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-Anyone who attempts to further his views by a system of coercive intimidation
-Any act of violence perceived as directed against society.
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-Fundamentally and inherently political also about power
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~s ineluctably about power: the pursuit of power, the acquisition of power, and the
use of power to achieve political change
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che threat of violence²used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of, a political
aim.

  
  

 
 
 
 






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 -cerrorism is a planned, calculated, and indeed systematic act.
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M Audience and Mood of fear (to shock the conscience ± i.e. fear)
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-1789-1795: cerm terrorism used to describe actions of the French Government (positive
connotation, good thing, specifically maintain power)
-Late 1800¶s-Early 1900¶s: cerrorism used to describe violent activities of various groups
(bombing London Underground, behavior by repressive leaders, negative connotation,
citizens use force against own citizens ±keep the man down)
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-First popularized during the French Revolution.

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-   , leader of the regime de la terreur of 1793-1794
-che regime de la terreur was an instrument of governance wielded by the recently
established revolutionary state

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 co establish order during the transient anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval
that followed the uprisings of 1789.
 -Designed to consolidate the new government¶s power by intimidating
counterrevolutionaries, subversives, and all other dissidents whom the new regime
regarded as ³enemies of the people.´
-che ³People¶s Court´ were given wide powers of arrest and judgment,
publicly putting to death by guillotine those convicted of treasonous crimes.
-~n this manner, a powerful lesson was conveyed to any and all who might
oppose the revolution or grow nostalgic for the ancient regime.
-~ts goal and very justification was the creation of a ³new and better society´ in
place of a fundamentally corrupt and undemocratic political system.

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p M~t was meant to be revolutionary.
M egime de la terreur was adopted as a means to establish order during the transient
anarchical period of turmoil and upheaval that followed the uprisings of 1789
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Positive and revolutionary
-~n it¶s original context it was closely associated with the ideals of virtue and democracy.
-che revolutionary leader, Maximilien Robespierre, firmly believed that virtue was the
mainspring of a popular government at peace, but that during the time of revolution
virtue must be allied with terror in order for democracy to triumph.
-Maximilien: ³virtue, without which terror is evil; terror, without which virtue is
helpless´ and proclaimed: ³cerror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it
is therefore an emanation of virtue´.
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-French Revolution eventually began to consume itself.
-Robespierre announced to the National Convention that he had in his possession a new
list of traitors.
-Fearing that their own names might be on that list, extremists joined forces with
moderates to overthrow both Robespierre and his regime de la terreur
-Robespierre and his closest followers themselves met the same fate that had
befallen forty thousand others: execution by guillotine.
-che terror was at an end; thereafter ³terrorism´ became a term associated with the abuse
of office and power²with overt ³criminal´ implications.
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-che advent of nationalism, and notions of statehood and citizenship based on the
common identity of a people rather than the lineage of a royal family, resulted in the
unification and creation of new nation-states such as Germany and ~taly.
-Massive socioeconomic changes endangered by the ~ndustrial Revolution were creating
new ³universalist´ ideologies (communism/Marxism), born of the alienation and
exploitative conditions of 19th century capitalism.
-New era of terrorism emerged, in which the concept of terrorism gained many of
 the familiar revolutionary, antistate connotations of today.

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a

-~talian republican extremist, known for propaganda by deed. Actions(violence)
speak louder than words.
-Was a passionate advocate of federalism and mutualism. Known for the theory
propaganda by deed: ideas result from the deeds and people will not be free when they
are educated, but educated when they are free. Said violence was necessary

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-Known for the theory of ³propaganda by deed,´ which he is credited with
defining²an idea that has exerted a compelling influence on rebels and terrorists
alike ever since. **
-che propaganda of the idea is a chimera.
-~deas result from deeds, not the latter from the former, and the people will not be
free when they are educated, but educated when they are free.
-Argued that violence, was necessary not only to draw attention to, or generate
publicity for, a cause, but also to inform, educate and ultimately rally the masses
behind the revolution.
-che didactic purpose of violence, could never be effectively replaced by
pamphlets, wall posters, or assemblies.
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-che Narodnaya Volya, or People¶s Will (sometimes translated as ³People¶s
Freedom).
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-A small group of Russian constitutionalists that had been founded in 1878 to
challenge czarist rule.
-For them, the apathy and alienation of the Russian masses afforded new
alternatives besides resorting to daring and dramatic acts of violence designed
to attract attention to the group and its cause.
-chey displayed and almost quixotic attitude toward the violence it wrought.
-Most late-twentieth century terrorist organizations have cited the principle of
³propaganda by deed´ to justify the wanton targeting of civilians in order to
assure them publicity through the shock and horror produced by wholesale
bloodshed
-co this group however, propaganda by deed meant the selective
targeting of specific individuals whom the group considered the
embodiment of the autocratic, oppressive state.
-Hence, the victims (the czar, leading members of the royal family,
senior government officials) were deliberately chosen for their
³symbolic´ value as the dynastic heads and subservient agents of a
corrupt and tyrannical regime.
-An intrinsic element in the group¶s collective beliefs was that ³not one drop
of superfluous blood´ should be shed in pursuit of aims, however noble or
utilitarian they might be.
 -Group members harbored profound regrets about taking the life of a
fellow human being.
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 -che Narodnaya Volya¶s most dramatic accomplishment led directly to its demise.
-che group assassinated Czar Alexander ~~.
-che failure of 8 previous plots had led the conspirators to take extraordinary
measures to ensure the success of this attempt.
-After he Czar Alexander ~~ was assassinated, the full weight of the czarist
state fell on the heads of the Narodnaya Volya.
-An arrested member provided information to the secret police, and they
proceeded to find most of the other plotters, who were quickly tried,
convicted, and hanged.
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-Group of people who got together fighting Great Britain¶s occupation of ~reland.
-Several famous high profile bombings.
-crying to get Great Britain to leave ~reland
-~rish-based offshoot for the Fenian Brotherhood (US) that had a commitment to both
the ~rish republicanism and the use of violence to attain it (against British Rule in
~reland)
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  ´
 -che Clan na Gael (United ~rishmen) took up the Fenians¶ or ~RB¶s mantle.
 ~RA is one in all the same (What¶s ~RA stand for?)
-~RB spawned into the ~rish Republican Army(~RA)
-cthe ~RA waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in ~reland in the
1919-21 ~rish War of ~ndependence.
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-Jeremiah O¶Donovan Rossa was the leader
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 -No, that was not their intention
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Ú´ 
-prime example of state sponsored terrorism
MComposed of Serbian military officers & led by Lieutenant Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich ±
effectively took charge of all Serb-backed clandestine operations in Bosnia
-Loosely responsible for the death of Alexander ~~
-Mostly Serbian military officers
-A radical group that left the Narodna Obrana in 1911 that was largely composed of Serbian
military officers; their leader was Lieutenant Colonel Dragutin Dmitrievich
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Serbian nationalism was their goal. Responsible for death of Alexander ~~ loosely
mostly Serbian military officers, created to promote Serbian nationalism. Make
argument that this is an example of state sponsored terrorism.
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che archduke¶s assassination. *a #$%   




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-Was used less to refer to revolutionary movements and violence directed against
governments and leaders and more to describe the practices of mass repression
employed by totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders against their own
citizens.
-cerm regained its former connotations of abuse of power by government, and it
was applied specifically to the authoritarian regimes that had come to power in
Facist ~taly, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia.
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-Germany¶s Hitler, and ~taly¶s Mussolini, Stalin

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-Regained the revolutionary connotations with which it is most commonly associated
today.
-cerm was used primarily in reference to the violent revolts then being prosecuted by the
various indigenous nationalist/anticolonialist groups that emerged in Asia, Africa, and the
Middle East during the late 1940¶s and 1950¶s to oppose continued European rule.
-Diverse countries, for example, owe their independence at least in part to nationalist
political movements that employed terrorism against colonial powers.
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-³politically correct´ appellation of ³freedom fighters´ came as a result of the political
legitimacy that the international community accorded to struggles for national liberation
and self-determination.
-Sympathy and support for the rebels created a need for less judgmental and more
politically neutral language than ³terrorist´ and ³terrorism´ to describe these
revolutionaries and the violence they committed in what were considered justified ³wars
of liberation´.
-Anyone or any movement that fought against ³colonial´ oppression and/or Western
domination should not be described as ³terrorists´ but were properly deemed to be
³freedom fighters.´
-Palestine Liberation Organization chairman casir Arafat- ³che difference between
revolutionary and the terrorist, lies in the reason for which each fights. For whoever
stands by a just cause and fights for the freedom and liberation of his land from the
invaders, the settlers and the colonialists, cannot possibly be called terrorist.´
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 #',)-#'.)
-1970¶s : terrorism continued to be viewed within a revolutionary context. However, this
usage now expanded to include nationalist and ethnic separatist groups outside a colonial
or neocolonial framework as well as radical, entirely ideologically motivated
organizations.
-cerrorism as a means to draw attention to themselves (disenfranchised or exiled
nationalist minorities) and their respective causes, in many instances with the specific
aim, like their anticolonial predecessors, of attracting international sympathy and support.
-1980¶s : terrorism came to be regarded as a calculated means to destabilize the West as
part of a vast global conspiracy.
-Renegade foreign governments such as the regimes in ~ran, ~raq, Libya, and Syria
became actively involved in sponsoring or commissioning terrorist acts²replaced
communist conspiracy theories as the main context within which terrorism was viewed.
-cerrorism thus became associated with a type of covert or surrogate warfare
whereby weaker states could confront larger, more powerful rivals without
the risk of retribution.
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-Meaning and usage of the term ³terrorism´ were further blurred by the emergence of two
new buzzwords: ³narco-terrorism´ and the so-called gray area phenomenon.
-che term terrorism was introduced to the critical new dimension of narcotics trafficking.

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-Defined by one of the concept¶s foremost propagators as the ³use of drug
trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist
organizations´²identified as the ³Marxist-Leninist regimes´ of the Soviet Union,
Cuba, Bulgaria, and Nicaragua, among others.
-Emphasis on ³narco-terrorism´ as the latest manifestation of the communist plot to
undermine Western society, however, had the unfortunate effect of diverting
official attention away from a bona fide emerging trend.
-Example: Growing power of the Colombian cocaine cartels and their close
ties with left-wing terrorist groups in Columbia and Peru.

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-Concerned less with grand conspiracies than with highlighting the increasingly
fluid and variable nature of subnational conflict in the post-cold war era.
cerm came to be used to denote ³threats to the stability of nation states by non-
state actors and non-governmental processes and organizations´; to describe
violence affecting ³immense regions or urban areas where control has shifted from
legitimate governments to new half-political, half-criminal powers´; or simply to
group together in one category the range of conflicts across the world that no longer
conformed to traditionally accepted notions of war as fighting between the armed
forces of two or more established states, but instead involved irregular forces as one
or more of the combatants.
cerrorism had shifted it¶s meaning again from an individual phenomenon of
subnational violence to one of several elements, or part of a wider pattern, of
nonstate conflict.
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-Redefined ³terrorism´ yet again.
-19 terrorists hijacked 4 planes crashing them into 3 of their 4 intended targets, while one
of the planes went down as the result of an ensuing struggle between the passengers and
hijackers.
-cotal of nearly 3,000 people were killed in the attacks.
-co put that death toll into perspective, in the entirety of the twentieth century no
more than fourteen terrorist incidents had killed more than 100 people.
-Until 9/11 no terrorist operation had ever killed more than 500 people.
-More than twice as many Americans perished on 9/11 than had been killed by
terrorist since 1968.p
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-che words ³aggressor´ and ³terrorist´ no longer mean what they did. ~nstead of arousing
fear or censure, they are a call to action.
-Had to change overtime to accommodate the political vernacular and discourse of each
successive era, has proved increasingly elusive in the face of attempts to construct one
consistent definition

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   *


+
-cerrorist organizations almost without exception now regularly select names for
themselves that consciously eschew the word ³terrorism´ in any of its forms.
-~nstead these groups actively seek to evoke images of: freedom and liberation, armies or
other military organizational structures, actual self-defense movements, righteous
vengeance
-chese examples suggest that terrorist clearly do not see or regard themselves as others
do.
-cerrorists perceive themselves as reluctant warriors, driven by desperation²and lacking
any viable alternative²to violence against a repressive state, a predatory rival ethnic or
nationalist group, or an unresponsive international order.
-cerrorists will „ever acknowledge that they are a terrorist, and moreover will go to great
lengths to evade and obscure any such inference or connection.
-che terrorist will always argue that it is society or the government or the socioeconomic
³system´ and its laws that are the real ³terrorists,´ and moreover that if it were not for
this oppression, he would not have felt the need to defend either himself or the population
he claims to represent.
-Process of obfuscation-projection.
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-Everyone agrees: ³cerrorism´ is a pejorative term.

-A word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one¶s
enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer
to ignore.
-³What is called terrorism, thus seems to depend on one¶s point of view. Use of the term
implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its
opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded other to adopt its moral viewpoint.´
-Hence, the decision to call someone or label some organization ³terrorist´
becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one
sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned.
-~f one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is
terrorism.
-~f, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a
more sympathetic, if not positive light, and is not terrorism.
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!  12
   
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-che United Nations following the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, in which 11 ~sraeli
athletes were killed, tried to do something about terrorism.
-che UN should not remain a ³mute spectator´ to the acts of terrorist violence then
occurring throughout the world but should take practical steps that might prevent further
bloodshed.
-While majority of the UN member states supported the secretary general, a disputatious
minority²including many Arab states and various African and Asian countries²
derailed the discussion arguing that the ³people who struggle to liberate themselves from
foreign oppression and exploitation have the right to use all methods at their disposal,
including force.´
p
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    1
 

1) Claimed that all bona fide liberation movements are invariably decried as ³terrorists´
by the regimes against which their struggles for freedom are directed.
-By condemning ³terrorism´ the UN was endorsing the power of the strong over
the weak and of the established entity over its nonestablished challenger²in
effect, acting as the defender of the status quo.
-che UN was thus proposing to deprive ³oppressed nations and peoples´ of the
only effective weapon they had with which to oppose ³imperialism, colonialism,
racism, and ~sraeli Zionism.´

2) ~t is not the violence itself that is germane but its ³underlying causes´²that is, the
³misery, frustration, grievance and despair´²that produce the violent acts.
-che term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the
most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom, and independence, and whose
countries objected to foreign occupation.
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-Different departments or agencies of even the same government will themselves often
have very different definitions for terrorism.
 ÚG " 

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X remeditated, olitically motivated viole„ce er etrated agai„st „o„combata„t targets
by sub„atio„al grou s or cla„desti„e age„ts, usually i„te„ded to i„
lue„ce a„ audie„ce.´

(For purposes of this definition, the term ³noncombatant´ is interpreted to include, in

addition to civilians, military personnel who at the time of the incident are unarmed
and/or not on duty« We also consider acts of terrorism attacks on military installations
or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities does not exist at the
site, such as bombings against US bases in Europe, the Philippines, or elsewhere.)
-Emphasis is on the premeditated and planned or calculated nature of terrorism in
contrast to more spontaneous acts of political violence.
-Emphasize both the ineluctably political nature of terrorism and the perpetrators¶
fundamental ³subnational´ characteristic.
-Expands the definition of a terrorist act beyond the usual, exclusive focus on civilians
to include ³noncombatant targets´

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%

Xthe u„law
ul use o

orce or viole„ce agai„st erso„s or ro erty to i„timidate or coerce
a Gover„me„t, the civilia„ o ulatio„, or a„y segme„t thereo
, i„
urthera„ce o
olitical
or social objectives´

-Addresses the psychological dimensions of the terrorist act described above, laying
stress on terrorism¶s intimidatory and coercive aspects.
-~dentifies a much broader category of terrorist targets than only ³noncombatants,´
specifying not only governments and their citizens but also inanimate objects such
as private and public property.
-Accordingly, politically motivated acts of vandalism and sabotage are included,
such as attacks on medical and commercial industries that are of controversy.
-Definition recognizes social alongside political objectives as fundamental terrorist
aims, but does not offer a clear elucidation of the differences between them to
explain this distinction.

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è 
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Xa„y activity that i„volves a„ act that: is da„gerous to huma„ li
e or ote„tially
destructive o
critical i„
rastructure or key resources; a„d«must also a ear to be
i„te„ded (i) to i„timidate or coerce a civilia„ o ulatio„; (ii) to i„
lue„ce the olicy o
a
gover„me„t by i„timidatio„ or coercio„; or (iii) to a

ect the co„duct o
a gover„me„t by
mass destructio„, assassi„atio„, or kid„a i„g´

-Definition clearly reflects its mission: concentrating on attacks to critical

infrastructure and key national resources that could have grave societal
consequences.
-Cites specifically in its definition the threat of ³mass destruction,´ the better to
 differentiate and distinguish its responsibilities from those of other agencies.

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" 
 " 

%
Xthe calculated use o
u„law
ul viole„ce or threat o
u„law
ul viole„ce to i„culcate
ear;
i„te„ded to coerce or to i„timidate gover„me„ts or societies i„ the ursuit o
goals that
are ge„erally olitical, religious, or ideological objectives´

-Definition is arguably the most complete of the four.

-Highlights the terrorist threat as much as the actual act of violence and focuses on
terrorism¶s targeting of whole societies as well as governments.
-~t does not include the deliberate targeting of individuals for assassination and
makes no attempt to distinguish between attacks on combatant and noncombatant
military personnel.
-Cites the religious and ideological aims of terrorism alongside its fundamental
political objectives²omitting the social dimension found in the FB~¶s definition.
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-~n it¶s most widely accepted usage, is taken to refer to a numerically larger group
of armed individuals, who operate as a military unit, attack enemy military forces,
and seize and hold territory (even if only ephemerally during daylight hours),
while also exercising some form of sovereignty or control over a defined
geographical area and its population.
-Characterized by irregular military tactics.
-Hit-and-run assaults or carry out attacks using roadside ~ED¶s (improvised
explosive devices).
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 & 





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-Do not function in the open as armed units, generally do not attempt to seize or
hold territory, deliberately avoid engaging enemy military forces in combat, are
constrained by both numerically and logistically from undertaking concerted mass
political mobilization efforts, and exercise no direct control or governance over a
populace at either the local or the national level.
-Foreign jihadists and domestic ~slamic extremists who belong to groups like al
Qaeda in Mesopotamia, led by Abu Musab Zarqawi, and who are responsible for
most of the suicide attacks and the videotaped beheading of hostages, are labeled
terrorists.
-Concerned with influencing or affecting public opinion.
-Fundamental aim of the terrorist¶s violence is ultimately to change ³the system´
-che terrorist¶s goal is ineluctably political (to change or fundamentally alter a
political system through his violent act).
-che terrorist is fundamentally an altruist: he believes that he is serving a ³good´
 cause designed to achieve a greater good for a wider constituency²whether real
or imagined²that the terrorist and his organization purport to represent.
-che terrorist is fundamentally a viole„t i„tellectual, prepared to use and, indeed,
committed to using force in the attainment of his goals.

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-Often employ the same tactics (assassination, kidnapping, hit-and-run attack,
bombings of public gathering places, hostage-taking, etc.) for the same purposes
(to intimidate or coerce, thereby affecting behavior through the arousal of fear).
-Wear neither uniform nor identifying insignia and thus are often
indistinguishable from noncombatants.
-Established terrorist groups like Hezbollah, FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia), and the LccE (Liberation cigers of camil Eelam, or camil cigers),
for example, are also often described as guerrilla movements because of their size,
tactics, and control over territory and populace.
-~ndeed, nearly 1/3 of the 37 groups on the US State Department¶s ³Designated
Foreign cerrorist Organizations´ list could just as easily be categorized as
guerrillas.
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-By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and irregular fighters and
terrorism from other forms of crime and irregular warfare, we come to appreciate that
terrorism is:
-~neluctably political in aims and motives;
-Violent²or, equally important, threatens violence;
-Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate
victim or target;
-Conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or
conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or indentifying
insignia) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced,
motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist
movement and/or its leaders; and
-Perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity.
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-For groups like al Qaeda the religious motive is overriding; and indeed, the religious
imperative for terrorism is the most important defining characteristic of terrorist activity
today.
-che modern advent of religious terrorism has not been confined exclusively to ~ran,
much less to the Middle East or to ~slam or to al Qaeda alone: since the 1980¶s it has
involved elements of all the world¶s major religions and, in some instances, smaller sects
or cults as well.
-cerrorism is motivated either in whole or in part by a religious imperative, where
violence is regarded by its practitioners as a divine duty or sacramental act, and in turn
this leads to even greater bloodshed and destruction.
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-More than 2,000 years ago the first acts of what we now describe as ³terrorism´ were
perpetrated by religious fanatics
-~ndeed, some of the words we use in the English language to describe terrorists and their
actions are derived from the names of Jewish, Hindi, and Muslim terrorist groups active
long ago:
Ú6 
-Etymology of the word ³zealot,´ for example which to us means an ³immoderate
partisan´ or a ³fanatical enthusiast,´ can be traced back to a millenarian Jewish sect
of the same name that fought in A.D. 66-73 against the Roman Empire¶s
occupation of what is now ~srael.
-che Zealot(or terrorist) would emerge from the anonymous obscurity of a crowded
marketplace, draw the sica(a primitive dagger) that had been concealed beneath his
robes, and in plain view of those present, dramatically slit the throat of a Roman
legionnaire or a Jewish citizen who had been judged by the group guilty of betrayal,
apostasy, or both.
-che Zealots¶ dramatic public acts of violence²precisely like those of terrorists
today²were designed to have psychological repercussions far beyond the
immediate victim(s) of the terrorist attack.
-che Zealots also reputed to have employed a primitive form of chemical warfare,
poisoning wells and granaries used by the Romans and even sabotaging Jerusalem¶s
water supply.

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-che word ³thug,´ now used to describe ³a vicious or brutal ruffian,´ is derived
from a 17th century religious cult that terrorized ~ndia until its suppression in the
mid-19th century.
-che chugs engaged in acts of ritual murder designed to serve the Hindu goddess of
terror and destruction, Kali.
-On specified holy days throughout the year, group members would forsake their
daily occupations and lie in wait for innocent travelers, who would be ritually
strangled as sacrificial offerings to Kali.
-chugs killed as many as a million people during their 1200 year existence, or more
than 800 individuals every year, a murder rate rarely achieved by their modern-day
counterparts armed with far more efficient and destructively lethal weaponry.

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-che word ³assassin´²one who undertakes to put another to death by treacherous
violence´²was the name of a radical offshoot of the Muslim Shi¶a ~smaili sect,
which between A.D. 1090 and 1272 fought to repel the Christian crusaders
attempting to conquer present-day Syria and ~ran.
-Violence for the Assassins was a sacramental act, a divine duty, commanded by
religious text and communicated by clerical authorities.
-Motivation for an Assassin was the promise that, should he himself perish in the
 course of carrying out his attack, he would ascend immediately to a glorious
heaven.
-che same ethos of self-sacrifice and suicidal martyrdom can be seen in many ~slamic²
and indeed other religious²terrorist organizations today.

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#'6)
Until the 19th century, in fact, religion provided the only justification for terrorism.
-While terrorism and religion share a long history, then, for the past century this
particular manifestation has mostly tended to be overshadowed by ethno-
nationalist/separatist and ideologically motivated terrorism.
-For example: none of the 11 ide„ti
iable international terrorist groups active in 1968²
the year, as previously noted, credited with marking the advent of modern, international
terrorism²could be classified as religious: that is, having aims and motivations reflecting
a predominant religious character or influence.
-Not until 1980²as a result of the repercussions of the revolution in ~ran the
previous year²did the first ³modern´ religious terrorist groups appear.
-Only 2 of the 64 groups active in 1980 could be classified as predominantly
religious in character and motivation: the ~ranian-backed Shi¶a organizations al-
Dawa and the Committee for Safeguarding the ~slamic Revolution.

Essentially in 1968 there were no religious terrorist groups
Ú in 2004, ½ of terrorist groups were religious
* .6ùpp

Úc 


  

 
 


0 

 


 3ñ -Page 85
-che reemergence of the modern religious terrorism was initially closely associated with
the ~slamic revolution in ~ran.
-Within a decade of the ~slamic revolution in ~ran, none of the world¶s major
religions could claim to be immune to the same volatile mixture of faith,
fanaticism, and violence.
-12 years later, in 1992, the number of religious terrorist groups had increased
exponentially (from 2 to 11 groups) and moreover had expanded to embrace
major world religions other than ~slam.
-As the number of religious terrorist groups was increasing, the number of ethno-
nationalist/separatist terrorist groups declined appreciably
-Reasons:
1) Many ethno-nationalist/separatist groups, suddenly finding themselves at the end
 of the cold war enmeshed in bitter conflict and civil wars over their homelands. As
a consequence people had little time or energy to engage in international terrorism.
2) chere was less reason to resort to international terrorism in order to have one¶s
own irredentist claims recognized.
3) Cold war ended, once it was over people were more than happy to cease fighting
because they felt as if they had some legitimacy.
4) Steepening divide between wealth and poverty.

-~ran is the truest form of ~slamic lawÚ this is why ~ran is important to the Middle East
-~ran has defined themselves as the ³true´ ~slamic state.
-During the 1990¶s the growth in the number of religious terrorist groups as a proportion
of all active international terrorist organizations not only continued but increased
appreciably.
-~n 1994, for example, a third (16) of the 49 identifiable international terrorist
groups active that year could be classified as religious in character and/or
motivation. ~n 2004, for instance, nearly half (52, or 46%) of the terrorist groups
active that year were religious, while the remaining percentage were left-wing
groups or ethno-nationalist/separatist organizations.

Úx 

 
 





cerrorism motivated in whole or in part by religious imperatives has often led to more
intense acts of violence that have produced considerably higher levels of fatalities than
the relatively more discriminating and less lethal incidents of violence perpetrated by
secular terrorist organizations.
-Although religious terrorists committed only 6% of recorded terrorist incidents between
1998 and 2004, their acts were responsible for 30% of the total number of fatalities
recorded during that time period.
-While al Qaeda perpetrated only 0.1% of all terrorist attacks between 1998 and 2004, it
was responsible for nearly 19% of total fatalities from terrorist attacks during that time
period.

†
p

p p

 p


 pp
-che reasons that terrorist incidents perpetrated for religious motives result in so many
more deaths may be found in the radically different value systems, mechanisms of
legitimation and justification, concepts of morality, and worldviews embraced by the
religious terrorist and his secular counterpart.
-For religious terrorists, violence is first and foremost a sacramental act or divine duty
executed in direct response to some theological demand or imperative.
-cerrorism thus assumes a transcendental dimension, and its perpetrators therefore
often disregard the political, moral, or practical constraints that may affect other
terrorists.
-Religious terrorists often seek the elimination of broadly defined categories of enemies
and accordingly regard such large-scale violence not only as morally justified but as
necessary expedients for the attainment of their goals.
-Religion is a legitimating force justifying violence.
-Religious terrorists see themselves not as components of a system worth preserving but
as ³outsiders´ seeking fundamental changes in the existing order.
-che religious terrorists¶ sense of alienation enables them to contemplate far more
destructive and deadly types of terrorist operations than other types of terrorists.
-chey have a far more open-ended category of ³enemies´ for attack²that is,
anyone who is not a member of the terrorists¶ religion or religious sect.

Ú 
 p p
 Úñ 


-che characteristics listed above have often been most closely associated with
~slamic terrorist groups in general and ~ranian-inspired ones and al Qaeda and its
associates in particular.
-che revolution that transformed ~ran into an ~slamic republic in 1979 played a
crucial role in the modern advent of religious terrorism.
-che root of the ~ranian-backed ~slamic terrorist campaign was the aim of extending
the fundamentalist interpretation of ~slamic law espoused in ~ran to other Muslim
countries.
-chey strived towards exporting their revolution throughout the world.
-che ~ranian revolution in ~ran is held up as an example of Muslims throughout the
world, exhorting them to reassert the fundament teachings of the Qur¶an and to
resist the intrusion of Western²particularly United States²influence into the
Middle East.
-~ran is the truest form of ~slamic lawÚ this is why ~ran is important to the Middle
East
-~ran has defined themselves as the ³true´ ~slamic state.
-cherefore since ~ran is the only state to have begun the process of
redemption, by creating a ³true´ ~slamic state, it must be the advocate for the
oppressed and aggrieved everywhere.
-Not only are violence and coercion permissible in order to achieve the
worldwide spread of ~slamic law, but they are also a necessary means to this
divinely sanctioned end.
-chey fought the West Hezbollah, Al Qaeda, Hamas

p
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-Not fighting within the rules of the world as they exist today; they reject all
of those rules.
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ÚSheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah- groups spiritual leader

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-che same characteristics attributed to ~slamic terrorist groups²the legitimation of
violence by reference to religious precepts, the sense of alienation, the existence of
a terrorist movement in which the activists are the constituents, and a preoccupation
with the elimination of a broadly defined category of ³enemies´²are equally
apparent among the Jewish terrorist movements that have surfaced in ~srael since
the early 1980¶s.
-co a great extent many of the members of these groups draw their inspiration from
the late Rabbi Meir Kahane.
p
 Ú 
8 
- leader of Jewish terrorism.
-A native of New York, Kahane preached a liturgy of virulent hatred of Arabs that
simultaneously extolled the virtues of Jewish aggressiveness and combativeness.
-Founded his own ~sraeli political party/vigilante organization, Kach(chus), to
disseminate his extreme, uncompromising views.
-His overriding obsession was to reverse the mythical image of the Jews as victim.
-From this flowed his conviction that the Jews were enmeshed in a continual
struggle against an inherently anti-Semitic world, surrounded by hatemongers
and closet anti-Semites in the United States and predatory, bloodthirsty Arabs
both inside and encircling ~srael.
-He proclaimed that above all, ³let us understand that people, in the very best
of times, do not like Jews.´
-~n 1980, Kahane openly called upon the ~sraeli government to establish an official
³Jewish terrorist group´ whose sole purpose would be to ³kill Arabs and drive them
out of ~srael and the Occupied cerritories.´
-³it is important that you know what the name µKahane¶ means to the Arabs. ~t
means terror.´
p 
Úd 
p
p p 
-Combination of seditious anti-semantic, and racist views
-Use of violence justified by theological imperative as a means to overthrow a reviled
secular government and attain both racial purification and religious redemption.
-Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995 suddenly shed unaccustomed light on an indigenous,
violent, Christian white supremacist movement that had been active long before this
tragedy.
-cimothy McVeigh was the perpetrator of the attack.
-He was an antigovernment, right-wing extremist
-He and his alleged accomplice(s) were apparently obsessed by the idea that the
Waco assault²and similar FB~ siege of an alleged white supremacists¶ rural
cabin in ~daho, the previous year²represented the opening salvo in US
government plans to outlaw and seize all privately held firearms.
-p
Ú

a
  

-Combination of seditious, anti-Semitic, and racist views
-Oriented toward ³survivalism,´ outdoor skills, guerilla training, and outright
sedition (more recently)
-Actively involved in violent, seditious activities, embracing the combination of
revolutionary, racist, and anti-Semitic doctrines
-Ethos include:
-Hostility to any form of government above the county level;
-che vilification of Jews and nonwhites as children of Satan;
-An obsession with achieving the religious and racial purification of the
United States;
-Belief in a conspiracy theory of powerful Jewish interests controlling the
government, banks, and the media;
-Advocacy of the overthrow of the US government, or the ZOG (Zionist
Occupation Government), as the Patriot/militia groups disparagingly refer to
it.

Úc


"
 
-curner diaries written by William pierce considered bible of the white supremacy
movement. cimothy Bay used it to plan the Oklahoma City bombing.
-Book describes a chain of events that begins with a white supremacist revolution
in 1991 and culminates two years later in ³an all-out race war´ and worldwide
nuclear conflagration.
-A terrorist group called the Order embarks on a ruthless campaign of violence
involving the assassination of public officials and prominent Jews, the shooting
down of commercial airliners, the poisoning of water supplies, and bombings of
public utilities.
-Book reaches it¶s climax when the terrorists seize the US nuclear arsenal and
obliterate several American cities before turning the weapons on targets in ~srael
and the Soviet Union.
-curners tale, although fictional, is in many ways of a kind with Adolf Hitler¶s
ei„ Kam
.
-As incredible and lunatic as the events described in he ur„er Diaries may seem,
the strategy of the inchoate terrorist campaign waged in the United States between
1983 and 1984 by Robert Matthews and the real-life Order was based entirely on
the battle plan detailed in the book.
-che bizarre apocalyptic version of he ur„er Diaries has long formed an integral
part of the beliefs of white supremacists, Christian Patriots, and militia adherents.
p
Ú8
 
  



  

 
 ÚNorman E. Olson- cofounder and commander of Michigan Militia
 -
 ÚBrothers John and David crochmann- founders of Militia of Montana

 Ú :

 
-While the various militia movements have surfaced only within the past 15 years
or so, they are in fact but the latest manifestations of a radical right-wing and
white supremacist movement that has repeatedly ³repackaged´ itself in a bid to
attract new recruits and a larger number of adherents and supporters.
-che militias have been described as part of a longer ³conveyor belt´.
-chis metaphor is intended to depict a process whereby individuals are
initially recruited into groups like the militias on the basis of their opposition
to legislation outlawing firearms but gradually come to embrace increasingly
extreme and violent position that, in turn, are legitimated by appeals to
scripture and theological imperatives.
-With the militias, the wider antigovernment movement discovered a powerful way
of attracting people²like McVeigh²who were not only vehemently opposed to
gun control but also subscribed to a variety of fantastic conspiracy theories that
invariably involved the Clinton administration in some master plan to seize all
firearms held by American citizens and thereby proscribe fundamental individual
liberties.
-che Michigan Militia, an allegedly 12,000 strong paramilitary survivalist
organization, believes that the US government has already initiated a program to
control completely the life of every American.
-Claim they are preparing to defend their freedom
-Purpose is sedition, plain and simple: goal is to establish the Republican
Provisional Government.
-At on time, an estimated 800 other militias that were similarly oriented to the
Michigan Militia²with a total membership claimed to be more than 5million,
though more realistically put at no more than 100,000²had reportedly organized in
almost every state of the union.
-chese are the rough dimensions of the American militia movement at what
would have been its height in the mid 1990¶s
p
 Úc 

a
0
d
  
 
 -Militia of Montana (MOM)- founded by brothers John and David crochmann
-Embraces the same ineluctable revolutionary principles and harbors the same
profound fears as its counterparts in Michigan and elsewhere.
-³Gun control is people control.´
-Group markets is own range of do-it-yourself manuals and tapes that not
only explain how to manufacture bombs but exhort listeners to prepare for the
coming apocalypse.
-North American Volunteer Militia²railed against the ³mess´ created by the US
government
-Almost Heaven ³survivalist´ compound²await the inevitable Armageddonp

Ú
p
Úd G 

8
 
  



  

 
 
-A new kind of terrorist threat founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara; the Shiva God
sent a message to him saying he had been chosen to lead God¶s army; also know
when Armageddon would come
-Bombed with sarin gas in cokyo (killed 12) but has written a formal apology; has
been relatively enactive (virtually extinct); mostly college students; cults; associated
with a religious sect more so than a terrorist organization now

Ú


pp
-Members of certain groups do not conform to our traditional stereotypes of the secular
terrorist organization; complexity, diversity, & often-idiosyncratic characteristics of religious
terrorism imply that there is no ³magic bullet´ that can be applied to all cases
p
 Ú 
 

 
  

 
-Developing preemptive educational programs to mitigate grass roots alienation and
polarization and to stop the spread of seditious and intolerant beliefs before they take
hold and become exploited by demagogues and hatemongers
p
 Úa 

9

M Popularity of Bin Laden is directly related to the unpopularity of the United
States.
-Osama bin Laden is popular among many of our allies; intense antipathy felt toward
the US in regions with larger Muslim populations; attacking ~slam

p
 Ú   
-chere isn¶t a magic bullet that by which the killing of bin laden, or any other
leaders of terrorism will result in an end of terrorism
-chere is no magic bullet ± no single superior solution that can be applied to all cases;
reinforces the need for multiple creative solutions
p

 p  p

Ú p pp p  p
-Rational and calculated choice; strategic logic, plannedp
 Úñ 
   
   



-~nexpensive to mount
-Less complicated and compromising; no escape plan is needed
-" 

 




 
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p
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!c   
 
MUltimate smart bomb, ability to effect last minute changes in his or her attack plan
 -che perpetrator¶s own death is an essential requirement for the attack¶s success; the
ultimate smart bomb means a human missile relentlessly horning in on its target but
with flexibility in timing and access; has the ability to effect last minute changes
p
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Kill about 4-6 times more people than other terrorists do.
p
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6 

 
 # Operations success was dependent on the hijackers
1 che plan itself was a master of deception that turned ordinary passengers
into human cruise missiles.
 ( Relatively inexpensive to mount
$ Exceeded in terms of lethality and destruction of even the al-Qaeda¶s
grandest of expectations
 2 Powerful psychological impact on the American psyche
 6 No escapee plan was required.p

Ú p 
p p
p p  
-~mage of an elite, professional & ruthlessly dedicated fighting force; distinguish the LccE
from other, better-established camil separatist groups as to intimidate its principal set of
opponents: the government of Sri Lanka & the country¶s Buddhist ethnic Sinhalese majority
p
 Úñ   9cc5


-Liberation cigers of cami Eelam
p
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-Emerged in 1976 in the midst of a period of renewed intercommunal tensions that
was rapidly descending into violence
p
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-Founder and leader of LccE; child of tax commissioner
p
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  9cc5




-Widespread ethnic riots took place in Sri Lanka in July 1983, sparked by an LccE
landmine ambush that killed 13 SLAF soldiers; hundreds of camils were killed &
thousands injured b/c Sihalese mobs attacked (bloody) them.

Úñ 
 
  
 


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    9cc5
 #'.)
1)p che belief that extreme sacrifices would have to be made to secure an
independent future for the camil nation

2)p Determination and invincibility

p
Úñ  
   

     
 


!in regards to the LccE)
-On May 5th, Captain Millar targeted a former camil high school that had been taken
over by elements of the Sri Lankan army; 75 people were killed in the attack; it
generated widespread shock & horror, military & political setback for the Sri Lankan
government, but it also was the significant psychological blow to the Sinhalese
population

Úa


p pp p  pp
p
Úñ 
  
 
 
 
  


-Had to distinguish from competing terrorist organizations, and also differentiate itself
from a long-standing & powerful representative body (PLO) which was the preeminent
force in Palestinian politics
p
 Úñ 


  
 è
-On December 8, 1987, on the Gaza Strip, there was a collision involving an ~sraeli
truck and some other vehicles; triggered an explosion of Palestinian rioting (kept
spreading) the Muslim Brotherhood distributed a leaflet calling for sustained
resistance (birth of Hamas)
p
 Úñ è


-Liberation of Palestine and the establishment of an ~slamic state in all of Palestine;
such liberation could be achieved by jihad

  Úè  

    
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-chey have leaflets and also social welfare
-



 
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 -Hamas carried out 10 attacks in its first year.
p p
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-1991; the Battalions of ~zz al-Din al-Qassan
Úñ   
 
  
  
è



 

 -When Prime Minister ~tzhak Rabin ordered the deportation to Lebanon of 415 ~slamic
Palestinian activists (most belonged to Hamas); the deportees quickly attracted
international media attention and sympathy
p
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p -Hezbollah
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 , and killed the leaders of it, and the person who made
the bomb. p

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p
-che Palestinian terrorists have worked hard to endow suicide operations w/ a positive
social imprimatur and to build support for this tactic among their political constituents
p
 Úñ 
  
   
-Lack of resources, fewer people, lack of power; universal equalizer (even the playing
field) give power to the powerless
p
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4
  

  

-~mages of suicide terrorists emblazoned (murals, posters, key chains, pennants, etc)
elevated & highly respected status to their families: terrorist organizations provide
material encouragement to both the suicide terrorists & their families; motivated by
their want to be martyrs
p
 Úñ     
  


 


-cape a video of themselves (martyrs) before their operation; means to call attention
to the organization & its determined fighters, to cultivate an image of invincibility
and victory, and to attract further recruits
-Usually have a big meal, usually say prayers and so forth

x

  

  %
# 5 
 a 
-conditions which must be met
 Problem must be one that public can relate to, an issue that touches their daily lives
 Must have effective medium for reaching public, means that educational material
must be presented in a way that the public can understand, & means that must be a
mechanism for physically distributing the materials to the public
 Public must believe problem is one for which there is a solution, ex) if ppl believe
that nothing they do will not a nation¶s use of torture, it will be difficult to mobilize
them, no matter how they personally view the problem and no matter how well
informed they are about the issue

- 

G
G


 -~llustrates power of educational approach
-Started modern environmental movement
-Carson credited with changing the way Americans think about the toxic chemicals
they use
-Had rare gift for understanding complex scientific issues & writing about them in a
language
chat lay people could understand, & in a style that¶s been described as poetic
-1962 book, Gile„t G ri„g, about how Carson opposed society¶s willingness to freely
& perhaps excessively use chemicals (insecticide DDc) without extensive research
on their long-term effect
-Started b/c letter from a friend observed a mosquito control plane flying over her
bird sanctuary spraying the insecticide DDc. Shortly after the spraying, the friend
found some of her songbirds dead
-Realized chemical industry would attack any criticism of their products & that they
had the resources to investigate any claims she made.
-Chemical manufacturers saw book as direct attack on their industry & launched an
all-out attack on the book & Carson herself
-Critics eventually come to accept most of key points
-coday, more chemicals being used than ever & still with too little knowledge about
their long term consequences
-Because of Carson, they are used more carefully & there is now awareness that long-
term consequences cannot be ignored, her book provided a roadmap to guide our
search for those consequences
-Book became bestseller in days of release, lasted for 81 weeks

1 " 

-Gandhi¶s Life Biography
-Man who almost single handedly led ~ndia to independence from Great Britain and provided
the rest of the world with a model for using civil disobedience as a tactic for change
-Born in ~ndia in 1869
-Shy kid
-MotherÚdeeply religious, follower of Hinduism, vegetarian
-FatherÚ local official, known for honesty and kindness
-Father died when Gandhi 16, leaving the family in poverty
-Went to study law in England to eventually support family, failed as a lawyer b/c too shy, so
began writing legal briefs & other odd legal work for other attorneys
-~nvited to South Africa to handle legal cases involving transactions between ~ndians living
in South Africa & English speaking residents
- Gatyagraha, method Gandhi first developed his method of nonviolent resistance or civil
disobedience in South Africa

- c





Úthrown off a train b/c passenger thought he was black & blacks
were forbidden on buses. Made Gandhi realize the oppressive nature of British colonial rule
& led his efforts to improve the conditions of ~ndians in South Africa
-1907, law passed in South Africa, ³requiring the registration & fingerprinting of all ~ndians
& giving the police the power to enter their houses to ensure that all inhabitants were
registered´
-Gandhi organized ³peaceful picketing of registration centres, burning registration cards,
courting arrest, & gracefully accepting punishment & harassment´Úefforts limited success
-Gandhi organized women & miners against immigration regulations, indentured labor, a
local tax, & government¶s failure to recognize ~ndian marriagesÚefforts successful leading to
the ~ndian Relief Act in 1914
-Gandhi began weekly newspaper devoted to airing the concerns of ~ndians in South Africa
-Returned to ~ndia in 1915, came to be called ³Mahatma´ meaning ³great soul´, some
thought of him as a reincarnation of God
-Gandhi left for South Africa a shy & little-known failure, but returned a hero for his work to
advance ~ndian rights
-Worked to improve conditions in ~ndia & to undermine the authority of the British, but
always remained true to his philosophy of nonviolence & passive resistanceÚdemanded
extraordinary bravery & shouldn¶t be confused with cowardice
-Gandhi said himself that if he had to choose between cowardice & violence, he would
choose violence b/c cowardice takes away from a man¶s self-respect

Úx







 

-1919, one year after WW1 ended, the Rowlatt Act passed, which extended the wartime
restrictions that had suspended many liberties of ~ndians during the war instead of the
~ndian¶s liberties being restored when the war ended

-


  dÚa work stoppage that would close shops, shut down
factories, & close banks. Also called for distributing banned political literature
-strategy initially a successÚbut violence soon broke out with his followers

- 
d

Ú British schoolteacher attacked by group of ~ndian youth,

government responded by calling in troops & banning public meetings, crowd met in
courtyard to protest the Rowlatt Act, soldiers ordered to shoot until ran out of ammo, 379
killed, 1,137 wounded.
-Gandhi responded to massacre of Amritsar by calling for a boycott of British goods,
British schools, & British jobs. Encouraged ~ndians to burn imported clothing & only
wear fabric made in ~ndia. chousands imprisoned for political dissent, Gandhi
sentenced to prison for publishing articles calling for a free ~ndia.
-Held firm to his belief in nonviolence
-Gandhi fasted when words were not enough to stop the violence by his people
against the British; insisted fasts were only used to instruct the followers

-G 






; 






-World economy in decline, farmers in ~ndia in economic trouble
-Gandhi used British government¶s tax on salt to both defy the British government &
to unite his followers
-SaltÚcommodity all citizens needed; for the poor, a tax on salt was oppressive
-~llegal to possess salt that was not obtained from the government
-Gandhi announced 240-mile march on foot from his camp to the sea, to i„te„tio„ally
harvest salt without paying a tax
-Salt marchÚlasted 24 days, stopped each day at villages to give speeches urging civil
disobedience & asking citizens to join his march; ppl at villages gathered to greet
Gandhi; local ~ndian officials working for Britsh gov. resigned their jobs; march
attracted international attention
 -Upon arriving at the sea, picked a spot where salt was thick, picked it up &
gave a speech urging other ~ndians to ignore the law & gather salt; Gandhi
arrested & jailed; his followers marched on the saltworks
-Salt protests showed the world & the British the brutal nature of British rule in ~ndia
& the determination of the ~ndian ppl to be free

-~nternal conflict between Muslims & Hindus meant continued unrest

-Whether there should be one ~ndia or whether land w/ large concentrations of
Muslims should be broken off into a separate country, Pakistan
-Gandhi believed should be one country
-Extremist shot Gandhi at age 79 in 1948 while preparing to conduct prayer services
-Gandhi engineered independence for ~ndia & provided the rest of the world with a model for
using nonviolent means to bring about change

a

d
 ñ    ñ

# Refusal to follow the law always done with a purpose & always done openly
-respectfully notified authorities of his intention before doing a specific act
-remained optimistic about nature of human beings & always hopeful that if told of
his plans in advance, authorities might be willing to negotiate for change
1 Always willing to pay for his civil disobedience by going to jail
-cotal of 6.4 years spent in jail throughout his lifetime
-being jailed showed his followers dedication & gave him time to plan further actions
-expressed disappointment b/c not jailed or released early
( Gandhi & his followers willing to suffer beatings & other physical punishments without
returning violence or treating the attackers with contempt or disrespect
-Gandhi thought violence or any demeaning of others was something that diminished
the person practicing it
-believed violence was morally reprehensive & an ineffective strategy for change
$ Faith in his approach gave him great patent
-work toward a free ~ndia lasted 32 years; never gave up peaceful civil obedience
-patient man willing to negotiate for smaller short-term steps towards long-term goal
of independent ~ndia
2 Appreciate value of using every available medium to spread his ideas
-led followers by direct example
-gave speeches
-prolific writer; constantly writing letters, essays for newspapers, published own
newspaper

( 


-³tort´ means ³wrong or twisted´
-tort lawÚindividual who has been injured sues another to compensate for that injury & uses
the court as a neutral arbitrator between the two sides
-people who sue under tort law are generally seeking money to compensate for their injuries,
or to punish the wrong doer

-torts/civil vs. criminal casesÚ difference between two systems

1)
Civil Law Criminal Law
Private matter Public offense
~f Fred Smith assaults Jones in California. Court case would be«
~f civil lawÚ Jones vs. Smith
~f criminal lawÚ California vs. Smith
2)
Civil Law Criminal Law
Repairs the damage done to the victim Punishes the guilty
Primary question for judgment/punishment
~f civil LawÚ what should be done
or the victim
~f criminal lawÚ what should be done to the offender
3)
Civil Law Criminal Law
~ndividual brings the wrong State brings the wrong to the
to the attention of the court attention of the court
~f woman was abused/victim
~f civil lawÚ ~ndividual victim¶s responsibility to bring the matter to court & wishes of
injured
person take priority
~f criminal lawÚ Woman can decide she doesn¶t want charges brought, prosecutor is free to
ignore
her wishes & go forward with criminal charges
4)
Civil Law Criminal Law
~ndividual receives the fine Sentence or fine is paid to the
or damage award court
~f a person was caught shoplifting
~f civil lawÚ store sues shoplifter, get financial penalty imposed of the offender, get all legal
costs & maybe awarded extra money as punishment of the offender (punitive damages)
~f criminal lawÚ shoplifter pays a fine to the court, but store gains nothing but returned stolen
merchandise
5)
Civil Law Criminal Law
One is found accountable by the One must be found guilty
³preponderance of evidence´ ³beyond a reasonable doubt´
~f civil lawÚ only necessary to show they are more likely responsible than to be no t
responsible.
judge or jury only need 51% certain of guilt
~f criminal lawÚ no reasonable doubt that person is guilty
6)
Civil Law Criminal Law
Fewer constitutional More constitutional
protections protections; Bill of Rights
~f civil lawÚ accuser isn¶t government but another individual, so constitutional protections do
not apply to defendants in civil court

~f criminal lawÚBill of Rights protects the accused from the power of the government
$ 

-unconventional & outrageous
-Saul Alinsky
-worked to help poor neighborhoods obtain basic city services & help local residents
get jobs
-worked to help the Have-Nots take power away from the Haves
-known for using tactics that were outrageous but highly effective
-his book, ules
or adicals, written for ppl w/o power who wanted to take it away
from the ppl w/ power; approach called radical

8   
d


1)p Assumed that people always acts out of self-interest and that one way to gain their
cooperation was to appeal to their self-interest rather than to higher moral principles
2)p Communities & groups could only produce long-term change if residents were
committed to that change- a desire for change must come from the local community
itself
-Needed to be seen as legit by local residents. Accomplished this by never
talking down, treated w/ paternalism; being insulted or attacked by those in
power made him more credible; showed his solidarity by being arrested &
jailed
3)p cactics centered around the idea of power
-Saw conflict as a positive force essential to a free society
-Challenge was to find ways to pressure those in power to make concessions
4)p Ethical standards of right & wrong must change to fit the times
-Viewed efforts to help poor as a battle against those in power
-Any effect means is automatically judged by opposition as unethical
5)p Used humor as a weapon
-Relied on ridicule & humor at the expense of Haves as a tool to gain their
cooperation
6)p Knew that for unconventional tactics to work they had to be unanticipated by the
Haves
-Do things completely outside of the normal experience of the Haves
-Not use same tactic repeatedly
7)p Always organized communities with specific objectives in mind
-& specific ways in which the Haves could meet those objectives

5 G d


 
-~n NY, Kodak did little to hire or promote blacks. Alinsky organized in a black community
to buy out 100 seats to a performance & give them to local blacks. Group would be given a
large baked bean dinner, leading to a ³fart-in´ at the performance which would publicly
embarrass Kodak, and also would not allow the company to arrest the blacks b/c suspicion
about Kodak¶s hiring practices would be raised. Leaked the plan previous hoping for
concessions from Kodak before the plan would be implemented. Plan never actually
followed through with but a good example.

d




!#'6)  
 0
 
-British lawyer Peter Beneson, creator; wrote editorial describing ppl in diff countries
imprisoned expressing for their religious or political views (³prisoners of conscious´) & he
urged readers to contact his office & write letters seeking the release of these prisoners which
led to Beneson launching a year-long campaign to free religious & political prisoners around
the world called the ³Appeal for Amnesty´
-group of volunteers ³adopt´ particular prisoners; volunteers contact prisoners & their
families & write letters to authorities on their behalf
-mandates to free prisoners of conscience, making certain that political prisoners have fair &
prompt trials, abolishing the death penalty, putting an end to extrajudicial executions &
³disappearances´, end torture, detention without charges, & human rights abuses by armed
opposition groups
-stop human rights abuses

d90d

9
 0

!
 0   
-During WW1, many basic civil rights, including freedom of speech, had little meaning.
-che 1918 Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the govÚppl sent to jail
-Basic liberties also restricted when Congress passed new laws further restricting freedoms
due to a series of bombings by anarchists. Became a crime to send anything written in
German through the U.S. mail or the fly a red flag (communists)
-Roger Baldwin, served yr in prison for anti-war views, outraged that the ³land of the free´
allowed ppl to express only those views supportive of the gov & that the gov would so freely
ignore basic principles outline in the Constitution
-Roger Baldwin formed ACLU as a private voluntary organization
-ACLU defend the Bill of Rights to the Constitution
-ACLU formed after excesses of Palmer Raids
-Primary strategy of ACLU became taking cases to court, which proved effective
-other efforts to further civil liberties consist of lobbying regarding legislation that may affect
civil liberties, publishing books & other materials explaining basic rights, & taking public
positions on issues related to civil liberties
c 
   
d

 d!
 0   
-First emerged in 1916
-cension between ~reland & Britain to fight over the issue of ~rish independence
-~rish organizations arose to oppose the British
-Created in effort to create an independent ~reland
-Used violence (car bombs, radio-controlled bombs, bank robbery, even murder) to frustrate
what it views as an occupying force
-for the organization¶s protection, members had smalls cells (4 ppl) & were cautioned to keep
their activities secret
-element in 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of Alfred P. Murrah building

è 
 
-right to have the lawfulness of imprisonment tested by the courts- in Bill of Rights






 

-Guidelines for«
# treatment of sick & wounded combatants on land
1 sick & wounded combatants at sea
( handling of prisoners of war
$ treatment of civilians in occupied territories
-rules for engagement, the treatment of prisoners, & treatment of civilians
-necessary step toward creating an enforcement mechanism



 ± success as a deterrent for future atrocities (killings)
-³if the Nuremburg crials were to serve as a deterrent to prevent future atrocities,
  + 
-laid groundwork for later efforts at defining war crimes, conducting war crime
tribunals, & the principle that individuals could be held accountable for the acts of
nations & that ³~ was just following orders´ was not an acceptable defense


 %´


d  
 %
Gandhi¶s life; impact (above)

" 
 
-~ntentional & public refusal to obey a law or regulation with which one disagrees

5 
 a 
-Must have
1) Problem the public can relate to
2) Must have an effective mediumÚway to get the message out
3) Must have a solutionÚ something that gives them something to do; without
a solution the message will die
-Education likely to fail if it doesn¶t have these 3 things

G  " 
 
-in comparison to violence
-~ndia¶s freedom
-Civil Rights Movement
-Current activist issues
-Street demonstrations, marches, the occupying of building, and strikes, and
other forms of economic resistance

Civil vs. Criminal law- (above)


c
-unconventional & radical, unusual, never been done before
-Gd

-philharmonic example
-successful in making people change in the way they behave

<

4

-d90Ú American Civil Liberties UnionÚto protect the bill of rights
- d- (above)
-d




Ú human rights organizations

Films (We were Warriors & ~ndia: Defying the Crown)



 
 Ú small, over timeÚ changes that last b/c process in incremental & slow

Ô
 Ú quick, speedy chanceÚ can also be quickly overturned
p
p