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CalA 4 7
CalA 4 7
CAPÍTULO 4
(a) f ( x) = x 2 − 1; x = 1, x = 0, x = a, a ∈ R.
( x + ∆x) 2 − 1 − x 2 + 1
m( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + 2 x∆x + (∆x) 2 − x 2
2
lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x (2 x + ∆x )
lim = 2x
∆x → 0 ∆x
m (1) = 2.1 = 2
y − y1 = m ( x − 1)
y − 0 = 2 ( x − 1)
y = 2x − 2
m (0) = 2.0 = 0
y + 1 = ( x − 0)
y +1 = 0
y = −1
m ( a ) = 2a
y − a 2 + 1 = 2a ( x − a )
y − a 2 + 1 = 2ax − 2a 2
y = 2ax − a 2 − 1
f(x) f(x)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
(b) f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 6; x = −1, x = 2.
( x + ∆x) 2 − 3 ( x + ∆x) + 6 − x 2 + 3 x − 6
m ( x ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + 2 x∆x + (∆x) − 3 x − 3∆x − x 2 + 3 x
2 2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x (2 x + ∆x − 3)
= lim = 2x − 3
∆x → 0 ∆x
Temos:
m (−1) = 2(−1) − 3 = −2 − 3 = −5
y − 10 = −5 x − 5
y = −5 x + 5
m (2) = 2.2 − 3 = 4 − 3 = 1
y − 4 = 1 ( x − 2)
y = x−2+4
y= x+2
Seguem os gráficos.
f(x) f(x)
11 11
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
204
1
(c) f ( x) = x(3 x − 5); x = , x = a, a ∈ IR.
2
f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 5 x
3 ( x + ∆x) 2 − 5 ( x + ∆x) − 3 x 2 + 5 x
m ( x ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
3 x + 6 x∆x + 3(∆x) 2 − 5 x − 5∆x − 3 x 2 + 5 x
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
∆x (6 x + 3∆x − 5)
= lim = 6x − 5
∆x → 0 ∆x
1 1
m = 6. − 5 = 3 − 5 = −2
2 2
Temos:
7 1
y + = −2 x −
4 2
7
y + = −2 x + 1
4
4 y + 7 = −8 x + 4
8x + 4 y + 3 = 0
m ( a ) = 6a − 5
y − 3a 2 + 5a = (6a − 5)( x − a )
y − 3a 2 + 5a = 6ax − 6a 2 − 5 x + 5a
y = (6a − 5) x − 3a 2 .
Segue o gráfico, para x = 1/2.
f(x)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
205
(a) f ( x) = x 2 − 1
x =1
Temos que:
m (1) = 2
1
mnormal = −
2
Assim,
−1
y−0= ( x − 1)
2
2 y = − x + 1 ou x + 2 y − 1 = 0
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
x=0
m ( 0) = 0
Neste caso a reta tangente é horizontal e a reta normal coincide com o eixo
dos y, ou seja, x = 0 .
Segue o gráfico com a reta tangente incluída para facilitar a visualização.
206
f(x)
5
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
x=a
1
m ( a ) = 2a mn = −
2a
Assim,
−1
( y − a 2 + 1) = ( x − a)
2a
2ay − 2a 3 + 2a = − x + a
x + 2ay − 2a 3 + a = 0
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
b) f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x + 6; x = −1, x = 2.
x = −1
Temos:
207
m (−1) = −5
1
mn =
5
Assim,
1
y − 10 = ( x + 1)
5
5 y − 50 = x + 1
x − 5 y + 51 = 0
Segue o gráfico com a reta tangente incluída para facilitar a visualização.
f(x)
11
10
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
x=2
Temos:
m ( 2) = 1
mn = −1
Assim,
y − 4 = −1 ( x − 2)
y − 4 = −x + 2
x + y − 6 = 0.
Segue o gráfico com a reta tangente incluída para facilitar a visualização.
f(x)
11
10
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
208
1
c) f ( x) = x(3 x − 5); x = , x = a, a ∈ R.
2
Temos:
m (1 / 2) = −2
1
mn =
2
Assim,
7 1 1
y+ = x −
4 2 2
4 y + 7 = 2x − 1
2x − 4 y − 8 = 0
x − 2 y − 4 = 0.
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
Temos:
m ( a ) = 6a − 5
1 1 5
mn = = ,a ≠
6a − 5 5 − 6a 6
Assim,
1
y − 3a 2 + 5a = ( x − a)
5 − 6a
(5 − 6a ) y − 3a 2 (5 − 6a ) + 5a (5 − 6a ) = ( x − a )
x − (5 − 6a ) y − 18a 3 + 45a 2 − 26a = 0
Segue o gráfico com a reta tangente incluída para facilitar a visualização, usando-se
como exemplo valor de a = 1 .
209
f(x)
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
1 − ( x + ∆x ) 2 − 1 + x 2
m ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
1 − x − 2 x∆x − (∆x) 2 − 1 + x 2
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= −2 x
y = 1 − x ⇒ m = −1
− 2 x = −1
2
1 1 1 3
x = ⇒ y = 1− =1− =
2 2 4 4
Assim,
3 1
y − = −1 x −
4 2
4 y − 3 = −4 x + 2
4 x + 4 y − 5 = 0.
210
f(x)
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
( x + ∆x) 2 − 2 ( x + ∆x) + 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1
m ( x ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + 2 x∆x + (∆x) − 2 x − 2∆x + 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1
2 2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= 2x − 2
m (−2) = 2 (−2) − 2 = −4 − 2 = −6
1
mn =
6
5. Um corpo se move em linha reta, de modo que sua posição no instante t é dada por
f (t ) = 16t + t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 8, onde o tempo é dado em segundos e a distância em metros.
f (t ) = 16t + t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 8
f (b + h) − f (b)
vm =
h
16 (b + h) + (b + h) 2 − 16 b − b 2
=
h
16 b + 16h + b + 2bh + h 2 − 16 b − b 2
2
=
h
2
16 h + 2bh + h h(16 − 2b + h)
= =
h h
v m = 16 + 2b + h; 0≤b<8
v m = 16 + 2b + h
[3;3,1]
v m = 16 + 2.3 + 0,1
= 16 + 6 + 0,1
= 22,1 m seg
[3;3,01]
v m = 16 + 2.3 + 0,01
= 16 + 6 + 0,01
= 22,01 m seg
[3;3,001]
v m = 16 + 2.3 + 0,001
= 16 + 6 + 0,001
= 22,001 m seg
v(t ) = lim v m
h→0
= lim (16 + 2t + h)
h →0
v(t ) = 16 + 2t
212
v(3) = 16 + 2.3
= 16 + 6
= 22 m seg
v (t + ∆t ) − v(t )
a (t ) = lim
∆t →0 ∆t
16 + 2(t + ∆t ) − 16 − 2t
= lim
∆t → 0 ∆t
2∆t
= lim = 2m / seg 2
∆t → 0 ∆t
6. Influências externas produzem uma aceleração numa partícula de tal forma que a
b
equação de seu movimento retilíneo é y = + ct , onde y é o deslocamento e t o
t
tempo.
b b
+ c(t + ∆t ) − − ct
−b
v = lim t + ∆t t = 2 +c.
∆t → 0 ∆t t
−b
v ( 2) = + c unidade de velocidade.
4
−b b
2
+c− 2 −c
dv (t + ∆t ) t 2b
a (t ) = = lim = 3 unidades de aceleração.
dt ∆t → 0 ∆t t
5 − 2( x + ∆x) − 5 + 2 x
f ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
5 − 2 x − 2∆x − 5 + 2 x
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= −2
3 ( x + ∆x) 2 − 1 − 3 x 2 + 1
g ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
3 x + 6 x∆x + 3 (∆x) 2 − 1 − 3 x 2 + 1
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
(6 x + 3∆x)∆x
= lim = 6x
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 (−2) − 6 (−2) = −4 + 12 = 8 .
2 1
(d) [g ′(0)] + g ′(0) + g (0).
2
5 f ′(5 / 2)
(e) f − .
2 g ′(5 / 2)
5 f ′(5 / 2) 5 −2 2 2
f − = 5 − 2. − =0+ = .
2 g (5 / 2)
′ 2 6. 5 15 15
2
(a) f ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 .
214
1 − 4 ( x + ∆x) 2 − 1 − 4 x 2
f ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
1 − 4 x − 8 x∆x − 4 (∆x) 2 − 1 + 4 x 2
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim = (−8 x − 4∆x) = −8 x
∆x → 0
(b) f ( x) = 2 x 2 − x − 1.
2 ( x + ∆x) 2 − ( x + ∆x) − 1 − 2 x 2 + x + 1
f ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x + 4 x∆x + 2 (∆x) 2 − x − ∆x − 2 x 2 + x
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= 4x − 1
1
(c) f ( x) = .
x+2
1 1
−
f ′ ( x) = lim x + ∆x + 2 x + 2
∆x → 0 ∆x
x + 2 − x − ∆x − 2 1
= lim .
∆x →0 ( x + ∆x + 2)( x + 2) ∆x
−1
= lim =
∆x →0 ( x − 2) 2
1− x
(d) f ( x) = .
x+3
1 − x − ∆x 1 − x
−
f ′ ( x) = lim x + ∆x + 3 x + 3
∆x → 0 ∆x
( x + 3) (1 − x − ∆x) − ( x + ∆x + 3) (1 − x) 1
= lim .
∆x → 0 ( x + ∆x + 3) ( x + 3) ∆x
x + 3 − x 2 − 3 x − x∆x − 3∆x − x + x 2 − ∆x + x∆x − 3 + 3 x
= lim
∆x → 0 ( x + ∆x + 3) ( x + 3) ∆x
∆x (− x − 3 − 1 + x)
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ( x + ∆x + 3) ( x + 3)
−4
= lim =
∆x → 0 ( x + 3) 2
1
(e) f ( x) = .
2x − 1
215
1 1
−
2( x + ∆x) − 1 2x − 1
f ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x − 1 − 2( x + ∆ x ) − 1 1
= lim .
∆x → 0 2( x + ∆x) − 1 2 x − 1 ∆x
2 x − 1 − 2( x + ∆x) + 1 1
= lim .
∆x → 0 ( 2 x − 1 2( x + ∆x) − 1 ∆x )
−2
= lim
∆x → 0 2x − 1 ( 2x − 1 + 2x − 1 )
−1
= lim =
∆x → 0 (2 x − 1) 2 x − 1
(f) f ( x) = 3 x + 3.
3
x + ∆x + 3 − 3 x + 3
f ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
Fazendo:
x + ∆x + 3 = t 3
x + 3 = a 3 ⇒ ∆x = t 3 − a 3
Temos:
t−a
f ′( x) = lim 3
t →a t − a 3
t−a
= lim
t → a (t − a ) (t 2 + at + a 2 )
1 1
= 2
=
3a 3 ( x + 3) 2
3
1
9. Dadas as funções e g ( x) = 2 x 2 − 3, determinar os itens que seguem
f ( x) =
x −1
e, usando uma ferramenta gráfica, fazer um esboço do gráfico das funções obtidas,
identificando o seu domínio.:
(a) f 0 f ′
1 1
−
f ′( x) = lim x + ∆x − 1 x − 1
∆x → 0 ∆x
( x − 1) − x − ∆x + 1 1
= lim .
∆x →0 ( x + ∆x − 1) ( x − 1) ∆x
−1
=
( x − 1) 2
216
−1 1
f 0 f ′ = f [ f ′] = f 2
=
( x − 1) −1
−1
( x − 1) 2
1 ( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
= = =
− 1 − ( x − 1) 2 − 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1 2 x − x 2 − 2
( x − 1) 2
fof'
x
-2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
(b) f ′ 0 f
1
f ′[ f ] = f ′
x − 1
−1 −1
= 2
= 2
=
1 1− x +1
− 1
x −1 x −1
2
( x − 1) 2 x −1
=− 2
= −
(2 − x) 2−x
217
f'of
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
(c) g 0 f ′
g 0 f ′ = g [ f ′]
−1
=g 2
( x − 1)
2
−1
= 2 −3
2
( x − 1)
1
=2 −3
( x − 1) 4
2
= −3
( x − 1) 4
gof'
5
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
218
(d) g ′ 0 f ′
2 ( x + ∆x) 2 − 3 − 2 x 2 + 3
g ′ ( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
2 x + 4 x∆x + 2(∆x) 2 − 2 x 2
2
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= lim 4 x
∆x → 0
−1
g ′ 0 f ′ = g ′ [ f ′] = g ′ 2
( x − 1)
−1 −4
= 4. 2
= .
( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2
g'of'
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
x − 1, x ≥ 0
10. Dada a função f ( x) = , verificar se existe f ′(0). Esboçar o gráfico.
x, x < 0
f(x)
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
1
11. Dada a função f ( x) = , verificar se existe f ′(3). Esboçar o gráfico.
2x − 6
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
(a) f ′( x) > 0.
(b) f ′( x) < 0.
220
2( x + ∆x) 2 − 3( x + ∆x) − 2 − 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2
f ′ ( x) = lim = 4x − 3
∆x → 0 ∆x
4x − 3 > 0 4x − 3 < 0
4x > 3 4x < 3
3 3
x> x<
4 4
3
(a) ,+∞
4
3
(b) − ∞,
4
1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
y − y 0 = m ( x − x0 )
y + 4 = 2a ( x − 0 )
y + 4 = 2a x
(
A reta passa, também em, a, a 2 : )
a 2 + 4 = 2a . a ⇒ a 2 = 4, a = ±2
Assim temos:
a = 2 ⇒ y = 4x − 4 Ponto de tangência: (2, 4)
a = −2 ⇒ y = −4 x − 4 Ponto de tangência: (− 2, 4 )
2x
14. Quantas retas tangentes à curva y = passam pelo ponto P(−4,0) ? Em
x +1
quais pontos essas retas tangentes tocam a curva?
O gráfico a seguir mostra uma simulação na qual podemos observar duas retas
tangentes que passam por P(−4,0) .
f(x)
7
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
-4
′
2x 2
y′ = =
x −1 (x + 1)2
Supor (x1 , y1 ) o ponto de tangência.
2
y−0 = (x + 4)
(x1 + 1)2
2 x1 2
Precisamos encontrar x1 . No ponto de tangência: y1 = e y1 = (x + 4) .
x1 + 1 (x1 + 1)2 1
Então:
2 x1 2 x1 + 8
=
x1 + 1 ( x1 + 1)2
x +4
x1 = 1
x1 + 1
x1 ( x1 + 1) = x1 + 4
2
x1 + x1 − x1 = 4
x1 = 2
'
x1 = −2
4
P1 = 2, P2 = (− 2, 4 )
3
2
Equações das retas tangentes: y = (x + 4) e y = 2 (x + 4) .
9