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Fig. 2. Close up of installed cable ladder showing earth bonding cables. Figure 3 shows the splice plate arrangement of two typical
joined cable ladder sections in detail. There are slotted holes
One manufacturer of cable ladder systems in Western
in the splice plate which allow for expansion of the ladder.
Australia, through requests from users and installers of such
Generally expansion is allowed for by leaving a 20mm space
cable ladder, also supplies bonding wires, firstly only with from each end of the cable ladder sections, and with all the
16mm2 cable and later more so with 25mm2 cable, and a
splice plate bolts tightened the ladder will still provide
special bonding wire bolt hole for such bonding wires.
movement during expansion and contraction.
Previously bonding wires had commonly been bolted to one of
the splice plate bolts prior to these specific bonding wire bolt
holes being available.
A − B 100
% Improvemen t = × [% ] (1)
A 1
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of two joined cable ladder sections. A summary of the theoretical values for various widths of
cable ladder are given in Table I.
The resistor ‘R.wire’ between points A and B is the
resistance of a connected bonding wire, whose length is TABLE I
THEORETICAL RESISTANCE VALUES FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF CABLE LADDER
typically 600mm to reach between the two bonding points on WITH AND WITHOUT BONDING WIRE.
each section of ladder. Figure 5 shows the resultant circuit. Resistance b/w
Resistance b/w PERCENT
Ladder Points A and B With
Points A and B IMPROVEMENT
Width Earth Bonding Wire
(µΩ) (%)
(µΩ)
With 16mm2 bonding wire
600 88 78 11.33
300 85 76 11.01
150 81 72 10.51
With 25mm2 bonding wire
600 88 73 16.82
300 85 71 16.36
Fig. 5. Resultant circuit of cable ladder and bonding wire. 150 81 68 15.69
To determine the improvement of adding the bonding wires There are various types of cable ladder in use which are
formula (1) is used to calculate this, where A represents the generally constructed of steel and hot dip galvanised. For the
resistance without bonding wire and B the resistance with a Kounis cable ladder the galvanising is a coating of zinc at 390
bonding wire attached. gm/m2, approximately a thickness of 55µm. These cable
ladder types include:
TPMJH-201001 4
3/50 (NEMA 16A), 1.6mm thickness, 100mm high rails only 2 meters long. The effect this will have on the results will
4/70L (NEMA 20B), 1.6mm thickness, 130mm high rails be to raise the resistance values slightly as paralleling effects
4/70 (NEMA 20B), 2.0mm thickness, 130mm high rails of the ladder are reduced due to the remaining 4 meters of
5/112 (NEMA 20C), 2.0mm thickness, 146mmm high rails ladder not being present.
removed from the front and rear splice plate. Where ‘a bolt is Resistance Without Resistance With Percentage
Bolts
Earth Bonding Wire Earth Bonding Improvement
removed’, it refers to one front and one rear bolt being Tight
(µΩ) Wire (µΩ)
removed. Where ‘bolts are removed from one side’ this refers Bolts In Splice Plate - 1 Side Only
to the right side section only, both from the front and back. 4 481.0 472.8 1.70%
3 483.2 474.8 1.74%
The various tests are performed with finger tight and torque 2 489.9 480.8 1.86%
tight bolts. The torque for tight bolts is maintained at 28Nm, 1 496.4 485.5 2.20%
the nominal torque value for 10mm bolts. For the finger tight Bolts In Splice Plate - 2 Sides
bolts, the bolts were screwed to a point where the nut and 4 482.0 472.3 2.01%
washer made contact with the ladder, just nipped up by the 3 485.5 475.5 2.06%
unassisted fingers of one hand. 2 497.4 485.7 2.35%
1 515.8 500.9 2.89%
The tests have been carried out using a Megger digital low Table VII gives results to further tests on independent
resistance meter (Ductor tester) with the measuring current set sections of ladder and earth bonding wire. Due to the
at 10Amps, giving a range of 1.999mΩ and an accuracy of complexity, theoretical values for 1 and 2 meter sections of
±0.2%, ±0.2µΩ. ladder have not been determined.
TABLE V
RESISTANCE TEST RESULTS FOR 300MM WIDE LADDER
WITH TIGHTENED BOLTS.
D. Summary of Results
Resistance Without Resistance With Percentage
Bolts
Tight
Earth Bonding Wire Earth Bonding Improvement The results show that between 300mm ladder and 600mm
(µΩ) Wire (µΩ) wide ladder, the percentage improvements with the bonding
Bolts In Splice Plate - 1 Side Only
wire attached are similar and as such further comparisons will
4 453.4 446.0 1.63%
refer only to 600mm ladder as this is the most common type
3 456.1 447.6 1.86%
used. The 300mm wide ladder tests give better results due to
2 462.7 454.0 1.88%
1 469.4 458.5 2.32%
the reduction in rung resistance, and are provided only for
Bolts In Splice Plate - 2 Sides reference.
4 453.4 446.0 1.63%
3 457.4 449.8 1.66% From the results it can be seen that the measurements taken
2 470.5 461.8 1.85% are as expected, as bolts are removed the resistance across the
1 484.1 471.4 2.62% splice increases. The addition of the earth bonding wire in the
case for finger tight bolts provides a reasonably consistent
value as bolts are removed from the one side. As bolts are
TABLE VI removed from both sides of the splice plate the resistance
MISCELLANEOUS TESTS FOR SECTIONS OF LADDER. varies considerably, indicating that the splice plate is
Measured Measured Percentage providing the majority of conductivity.
Resistance with Resistance with Improvement
Test
16mm2 Bond wire 25mm2 Bond wire
(µΩ) (µΩ) Interestingly the finger tight tests provided a low resistance
600mm, 524.9 537.7 2.44% value without the bonding wire and with only a small
Finger improvement of around 10 to 11% with the bonding wire
Tight Bolts attached. The case of torque bolts shows that the splice plate
600mm, 472.8 469.6 0.67%
Tight Bolts
provides a very low resistance, and little improvement was
300mm, 448.3 445.2 0.69% measured with the addition of the bonding wire, around 1.74%
Tight Bolts with all tightened bolts. The use of a larger bonding wire
25mm2 also proved little advantage in reducing the effective
resistance, as the percentage improvement is only 0.7% against
using the 16mm2 wires.
considered twice as unlikely to fail compared with the single For rigid splice plate connections of materials and finishes
wire bonding method. other than aluminium or galvanised steel, bonding jumpers
may be required. For example, stainless steel splice plates may
For the case where splice plates are deemed suitable and no require bonding jumpers depending UL Classification.”
bonding wires exist then there are 8 bolts in each splice plate,
thus for a ladder splice there are 16 bolts in total making an Section 4.8 – Bonding to steel and earth;
earth connection. If for the worst case bolts failed only on one “Metallic cable trays shall be bonded to building steel and
side, 8 bolts for a total failure then the probability of this earth as supplemental grounding for ground fault protection
system failing would be 8 times less likely to fail than for the and signal grounding (noise prevention). The tray shall be
first case relying on a single bonding wire. The splice method bonded to building steel and earth, at least every 18m (60 ft).
is therefore offering very good odds against a failure of the This is only required when cable tray system is not inherently
earthing system. bonded (connected) to building steel and earth metallic
support systems”.
For the case where cable ladder is purposely broken, then if
two bonding wires are installed, one to each side rail, the NFPA 70 Article 392.7 (B) states;
probability of a complete failure is less likely by a factor of “Steel or aluminium cable tray systems shall be permitted to
two. Thus this would be a preferred method for bonding and be used as equipment grounding conductors, provided all the
earthing in this situation due to the reduced risk involved. following requirements are met:” Specifically part (4) states,
“Cable tray sections, fittings, and connected raceways are
It would be very unlikely that a bolt would fail under normal bonded in accordance with 250.96, using bolted mechanical
conditions, correctly tightened and with minimal vibration. connectors or bonding jumpers sized and installed in
However failure may be caused by the following; over-torqued accordance with 250.102.”
bolts at installation that later fail due to vibration; bolts that
had not been tightened (i.e. finger tight) during installation and Cable Tray Institute, Technical Bulletin Number 8, Titled
later falling out; corrosion or build up at the splice joint due to ‘Bonding Jumpers Not Required for Standard Cable Tray
chemicals or mineralised water if the cable ladder has been Splice Plates’ states;
installed in severe environments. “It is not necessary to install bonding jumpers in parallel
with the standard rigid aluminium or steel one-piece metallic
The risk of a bolt failure is significantly small under normal bolted side rail splice plates that are the connections between
conditions, and can be reduced, by proper tightening and the tray sections. Here, the use of bonding jumpers does not
verification, routine inspection and maintenance which would make a safety contribution to a properly installed cable tray
also affect any bonding wires being used. system, and wastes both materials and labour.”
VI. PROBING FURTHER From the above excerpts it is clear that other standards do
not require cable ladder to have additional bonding using earth
Investigating other practices from standards of other wires, and in the case of NFPA and NEC actually allows the
organisations gives the following: use of cable ladder as an earthing conductor to earth
equipment back to the main earth.
NEMA standard VE 2 Section 4.7.1 Cable tray used as an
Equipment Ground Conductor (EGC) states the following; VII. CONCLUSION
“The use of aluminium and steel cable trays is permitted as
an Equipment Grounding Conductor per NEC Article 392 For the tested galvanised steel cable ladder, it is concluded
when labelled and marked with the available cross sectional that bonding wires are not required to bond across the standard
area. (See Table 4-4.) If the cable tray is to be used as an EGC, splice plates, as the benefit of such a practice is negligible and
bonding jumpers must be installed on both side rails at the provides no addition safety merits.
locations illustrated in figures 4.57 through 4.60, unless the
splice plates meet the electrical continuity requirements of As for not installing bonding wires, the risk is very low due
NEMA VE 1. See table 4-5 for minimum sizes of grounding to the large number of bolts being used in the splice plates.
conductors.
If the connectors are UL Classified bonding jumpers or a The most important bonding connection is the connection of
continuous ground are not required. the cable ladder system to the main earth. Splice plate
It is not necessary to install bonding jumpers at standard bonding wires need only be installed where gaps have been left
rigid aluminium or galvanised steel splice plate connectors or in the cable ladder to reinstate a continuous earthed ladder
offset reducing splice plate connectors or any UL Classified system.
connectors.
TPMJH-201001 8
Fig. 6. Cable tray sections, vertical adjustable splice plate showing bonding
wires.