth increases i.e, Bwf=Bw(1+Aß)
Where Bwf is bandwidth with feedback.
Bw is bandwidth without feedbackl

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit on breadboard as per the circuit diagram for amplifier with out
feed back.
2. Set the function generator input voltage to 20mv.
3. Connect the CRO at the output varying input frequencies from 50Hz to
1MHz.Observe the output voltage in CRO without changing input voltage.
4. Tabulate the frequencies and corresponding output voltages.
5. Calculate voltage gain and gain in dB for noted values.
6. Plot the graph for frequency and gain in db.
7. Repeat the same procedure for the circuit with feedback of Current shunt
feedback Amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

EXPECTED GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:

a)With feedback: Vi=100mv

Frequency(Hz) Output voltazge Gain=Vo/Vi(v) Gain (db)

b)Without feedback: Vi=20mv

Frequency(Hz) Outputvoltage(V) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (db)

CALCULATIONS:
a)With feedback:
Lower cutoff frequency fL = _________ Hz.
Upper cutoff frequency fH = _________ Hz.

Band width BW = fH - fL = _________ Hz.

Maximum gain = _____________ .
a)Without feedback:
Lower cutoff frequency fL = _________ Hz.
Upper cutoff frequency fH = _________ Hz.

Band width BW = fH - fL = _________ Hz.

Maximum gain = _____________ .

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid wrong connections.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Check the connections once or twice.

RESULT:
The frequency response of current shunt feedback with feedback and without
feedback is determined. Maximum gain and bandwidth are also determined.
 3.TUNED RF CLASS C AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1.To obtain the frequency response of class c amplifier
2.To calculate resonant frequency, inductive reactance, capacitive reactance
3.To calculate band width and Q of the coil
4.calculate gain of the tuned RF amplifier

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO Name Range Quality

1 Tuned RF amplifier trainer -------- 1

2 Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1

3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHZ 1

4 Multi meter --------- 1

5 Patch cards ---------- 1 SET

THEORY:
The power amplifier is said to be class c amplifier if the Q poi8nt and in put
signal are selected such that the out put signal is obtained per less than half
cycle per a full input cycle. For this operation the Q point is shifted below X-
axis. Due to such a selection of Q point transistor remains active per less than
half cycle. Hence only that much part is reproduced at the out put. For
remaining cycle of the in put cycle the transistor remains cut off and no
signal is reproduced at the out put. The angle of the collector current flow is
less than 180.
 The class c operation is not suitable for audio frequency
power amplifier. The class c amplifiers are used in tuned circuits in
communication areas and in RF circuits with tuned RLC loads. As used in
tuned circuits class c power amplifiers are called tuned amplifiers. These are
also used in mixers or converter circuits used in radio receivers and wire less
communication systems.

PROCEDURE:
1.connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.switch ON the power supply.
3.Connent the signal generator with sine wave and an amplitude of 10Volts
and connect it to input of the amplifier.
4.connect the in put terminals of the CRO to the out put of the amplifier.
5.Vary the frequency in steps from 10Hz to 1 MHz and observe the wave
form on CRO to note the out put voltage.
6.Calculate the gain in dB for the respective frequencies.
7.Plot the graph for frequency vs gain in dB.
8.calculate inductive and capacitive reactance, band width and Q of the coil.

CALCULATIONS:

Parallel resonance fr=1/2π√LC

Inductive reactance XL=2πfrL
capacitive reactance =1/2πfrC
band width ∆f=fH - fL
Q factor=fr /∆f
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:

Vi=10 V

Frequency(KHz Output voltage(Vo) Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (db)

)
PRECAUTIONS:

1.connect patch cards properly.

2.increase the in put frequency slowly.

RESULT:

Hence the resonant frequency, inductive and capacitive reactance, gain and band
width and Q factor of coil are calculated for the tuned RF class c amplifier

QUESTIONS:
 4. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
AIM:
To study and design the series voltage regulated power supply.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Series voltage regulator Power -------- 1

supply

2 Ammeter (0-50)mA 1

3 Multimeter --------- 1

4 Patch cords ---------- 1

THEORY:
The heart of any voltage regulator circuit is a control element is connected in
series with the load, the regulator circuit is called series voltage regulator.
The unregulated input voltage Vin, rise to provide the load current . But part of
the current is taken by the control element , to maintain the constant voltage across the
load. If there is any change in the load voltage, the sampling circuit provides a feedback
signal to the comparator circuit. The comparator circuit compares the feedback signal
with the reference voltage and generates a control signal which decides the amount of
voltage required to be seriesed to keep the load voltage constant.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main power supply.
2. Observe the unregulated voltage to the output of the rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of the series regulator circuit.
4. Keep the load resistance 1KΩ constant.
5. Observe the output voltage across the load resistor, Vo= Vz - Vbe
and also observe the IR , IZ , Is, and Ic.
6. Compare practical values with theoretical values.
 7. By changing the load across resistance observe the output voltage and current.
TABULAR COLUMN FOR LINE REGULATION:

Vi(V) Vo(V) IL(mA)

TABULAR COLUMN FOR LOAD REGULATION:

RL(Kohm) Vo(V) IL(mA)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CALCULATIONS :
1. Output voltage VO = VZ - VBE =
2. Voltage across series resistor Rs = VS = Vin - V0 =
3. Current through Rs = Is = VRS/RS =
4. Load current IL = VO/RL =
5. Base current IB = IL /ß=
6. Zener current IZ = IR – IB =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid wrong connections.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Check the connections once or twice
RESULT:
Hence we studied and designed the series regulated power supply, and load and
line regulations are obtained. Line regulation and load regulation graphs are plotted.
QUESTIONS:
1.why it is called series transistor regulator?
A.
2.what is the advantage of transistor used in the circuit?
A.
3.How the output voltage is regulated for input voltage functions?
A.

5. SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM:
To study and design the shunt voltage regulator.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
S.No Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Shunt voltage regulator Power -------- 1

supply

2 Ammeter (0-100)mA 1

3 Multimeter (0-20)mA 1
(0-20)V 2

4 Patch cords ---------- 1

THEORY:
The heart of any voltage regulator circuit is a control element is connected in
shunt with the load, the regulator circuit is called shunt voltage regulator.
The unregulated input voltage Vin, rise to provide the load current . But part of
the current is taken by the control element , to maintain the constant voltage across the
load. If there is any change in the load voltage, the sampling circuit provides a feedback
signal to the comparator circuit. The comparator circuit compares the feedback signal
with the reference voltage and generates a control signal which decides the amount of
current required to be shunted to keep the load voltage constant. For example, if load
voltage increases then comparator circuit decides the control signal based on the feedback
information, which draws increased shunt current Ish value. Due to this , the load current
IL, decreases and hence the load voltage decreases to its normal. Thus control element
maintains the constant output voltage by shunting the current, hence the regulator circuit
is called voltage shunt regulator circuit.

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main power supply.
2. Observe the unregulated voltage to the output of the rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of the shunt regulator circuit.
4. Keep the load resistance 1KΩ constant.
5. Observe the output voltage across the load resistor, Vo= Vz + Vbe
6. and also observe the IL ,Is and Ic.
7. Compare practical values with theoretical values.
8. For load regulation put the load resistance constant, and vary the input
voltage and note down the load current and output voltage.
9. For line regulation put the input voltage constant, and vary the load
resistance and note down the load current and output voltage.
10. Draw the load regulation and line regulation in graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN FOR LINE REGULATION:

RL = 1Kohm

Vi(V) Vo(V) IL(mA)

TABULAR COLUMN FOR LOAD REGULATION:

Vi=12V
RL(Kohm) Vo(V) IL(mA)
CALCULATIONS :
A. Output voltage VO = VZ+ VBE =

b. Voltage across shunt resistor Rs = VS = Vin - VZ =

c. Current through Rs = Is = VRS/RS = VIN – V0/RS =

d. Load current IL = VO/RL =

e. Collecter current Ic = IS – Il =

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid wrong connections.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Check the connections once or twice.

RESULT:
Hence we studied and designed the shunt voltage regulated power supply, and
load and line regulations are obtained. Line regulation and load regulation graphs are
plotted.

QUESTIONS:

1.why it is called shunt transistor regulator?

2.How the output voltage is regulated for input voltage functions?
3.what are the advantage of IC voltage regulators over transistor voltage regulators ?
 6. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To study the operation of RC phase shift oscillator and finding phase shift at each
point of the RC net work.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC547 1

2 Capacitors 0.001µf 3
10µf 2

3 Resistors 10KΩ 3
100KΩ 2
22KΩ 1
1KΩ 1

4 Variable resistor 100KΩ 1

5 Regulated Power Supply 20V 1

6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz 1

THEORY:
The circuit consists of an amplifier and a phase shift network. The phase shift
network is connected between output and input of the amplifier. In general a single stage
amplifier produces a phase shift of 180˚. An additional of 180˚ to satisfy barkhausen
criterion is provided by the feedback network consist of three identical RC section. Each
section produces a phase shift of 60˚
Fo=1/2ΠRC√(6+_4K) ,where K=Rc/R
So at frequency of the netphase shift provided by the feedback network equals
180˚.When the circuit is energised by switching on supply, the circuit starts oscillating.
The oscillations may start due to the minor variations in dc supply or the inherent noise in
the BJT. However ,to start the oscillations the loop gain must be greater than unity using
classical network analysis, it can be found that the short circuit current gain of the
transistor should be greater than 44.5(i.e,hfe >44.5) in order to satisfy this loopgain
condition(i.e,Aß>1)
The RC phase shift oscillator is particularly useful for generating signals in the audio
frequency range.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. The output wave form is observed by connecting CRO at first capacitor and its
time period is noted.
 3. Next connect the CRO to the first stage of RC network and observe the
waveform.It is observed ther is a phase shift in waveform.
4. Repeat the same for next two stages RC network.
5. Calculate the phase shift for each stage theoretically and practically.

CALCULATIONS:

ft = frequencyof RC phace shift oscillator = _____1_________

2πRC√6

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid wrong connections.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Check the connections once or twice.

RESULT:

The analysis of RC phase shift oscillator is observed by using multisim7 software and
phase shift between output and different RC sections are verified.

QUESTIONS:
1. what is the purpose of RC phase shift oscillator?
2. List the applications of RC phase shift network?
3. what is the range of frequencies generated by RC phase shift oscillator?
4. what is the phase shift offered by each RC section of the network?

7. VARIABLE REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

AIM:
To study variable regulated power supply circuit.
To obtain different regulated D.C supplies from an unregulated power supply

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Bread board Trainer System ------- -------

2 Digital Multimeter ------- -------

3 Diodes 1N4007 04

4 Capacitors 2200µF 01
0.27 µF 01
10 µF 01

5 IC Regulator LM7805 01

6 Resistors 100Ω 01
220 Ω 01
330 Ω 01
510 Ω 01

THEORY:
Regulated power supply circuit consist mainly three sections:
1. Rectifier Circuit: it converts an A.C. signal into pulsating D.C signal.
2. Filter Circuit: it converts pulsating D.C signal into pure D.C signal.
3. Regulator Circuit: it converts unregulated D.C voltage into regulated
D.C signal.
In this circuit , Bridge circuit is used as rectifier circuit and capacitor
is used as filter circuit.
In general, from voltage regulator circuit we get a fixed d.c voltage value. With the
help of potential divider circuit we are getting different voltages.
Formula for finding theoretical value of D.C voltage is,

PROCEDURE:
 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram .
2. Apply the 230V, 50Hz A.C supply at the input.
3. Observe the d.c voltage obtained because of the resistance value 220Ω.
4. Repeat the above step for different values of resistors 330 Ω and 510
Ω.
5. Calculate theoretically output d.c voltage obtained because of resistor
220 Ω.
6. Similarly find out theoretical value of d.c output voltage for resistors
330 Ω and 510 Ω.
7. compare theoretical and practical values of D.C output voltages.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Resistance Output Voltage in Volts
(R2 in Ohms) Theoretical value Practical value
RESULT:
Different values of D.C voltages are obtained from Variable Regulated
Power Supply with the help potential divider network.

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the various sections in the RPS?
2. Which device is used as rectifier?
3. Which components are used in filter circuits?

8.CRYSTAL OSCILLAIOR
AIM:
To study and determine the frequency of oscillations of a crystal oscillator.

APPARATUS:
 S.No Name of Apparatus Range Quantity

1 CRO ------- 01

2 Transistorised power supply ------- 01

3 FETs BFW10 02

4 Capacitors 0.01µF 01
10 µF 01

5 Inductance 1mH 01

6 Resistors 10MΩ 02
10 KΩ 01

7 Potentio meter 10 KΩ 01

8 Digital frequency counter ----- 01

9 Crystal 3.3 MHz 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
A crystal oscillator is basically a tuned circuit oscillator using a piezo
electric as a resonant tank circuit. The quartz crystal provides a high degree of
frequency stability. When an a.c voltage is applied, the crystal vibrates at the
frequency of the applied voltage. These vibrations have a natural resonant frequency.
The crystal has two resonant frequencies. First the inductance L resonates with the
capacitance C at a series branch LCR has inductive reactance. At a frequency
slightly higher than fs, the series branch LCR has a parallel resonance with
capacitance Cin. This frequency is called parallel resonant frequency fp. above this
frequency the crystal offers capacitive reactance. Between fs and fp the crystal offers
capacitive reactance. Between fs and fp the crystal behaves as an inductor.

If the crystal is used in place of an inductor in oscillator circuit,

the frequency of oscillation must lie in between fs and fp. This fact gives rise to great
frequency stability of a crystal oscillator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Connect the CRO at the output of the circuit.
4. Observe the wave form on CRO and compare it with the value marked on
the crystal.
5. Check yhe crystal frequency with the help of frequency counter.

OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency of the oscillations:
Time period T of the signal available at the output =
The frequency of oscillation f = 1/T =
Amplitude =

RESULT:

1. Stability of frequency of oscillations observed on the CRO.

2. Practical values are compared with the theoretical values.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is piezo electric effect?

2. What are the characteristics of a crystal?
3. How the frequency stability is achieved?
4. What are the applications of crystal oscillator?
5. List different types of crystal materials?
6. What are the three axes of a crystal?
7. How the vibration depends on crystal dimensions?