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Please help yourself to breakfast.

Drexel Learning Center

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®)

Application Series

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Agenda

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‰Continental Breakfast
‰Introduction and Icebreaker
‰Session Overview
‰Introduction to the MBTI tool and
Best-Fit Type Process
‰Lunch
‰MBTI Tool Team Analysis
‰Introduction to MBTI Applications

Finish the Thought

• “If I won the lottery, I would …”
• “The song that makes me want to
dance is …”
• “On weekends, I enjoy …”
• “My dream vacation would be to …”
• “My favorite dessert is …”

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Agenda

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‰Continental Breakfast
‰Introduction and Icebreaker
‰Session O er iew
‰Introduction to the MBTI tool and
Best-Fit Type Process
‰Lunch
‰MBTI Tool Team Analysis
‰Introduction to MBTI Applications

Purpose of the Workshop

• Introduce all participants to the
fundamental elements of personality type
theory
• Verify the true personality type of all
participants, as possible
• Explore MBTI applications, with an
emphasis on academic counseling and
teambuilding

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Ground Rules

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• Be present and participate
• Respect one another’s type
• What happens here, stays here
• Watch your own biases
• Keep an open mind
• No one has to share anything they
are uncomfortable sharing

Expectations
• “It will be a good session for me
today if …”
• “What I most want to learn today is
…”
• “The one thing the team needs to
look at today is …”

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Expectations

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Agenda
‰Continental Breakfast
‰Introduction and Icebreaker
‰Session Overview
‰Introduction to the MBTI tool and
Best-F t Type Process
‰Lunch
‰MBTI Tool Team Analysis
‰Introduction to MBTI Applications

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Key Type Concepts

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• Type is about preferences; it is not about
knowledge, skills, or abilities
• There are no right or wrong preferences
• No preferences are unhealthy or
inappropriate
• Type is not an excuse: we can all use
every function and every attitude
• Team members are the best judges of
their own preferences

History of MBTI
• Carl Jung first spoke about his
theory of personality in 1913 during
the Fourth International
Psychoanalytical Congress
• He published his theory in 1921,
which was in part as response to his
falling out with Sigmund Freud

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History of MBTI

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• According to Jung (though not according
to Freud), Freud conceived the
unconscious solely as a repository of
repressed emotions and desires.
• Jung believed that the unconscious also
had a creative capacity, that the collective
unconscious of archetypes and images
which made up the human psyche was
processed and renewed within the
unconscious.

History of MBTI
• Jung’s theory said that we’re
hardwired for personality
• How one self-reports and/or
expresses “true type” may change
based on circumstances
• Type ≠ Trait

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History of MBTI

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• Jung’s theory was operationalized
by Catherine Briggs and her
daughter, Isabel Myers, with the first
published form in 1942
• Current Form M published in 1998
• MBTI is the most widely used
personality inventory in the world

History of MBTI
• MTBI Step II Form Q published in
2001
– Included 20 additional facets based on
factor analysis of a representative
sample of people living in the U.S.
– Factor analysis is a statistical data
reduction technique used to explain
variability among observed random
variables in terms of fewer unobserved
random variables called factors.

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Handedness Activity

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• Introduction to Type (ITT), p. 8
– First, sign your name on the top line as
you normally do
– Second, sign your name again below,
but this time use your other hand
• Natural preference v. developed
skills

Four Attitudes/Orientations
• Source and • Preferred way to
direction of energy structure/organize
– Extraversion (E) environment and
– Introversion (I) plan & complete
tasks
– Judging (J)
– Perceiving (P)

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Four Mental Functions

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• The two • The two judging
perceiving functions
functions – Thinking (T)
– Sensing (S) – Feeling (F)
– Intuition (N)

Self-Assessment for
Best-Fit Type

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Introduction to Type Video

Self-Assessment
• Please complete the “STEP 1”
statements on your handout
• Check the corresponding options that
most reflect your shoes-off-self or
perfect-world preference
• Record your self-assessed
preferences in “STEP 2”
• We will continue on to “STEP 3”
when everyone has finished

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Reported Results

Reported Results

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Clarity of Preferences

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• What clarity doesn’t measure
– Strength of Preference
– Type Development
– Knowledge, Skill, or Ability
• What clarity does measure
– How consistent you were in answering
questions designed to differentiate your
preference towards a given pole
– Reliability of reported type as an
indicative of “true type”

Reported Results

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Reported Results

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Reported Results

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Reported Results

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Agreement with Report
• 75% in agreement with all four
reported preferences
• 95% agree on three or more letters
• Due to a multitude of reasons, the T-
F and J-P preferences are generally
less reliable than E-I and S-N
preferences, especially when the
PCC is “slight”

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Factors Influencing Accuracy

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• Lack of Type Differentiation
• Conflicting Expectations
– Parents
– Work
• Life Crisis
• Situational Influences
• Misinterpretation
• Social Pressure
• Period of Rapid Growth or Adjustment

Example
• An ESTJ boy reared by an INFP
parent learned to see himself as
crude, insensitive, and aggressive.
• As a young adult, he found it difficult
to trust and use him dominant
extraverted Thinking judgment.

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Example

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• An ENFP girl raised by an ISTJ
parent was consistently told to “stop
daydreaming” and “be realistic.”
• Her self-esteem suffered greatly and
she learned not to trust her dominant
extraverted Intuition.

Geert Hofstede

Expressed
Personality

Culture
(Learned, Specific to Group
Or Category)

Human Nature
(Universal, Inherited Preferences)

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Appropriateness of the MBTI

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• MBTI cannot be reliably used to
identify type preferences in
(“collectivist”) cultures in which “the
interest of the group prevails over
the interest of the individual”
• MBTI has been used successfully in
cultures where group social values
are important
– These include Mexico, Brazil, China,
Korea, Nigeria, and South Africa

Distribution of Preferences in the U.S.

National Representative Sample

Preference Percentage Preference Percentage

E 49% I 51%

S 73% N 27%
T 40% F 60%

Males 56.5% Males 43.5%

Females 24.5% Females 75.5%

J 54% P 46%

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E-I Dichotomy

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• Source and • Source and
direction of an direction of an
Extravert’s Introvert’s energy
energy lies in the lies in the internal
external world of world of thoughts
action and people and ideas

E-I Dichotomy
• Which expresses a preference for
Introversion?
– “Let’s talk this over.”
– “I need to think about this.”

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E-I Dichotomy

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• Extraversion (E) • Introversion (I)
– Focus is on – Focus is on depth
breadth and and intensity of
variety of private reflections
experiences in the
world

E-I Bias
• E’s think … • I’s think …
– I’s don’t participate – E’s never shut up
as much – E’s aren’t as
– I’s are dedicated to their
disinterested work
– I’s are not good
leaders

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E-I Activity

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• Break into two groups
– “E’s” will assemble by the water cooler
– “I’s” will assemble by the white board
– Participants unclear about their
preference for “E” or “I” will serve as
group observers
• Answer the question: What would
we want them to know about us?

S-N Preference
• Our Perceiving Function
– How we take in information
– Kind of information we like and trust

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S-N Preference

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• Sensing types • Intuitive types
focus attention on focus attention on
facts, details, and patterns,
recent connections,
experiences possibilities, and
the future

S-N Preference
• Which best expresses a preference
for Intuition?
– “Just the facts, please.”
– “I can see it all now.”
• Which expresses a preference for
Sensing?
– “What do you mean by that?”
– “Just what I said.”

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S-N Preference

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• Sensing (S) • Intuition (N)
– Like hearing facts – Need the big
and details first picture first
– See problems as – See problems as
needing specific opportunities to
solutions based on innovate based on
past experience inspiration
– See the trees – See the forest
– What is – What could be

S-N Activity
• Break into two groups
– “S’s” will assemble by the water cooler
– “N’s” will assemble by the white board
– Participants unclear about their preference for
“S” or “N” will serve as group observers
• You will be given an opportunity to
observe the next slide for 45 seconds
• Afterwards, you will be asked to record
what you, as a group, have seen
• Please select a group recorder now

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The Subway

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The Subway
• Please take the next five minutes to
record, as a group, what you have
seen

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Sample Responses

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• There is a green figure slightly left of center, with a large,
open smile, a long nose, and outstretched arms and legs.
• The woman with the saucer like eyes cringes away in fear
at the sight of the green leaping ghost.
• Colored pictures appear at the top of the scene.
• One man in a dark hat, coat, and pants is bending forward
toward a door, and a small person is by the dark figure’s
feet.
• The man in the black hat and suit is angered by the ghost’s
haunting.
• A green figure is suspended at the top of the picture.
• The subway is full of tired, bored, and troubled people.
• People are sitting in chairs along the side.
• The contrast of the happy, smiling, colorful advertisement
exaggerates the dreariness of the cold, drab subway.

Yesterday
• In your current group, use a new
sheet of paper to describe what you
did yesterday

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S-N Bias?

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• S’s think • N’s think
– N’s … – S’s …

T–F Preference
• Thinking and Feeling describe
decision-making preferences
– Thinking types focus on detached,
impartial, objective, logical decision-
making; using impersonal language
– Feeling types focus on putting
themselves in the situation (empathy)
and making decisions that promote
harmony; using personal language

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T–F Preference

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• Thinking • Feeling

T–F Preference
• Which best expresses a preference
for Feeling?
– “Is this logical?”
– “Will anyone be hurt?”

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T–F Preference

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• Scenario
– Matt has gotten a “D” in Math and a
“B+” in History. His parents reactions
follow:
• Mom: “I’m so pleased with your grade in
History. I know how hard you worked in all
of your courses.”
• Dad: “What are we going to do about that
‘D’?”
• Matt: “Mom, Dad thinks I’m stupid.”
– Which type is Mom? Dad? Matt?

T–F Preference
• Thinking (T) • Feeling (F)
− Seek logical clarity – Seek harmony
− Have an interest in – Have an interest in
objective data people and
− Look first for the situations
flaws in an
– Look first to points
argument
of agreement in an
− Firm but fair
argument
– Empathetic,
making exceptions

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Team Reward

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• Directions
– Break into your respective groups with
“T’s” by the white board
• Scenario
– Your team has met all its goals and is
being rewarded with a team trip to
Madrid, all expenses paid. There is
only enough money for half the team to
go. How do you decide who should go?

J–P Dichotomy
• The J-P dichotomy was developed
by Myers-Briggs to help practitioners
identify which of the preferred
functions is directed outward (used
when dealing with the outside word)
– Individuals with a preference for
Introversion always extravert their
auxiliary function
– Individuals with a preference for
Extraversion always extravert their
dominant function

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J–P Dichotomy

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• How we want to organize our
environment and plan & complete
tasks
– Judging types exert their energy in
planning, organizing, and reaching
conclusions
– Perceiving types exert energy in the
final moments, like to keep options
open and gather information, and
prefer often prefer spontaneity

J–P Dichotomy
• Judging • Perceiving

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J–P Dichotomy

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• Which best expresses a preference
for Judging?
– “Just do something.”
– “Let’s wait and see.”
• Which best expresses a preference
for Perceiving?
– “Want to go to the movies tomorrow?”
– “Let’s get the paper and see what else
is going on.”

J–P Dichotomy
• Judging (J) • Perceiving (P)
− In making decisions,
come to closure quickly
− Rely on their plan to
finish tasks by the
deadline
− Quickly commit to plans
− Work comes before play
− Avoid problems by
anticipating them in
advance
− Put off decisions to
consider new information
and options
− Rely on their internal
sense of timing to finish
tasks at the deadline
− Reserve the right to
change plans
− Work and play coexist
− Solve problems if and
when they arise

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J–P Dichotomy

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• Who procrastinates more?
– Judging types
– Perceiving types

J-P Activity
• Break up into two groups
– “J’s” will assemble by the white board
– “P’s” will assemble by the water cooler
– Participants unclear about their
preference for “J” or “P” will serve as
group observers
• Answer the question: What do we
appreciate about them?

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Exploring the Type Table

Constructing a Type Table

I J

I P

E P

E J

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Constructing a Type Table

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S S N N

T F F T

Constructing a Type Table

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U.S. National Representative Sample

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ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
11.6% 13.8% 1.5% 2.1%

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

5.4% 8.8% 4.4% 3.3%

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

4.3% 8.5% 8.1% 3.2%

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

8.7% 12.3% 2.5% 1.8%

The Temperaments
Temperament Percentage Keyword Description

Guardian 46% Tradition Search for unique identity and meaning. Value empathic,
(SJ) meaningful relationships. Generally enthusiastic. Want to
make the world a better place. Trust their intuition and
imagination. Think in terms of integration and similarities.
Focus on developing potential in others, finding a purpose in
life, and bridging differences. Want to be authentic.

Artisan 27% In the Theory oriented. Seek to understand the principles on which
(SP) Moment the world and things in it work. Trust logic and reason.
Skeptical and precise. Think in terms of differences,
categories, definition, and structures. Focus on strategies and
designs that achieve long-range goals and lead to progress.
Want competence and thorough knowledge.

Idealist 17% Identity & Hunger for responsibility and predictability. Like standard
(NF) Meaning operating procedure to protect and preserve. Serious and
concerned. Trust the past, tradition, and authority. Think in
terms of comparison, sequences, and associations. Focus on
logistics to support people, maintain organizations, and
achieve objectives. Want security, stability, and to belong.

Rational 10% Theory Action and impact oriented. Hunger for spontaneity.
(NT) Oriented Optimistic. Trust luck and ability to handle whatever comes
up. Absorbed in the moment. Read people and situation and
adapt to changes to get the job done. Seek adventure and
experiences. Think in terms of variations. Focus on tactics to
help others and get desired results. Want freedom to choose
their next action.

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Type Dynamics and
Development

Type Dynamics
• Hierarchy of Functions
– Preferred Functions
• Dominant
• Auxiliary
– Non-Preferred Functions
• Tertiary
• Inferior

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Type Dynamics

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• Steps for Identifying the Hierarchy of
Functions
– Identify the function that is extraverted
– Identify the function that is introverted
– Identify the dominant function
• Match the first letter with the like-directed mental
function
– Identify the auxiliary function
• The auxiliary function is the other mental function
within your type
– Identify the tertiary function
• Psychological opposite of the auxiliary function
– Identify the inferior function
• Psychological opposite of the dominant function

Practice
• INTJ • ISTP
– 1: – 1:
– 2: – 2:
– 3: – 3:
– 4: – 4:

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Try These on Your Own

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• ISFJ • ENTP
– 1: – 1:
– 2: – 2:
– 3: – 3:
– 4: – 4:

Try These on Your Own

• ENTJ • INFJ
– 1: – 1:
– 2: – 2:
– 3: – 3:
– 4: – 4:

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Would You Like

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Additional Examples?

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The Eight Jungian Functions
• Extraverted Sensing
– The focus is on information being
acquired in the moment
• Introverted Sensing
– The focus is on information recalled
from previous experience

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The Eight Jungian Functions

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• Extraverted Intuition
– The focus is on recognizing patterns
and identifying possibilities for new
patterns and methods of associating
the information
• Introverted Intuition
– The focus is on synthesizing
information, identifying the deeper or
ultimate meaning or symbolism
represented by the information

The Eight Jungian Functions

• Extraverted Thinking
– The focus is on applying objective
analysis to information or data in an
attempt to arrive at a logical,
defendable decision
• Introverted Thinking
– The focus is on applying system
analysis to information or data in an
attempt to ensure consistency and
precision with individual internal
frameworks

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The Eight Jungian Functions

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• Extraverted Feeling
– The focus is on external reactions in an
attempt to arrive at a decision that
maintains harmony in the group
• Introverted Feeling
– The focus is on internal comfort or
discomfort in an attempt to accept only
decisions that are consistent with core
values

Type Development
• Goal
– Comfortable use of a dominant and
auxiliary function in opposite attitudes
– Ability to draw on the non-preferred
functions when appropriate
• Life Cycle
– 1st half: Specialization
– 2nd half: Integration (Generalization)

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Non-Preferred Functions

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• Positive Characteristics
– Provide balance between conscious and
unconscious
– Bring a childlike quality to play, recreation
– Often a source of creativity
– Offer illumination and revelations

Non-Preferred Functions
• Negative Characteristics
– Our Achilles heel
– Persistent mistakes
– Touchy, emotional, defensive reactions
– Projections
– Childish
– Can develop skill, but require energy

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Stress Triggers

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• Too many things on your plate
• Not enough rest
• Unclear reporting lines
• Conflicting decisions and decision-makers
• Competing needs of family and work
• Overuse of the dominant function or non-
preferred energy orientation

Inferior Form of the Functions

S •Obsessiveness
•Overindulgence

N •Grandiose vision
•Catastrophizing

T •Excessive criticism
•Convoluted logic

F •Emotionalism
•Over emphasis on logic

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Rushed INTJ

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Oh, never
mind. It’s
too hard to
No one explain.
would
understand,
anyway.

Stressed INTJ

It’s mine, all

I could go for mine: my
a drink, right precious …
about now.

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Please help yourself to lunch.

Team Type Table

ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

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Agenda

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‰Continental Breakfast
‰Introduction and Icebreaker
‰Session Overview
‰Introduction to the MBTI tool and
Best-Fit Type Process
‰Lunch
‰MBTI Tool Team Analysis
‰Introduction to MBTI Applications

Introduction to
Type and Teams

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Color Jacuzzi

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What stops you or turns you
RED off?

ORANGE What energizes you?

What inspires you to be
YELLOW creative?
What is the silliest thing you
GREEN ever did for money?
What gets you out of a blue
BLUE mood?

INDIGO What is your quirkiest habit?

What would be your first
PURPLE action if you were ruler for a
day?

Type Hallmarks
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
Dependability Commitment Integrity Vision

ISTP ISFP INFP INTP

Ingenuity Sensitivity Idealism Logic

ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP

Energy Enthusiasm Imagination Initiative

ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ

Decisiveness Affiliation Responsiveness Drive

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Types at Work

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Behind-the-
Salt of the Oracle for Designer of
Scenes
Earth People the Future
Leader

Walking Values Blueprinter of

Gentle Spirit
Encyclopedia Crusader Ideas

Everyone’s Spark of Classic

Self-Starter
Friend Energy Entrepreneur

Take-Charge Servant Values Grand-Scale

Leader Leader Spokesperson Organizer

Team Type
Preference Number Preference Number
E I

S N

T F

J P

Team Type: Facilitator Type: INTJ

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Team Strengths/Blind Spots

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SE SI NE NI TE TI FE FI

1°

2°

3°

4°

Communication Styles of
the Feeling Function Pairs
NF SF
Their style … Their style
Tend to be socializers Tend to be kind and helpful
Are apt to rapidly shift the topic of Often want to help others even if those
conversation others don’t want any help
Like to share their feelings about what they Like to give longer and more detailed
are doing explanations
Are generally interested in many things, May feel they are not “doing their job” if
particularly human stories they do not take care of you

May experience more feelings of guilt than

other types
When communicating with this type, When communicating with this type,
it is important to … it is important to

Be positive and upbeat Be sensitive to their needs

Avoid details, as their attention span can be Politely mention time constraints
short regarding specifics
Reassure them that they are valued
Express ideas about the big picture
Be patient
Take time to create a personal connection,
as they can be sensitive to clues that
others do not value them or their input

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Communication Styles of

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the Thinking Function Pairs

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NT ST
Their style … Their style
Like clear and direct information Tend to be very thorough about everything
Give data, and want to receive it, in concise Attend to the details
sentences
Provide the background logic and support
May lose focus and interest when too many analysis
details or opinions are given
Take pride in being experts in their field
Can be direct and clipped in their approach
when frustrated

When communicating with this type, When communicating with this type,
it is important to … it is important to

Be brief and logical Be precise, thorough, and grounded in

reality
Sell them the big-picture benefit
Reveal the source of your information, the
Let them know the payoff sequence, etc.
Outline crucial information on paper for
Avoid discussion of issues on a subjective
them to digest later
level

Tap into issues of personal relevance to

them

Give them plenty of time to respond

Team Analysis
• What might this team emphasize?
• What positive contributions might
this team make to the greater
organization?
• What challenges might this team
face?
• What might this team need to do to
be optimally effective?

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Additional Thoughts

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• Things you value about your work
relationships on this team
• Things that make work relationships on
this team difficult
• Things you can do to improve your work
relationships on this team
• Things the team can do to improve work
relationships
• Two concrete steps you can take and two
concrete steps the team can take, and an
estimated timeline for their completion

Agenda
‰Continental Breakfast
‰Introduction and Icebreaker
‰Session Overview
‰Introduction to the MBTI tool and
Best-Fit Type Process
‰Lunch
‰MBTI Tool Team Analysis
‰I troduction to MBTI Applications

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Introduction to
Type in College

Identify the Preference

• My roommate and I hit it off immediately.
We’re the best of friends. I feel like I’ve
known him on all my life.
• I hate all of these required courses. I want
to take as many different courses as I
can. Everything seems so interesting; I
don’t know how I’ll ever choose.
• My psychology professor is driving me up
the wall. I gave up trying to take notes
after the second class. She jumps
around so much I can barely follow her. I
want to know exactly what I need to know
for the test, but she won’t tell me.

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Choosing a Major

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How Students Choose A Major
EJ EP IJ IP

I want to I wonder what

I want to
decide and I want to be I’ll want to be
experience it
then get on sure. when I grow
all.
with it. up.

Choice of Major
Typical Fields of Study or Work by Preference Combinations
ST SF NF NT

Management Health Care Counseling Law

Physical
Accounting Teaching Art and Music
Science
Law Religious
Journalism Computers
Enforcement Service
Behavioral
Engineering Office Work Management
Science
Community
Skilled Trades Education Research
Service

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A Few Interesting Facts

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• Students with similar personality
types get along better
• Students of opposite types living in
residence together academically
under-perform their similarly-paired
peers
• IFP’s more often exhibit
nonassertive behavior and benefit
from activities designed to boost
their confidence

Learning Styles
• E’s are more likely to benefit from an
informal study group
• N’s may struggle in fact-based courses;
may benefit from reading chapter
summaries in advance of class
• Encourage F’s to get to know their faculty
personally
• Encourage P’s to keep track of all due
dates; if consistently “cutting it too close
for comfort,” work with them to improve
their internal sense of timing

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MBTI and Millennials

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For Additional Information
• Introduction to Type
• Introduction to Type in College
• Introduction to Type in Coaching
• Introduction to Type in Organizations
• Introduction to Type in
Communication
• Introduction to Type and Teams
• In the Grip

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