Analysis of Wind Loads On Thompson Technology Industries Solar Panel Installation Systems Appendix B - Detailed Calculations

AES 08026733-5-1
April 2008
ANALYSIS OF WIND LOADS

ON THOMPSON TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES
SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION SYSTEMS
APPENDIX B – DETAILED CALCULATIONS
Prepared by
Jeffrey L. Grover, P.E.
APTECH ENGINEERING SERVICES, INC.
Prepared For
Thompson Technology Industries, Inc.

San Rafael, California
Made Date Client
Calculation No.: AES-C-6733-1 JLG 30 APR 08 Thompson Technology
Checked Date: Project No.:
Title: IBC Wind Analysis for Solar Panel RJG 30 APR 08 AES 08026733-5
Tracker Assembly, Supports, and Drive Revision No.: Document Control No.: Sheet No.:
Mechanism for 90 mph Wind Speed 0 N/A 2 of 69
CONTENTS
Section Page
IBC Wind Analysis 3

Summary of Elements for Finite Element Model 6
IBC Analysis 8
Support Poles along Array of Panels 15
Rotational Supports 18
Panel Rails 21
Analysis of Drive Mechanism 23
Drive Support Top 25
Drive Support Brace 31
Rotational Support Extender 36
Drive Bar 40
Drive Support Beam 44
Drive Support Mounting Bracket 47
Ram Shaft 50
Ram Splice Assembly 53
Flanged Ram Splice 54
Turnbuckle Block 57
Turnbuckle Bolt 60
I-Beam 62
I-Beam Splice Plates 66
I-Beam Support Pole – 4” Sch 40 Pipe 68
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IBC Wind Analysis
Figures 1 and 2 below show the solar panel tracking system developed by Thompson Technology. It consists of
a long row of solar panels connected together on a pivoting arrangement mounted on top of support poles. At the
center of the row of panels is the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1. There may be many such rows of panels in
a solar field. The adjustable-tilt ground mount system is identical to the design of the tracking system, except that
the supports at the poles do not pivot and there is no drive assembly.
Figure 1 Figure 2
This document calculates the loads and stresses resulting from wind loading on the solar panel tracker assembly,
structural supports, and drive mechanism according to IBC 2006. Other load cases, such as flood, rain, snow,
and earthquake are not considered in this analysis, as they are more site-dependent than the generic wind
analysis considered herein. Finite element and hand calculations were performed to evaluate the loads and
stresses on the solar panel array and support structure. Figure 3 shows a detail of the panel assemblies. This
shows the pair of rotational supports, which support the panel rails. A pair of rail extrusions supports a group of
three solar panels, and there are three pairs of panel rails per panel assembly. This results in nine solar panels
per assembly.
Figure 4 shows the layout of a typical Solar Array Field. A typical solar field consists of 15 rows of panels, with
each row being approximately 150 feet end-to-end. Each row is anchored and actuated by a 15-ton drive motor
in the center of the row.
To analyze the tracking structure, a finite element model of a single row was built and analyzed using the ANSYS
finite element code. The model was constructed with beam elements (BEAM4) for the support columns and all
structural members, shell elements (SHELL63) to model the solar panels, and joint elements (COMBIN7) to
model the pivot points at the top of the support poles about which the tracker rotates. To model the fixed array
systems, the pivot elements were locked, so that the rotational moment is resisted by each support pole.
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Panel Rails
Panels
Rotational
Supports
Support
Pole
Figure 3 – Drawing of Panels, Rotational Supports, and Panel Rails
Figures 5 and 6 shows two of the finite element models that were built (Figure 5 shows the panels in a horizontal
orientation, and Figure 6 shows the panels at a 45 degree angle to the ground). Additional models were
constructed for the fixed array at various tilt angles (10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°).
The large drive structure at the center of a row of the tracker system was not modeled, but was assumed to be a
fixed point. Only one half of a row was modeled due to symmetry.
The drive end of the row was modeled with a fixed point connected to a pivot element. The pivot element was
connected to a beam element that acted as the rotational support cradle. A similar arrangement was used at the
top of each support pole. The details of the cradle and attaching hardware were omitted from the model, but
equivalent beam properties were calculated. Because the beam elements are modeled at the centroid of the
beam, connector elements were added to connect the centroids of the various beams.
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Figure 4 – Layout of Typical Solar Array Field
Figure 5 – Finite Element Model of Single Row of Array in Horizontal Position
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Figure 6 – End View of Finite Element Model of Support Assembly at 45 Degrees
Summary of Element Properties for Finite Element Model

Tracker Support Poles – 4” Schedule 40 pipe
Material – A53 Grade A Steel
E = 30 x 106 psi
ν = 0.3
ρ = 7.33 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4
A = 3.174 in2
Izz = 7.233 in4
Iyy = 7.233 in4
Ixx = 14.465 in4
Rotational Supports – 100mm x 80mm x 3 mm rectangular tube

Material – A36 Steel
E = 30 x 106 psi
ν = 0.3
ρ = 7.33 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4
A = 1.618 in2
Izz = 3.711 in4
Iyy = 2.625 in4
Ixx = 4.709 in4
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Panel Rails
Material – 6063-T6 Aluminum
E = 10 x 106 psi
ν = 0.33
ρ = 2.52 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4
A = 0.6925 in2
Izz = 0.5307 in4
Iyy = 0.3299 in4
Ixx = 0.00162 in4
Rotational Support Cradles

Material – Steel
E = 30 x 106 psi
ν = 0.3
ρ = 7.33 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4
A = 2.278 in2
Izz = 21.286 in4
Iyy = 1.5632 in4
Ixx = 0.03667 in4
Connectors used to connect beam centroids

Material – Steel
E = 30 x 106 psi
ν = 0.3
ρ = 7.33 x 10-4 lb sec2/in4
A = 1 x 106 in2
Izz = 1 x 106 in4
Iyy = 1 x 106 in4
Ixx = 2 x 106 in4
Solar Panel Shell Elements

Material –
E = 1 x 105 psi
ν = 0.3
ρ = 2.6355 x 10-5 lb sec2/in4
t = 1.8 in
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IBC Analysis
USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION (IBC Section 302)

Occupancy Class Group U - Utility and Miscellaneous (Section 312)
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION (IBC Section 602)

Type I - non-combustible
LOAD CASES CONSIDERED (IBC Section 1605)
LRFD Design
1.2D + 0.8W Equation 16-3

Of these equations, Eq. 16-4 controls
ASD Design
D+ W Equation 16-12
D + 0.75W Equation 16-13
0.6D + W Equation 16-14

Of these equations, Eq. 16-12 controls
This analysis is based on the ASD design approach.
WIND LOADS (IBC Section 1609)
Wind loads are determined in accordance with Chapter 6 of ASCE 7-05 (Method 2).
BASIC WIND SPEED (6.5.4) V := 90⋅ mph

This value (from Fig. 6-1) is valid for most of the country, except high-wind regions
such as those prone to hurricanes and special wind regions.
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR (6.5.4.4)) Kd := 0.85

This value (from Table 6-4) applies to all types of structures, except for chimneys,
tanks, and similar structures. This structure most closely resembles open signs..
IMPORTANCE FACTOR (6.5.5) I := 0.87

Table 6-1 gives a value of 0.87 for Occupancy Category I (from Table 1-1)
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EXPOSURE CATEGORY (6.5.6) C

Exposure category C is for open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights
generally less than 30 ft. This is a worse case condition for most areas, except for
those adjacent to large bodies of water, mud flats, etc.
VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPONENT COEFFICIENT (6.5.6.6) Kz := 0.85

From Table 6-3, for exposure category C, 0-15 feet above ground level.
TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS (6.5.7) Kzt := 1.0

It is assumed for this analysis that none of the conditions specified in Section
6.5.7.1 exist, and that the default value of 1.0 may be used. If the installation is
located near a hill, ridge, or escarpment, this factor will need to be considered.
GUST FACTOR (6.5.8.1)

The finite element analysis demonstrated that the fundamental frequency is less
than 1 Hz, and that the structure may not be considered to be rigid, as specified in
Section 6.2. Therefore it will have to be evaluated as a Flexible or Dynamically
Sensitive Structure, in accordance with Section 6.5.8.2.
The lowest natural frequency was n 1 := 0.0134⋅ Hz
From Table 6-2:
c := 0.2
zmin := 15⋅ ft
L := 500⋅ ft
ε := 0.2
b := 0.65
1
α :=
6.5
Height of top of structure
h := 51.5⋅ in + 39.1⋅ in ⋅ 1.5⋅ sin ( 45⋅ deg ) h = 92.972in
Equivalent height of structure
z := 0.6⋅ h
(
z := if z < zmin , zmin , z ) z = 15 ft
Horizontal dimension of array perpendicular to wind
B := 150⋅ ft
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Intensity of turbulence at height z

1
6
33⋅ ft ⎞
Iz := c ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟ Iz = 0.228
⎝ z ⎠
Integral length scale of turbulence
ε
Lz := L⋅ ⎛⎜
z ⎞ − 0.2
⎟ ⋅ ft Lz = 130.167m
⎝ ⎠
33
Background response
1
Q :=
0.63 Q = 0.865
B+ h⎞
1 + 0.63⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝ Lz ⎠
Mean hourly wind speed
α
Vz := b ⋅ ⎛⎜
z ⎞ m
⎟ ⋅V Vz = 23.164
⎝ 33⋅ ft ⎠ s
Reduced frequency
n 1⋅ Lz
N1 := N1 = 0.075
Vz
7.47⋅ N1
Rn := Rn = 0.216
5
(1 + 10.3⋅ N1) 3
4.6 h
η h := ⋅ N1⋅ η h = 0.035
sec Vz
1 1 ⎛ − 2⋅ η h ⎞
Rh := − ⋅⎝ 1 − e ⎠ Rh = 0.977
ηh 2
2⋅ η h
4.6 B
η B := ⋅ N1⋅
sec Vz η B = 0.684
1 1 ⎛ − 2⋅ η B ⎞
RB := − ⋅⎝ 1 − e ⎠
ηB 2 RB = 0.666
2⋅ η B
15.4 L
η L := ⋅ N1⋅ η L = 7.629
sec Vz
1 1 ⎛ − 2⋅ η L ⎞
RL := − ⋅⎝ 1 − e ⎠
ηL 2 RL = 0.122
2⋅ η L
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damping ratio, % of critical
β := 1
Resonant response factor
R :=
β
1
(
⋅ Rn ⋅ Rh ⋅ RB⋅ 0.53 + 0.47⋅ RL ) R = 0.287
g Q := 3.4
g v := 3.4
g R := ( )
2⋅ ln 3600⋅ sec ⋅ n 1 +
0.577
g R = 2.992
( )
2⋅ ln 3600⋅ sec ⋅ n 1
2 2 2 2
1 + 1.7⋅ Iz⋅ g Q ⋅ Q + g R ⋅ R
Gf := 0.925⋅
1 + 1.7⋅ g v ⋅ Iz Gf = 0.873
This is virtually identical to the default gust-effect factor of 0.85 for rigid structures. As a result, the following
calculations will be based on a value of 0.85.
G := Gf
ENCLOSURE CLASSIFICATION (6.5.9) OPEN

There are no walls to this structure, therefore it is open per Section 6.2.
VELOCITY PRESSURE (6.5.10)
2 lbf
q z := C1⋅ Kz⋅ Kzt⋅ Kd ⋅ V ⋅ I C1 ≡ 0.00256⋅
(mph 2)⋅ ft2
q z = 13 psf
This value shall not be less than 10 psf (Section 6.1.4)
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (6.5.11.1) GCpi := 0.0

From Figure 6-5 for open buildings
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EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (6.5.11.2)

There is no clearly defined category for solar panels within the "Other Structures"
section of ASCE 7 (Section 6.5.15). The closest category is to characterize the
array of panels as a sign. When they are horizontal, they may be called an "Open
Sign". From Figure 6-20, the appropriate value of the force coefficient is:
Cf := 1.8
This value is appropriate when the open area around the panels is less than 30% of
the gross area (when the panels are tilted less than 28 degrees). For higher angles,
the panels are most accurately characterized as "Solid Signs". The appropriate
force coefficient from Figure 6-20 for s/h=0.7 and B/s=10 is: (Case A and Case B)
Cf := 1.55
But Figure 6-20 also specifies a second case for wind at an angle.
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For Figure 6-20, Case C (shown above) the aspect ratio, B/s = 7.6 means that the
value of B/s=8 will be used. This means that the following values should be used:
For 0 to s Cf0 := 3.55
For s to 2s Cf1 := 2.3
For 2s to 3s Cf2 := 1.7
For 3s and beyond Cf3 := 1.05
For Case C, when s/h > 0.8, the force coefficients are multiplied by the following
reduction factor: (1.8 -s/h) For a value of s/h = 0.9,
Cf0 := Cf0⋅ 0.9 Cf0 = 3.195

Cf1 := Cf1⋅ 0.9 Cf1 = 2.07
Cf2 := Cf2⋅ 0.9 Cf2 = 1.53
Cf3 := Cf3⋅ 0.9 Cf3 = 0.945
This model is only more conservative than Case A above for the first two segments,
and is less conservative for the remainder of the panels. Separate finite element
models will be evaluated for Case A and Case C.
DESIGN PRESSURE (Eq. 6-27)

For the generic case:
P := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf P = 17.638psf P = 0.1225psi
For the oblique wind case
P0 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf0 P0 = 36.357psf P0 = 0.2525psi
P1 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf1 P1 = 23.555psf P1 = 0.1636psi
P2 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf2 P2 = 17.41psf P2 = 0.1209psi
P3 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf3 P3 = 10.753psf P3 = 0.0747psi
The design pressure is to be applied to the projected area, as shown on the figure on the next page.
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P3
P2
P1
P0
In the ASCE 7 procedure, the pressures P0 through P3 are converted into forces based on the gross area of the
wall or sign. Given the difference between a panel at an angle and a vertical wall or sign, it is appropriate to use
the projected area normal to the wind, as in 6.5.15. For the finite element model, the pressure was applied
normal to the face and was corrected by the sine of 45 degrees, or 0.707, so that the net horizontal force is the
same as if applied horizontally to the projected area. This also causes vertical forces of the same magnitude,
which is reasonable considering the panel is at an angle to the wind.
Finite element analyses were performed for both wind loading cases. Case C provided the worst case loading for
the panel support structure (support poles, rotational supports and aluminum panel rails) but Case A provides the
worst case loading for the drive mechanism.
Worst case stresses for the support poles, the rotational supports, and the aluminum panel rails are shown in the
table below. These components are shown in Figure 3 on sheet 4.
Sax Sy Sz
WIND Support Pole 558 1027 21790
(W) Rotational Support -47 6915 10359
Panel Rail 275 7873 1334
GRAVITY Support Pole -215 56 114

(D) Rotational Support 57 526 1876
Panel Rail -136 1304 918
D+W Support Pole 344 1083 21904

Eq. 16-12 Rotational Support 10 7441 12235
(ASD) Panel Rail 140 9177 2251
In the table above, Sax is the axial (tensile or compressive) stress. The value for Sy represents the bending stress
about the weak axis (the thinner dimension) and Sz represents the bending stress about the strong axis. The
combination D+W is the sum of the dead weight (gravity loads) and wind loads, as specified in Eq. 16-12 of the
IBC. All of the stresses are in psi. These stresses are used as input to the calculations that follow.
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Support Poles Along Array of Panels - 4" Sch 40 pipe
Dimensions:
OD := 4.5⋅ in
t := 0.237⋅ in Hollow C ylinder
OD
R := R = 2.25 in
2
Ri := R − t Ri = 2.013in
Area:
A := π⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
2 2⎞ 2
A = 3.174in
⎝ ⎠
Distance from centroid to extremities:
y := R y = 2.25 in c := y
Moment of inertia:
π
⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
4 4⎞ 4
I := I = 7.233in
4 ⎝ ⎠
Section modulus:
I 3
S := S = 3.214in
y
Plastic section modulus:
Z := 1.333⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
3 3⎞ 3
Z = 4.31 in
⎝ ⎠
From the finite element analysis the combined D+W stresses (ASD design) are
σ ax = 337.8psi
σ bend = 21908psi
τ = 419 psi
Fax := σ ax⋅ A Fax = 1072lbf
M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 70422in ⋅ lbf
Fshear := τ ⋅ A Fshear = 1330 lbf
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Allowables:
For A-53 Grade A structural steel
Fy := 30⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi
Tension (AISC 360-D2)

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 17.964ksi
Ωt
Fax
σ ax := σ ax = 0.338ksi σ ax < Fa OK
A
Compression (AISC 360-E3)
Ω c := 1.67
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I
r := r = 1.51 in
A
K := 1.0 pinned-pinned
K⋅ L
L := 48⋅ in KLr := KLr = 31.798
r
E E
KLr < 4.71⋅ 4.71⋅ = 148.943
Fy Fy
2
π ⋅E
Fe :=
2 Fe = 292.833ksi
KLr
Fy
FyFe :=
Fe
FyFe
Fcr := 0.658 ⋅ Fy Fcr = 28.741ksi
Fcr
Fc := Fc = 17.21ksi
Ωc
σ ax = 0.338ksi σ ax < Fc OK
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Bending (AISC 360-F8)

Ω b := 1.67
Criteria apply if D/t < .45 E/F y
OD E
= 18.987 .45⋅ = 450
t Fy
Fy ⋅ Z
M a := M a = 77432in⋅ lbf
Ωb .
M = 70422in ⋅ lbf M < Ma OK
Shear (AISC 360-G6)
Ω v := 1.67
Lv := 51.5⋅ in
1.60⋅ E 0.78⋅ E
Fcr := max⎡⎢ , ⎥⎤ Fcr = 357.984ksi
⎢ Lv
⎛ OD ⎞
1.25
⎛ OD ⎞
1.5 ⎥
⎢⎣ OD ⋅ ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ ⎜ t ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
Fcr ⋅ A
Vn := Vn = 340197lbf
2⋅ Ω v
Fshear = 1330 lbf
Fshear < Vn OK
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Rotational Supports
Dimensions: Hollow rectangle

b := 80⋅ mm b = 3.15 in
t := 3⋅ mm t = 0.118in
b i := b − 2⋅ t b i = 2.913in
d := 100⋅ mm d = 3.937in
d i := d − 2⋅ t d i = 3.701in
Area:
2
A := b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i A = 1.618in
Distances from
centroid to extremities:
d
y 1 := y 1 = 1.969in
2
b
y 2 := y 2 = 1.575in
2
Moments of inertia:
3 3
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 4
I1 := I1 = 3.711in
12
3 3
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 4
I2 := I2 = 2.625in
12
Section moduli:
I1 3
S1 := S1 = 1.885in
y1
I2 3
S2 := S2 = 1.667in
y2
Plastic section moduli:

2 2
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 3
Z 1 := Z 1 = 2.229in
4
2 2
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 3
Z 2 := Z 2 = 1.911in
4
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σ ax = 11.4 psi
σ bend = 12286psi
Allowables:
For A-36 structural steel
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt
Fax
σ ax := σ ax = 0.663ksi σ ax < Fa OK
A

Limiting width thickness ratio (Table B4.1)
E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 32.332
Fy
bi bi
= 24.667 < λp COMPACT
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 1.514in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 1.274in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 1.274in
K⋅ L
L := 180.2⋅ in KLr := KLr = 141.496
r
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Elastic Critical Buckling Stress

2
π ⋅E
Fe :=
2 Fe = 15 ksi
KLr
Fy
X := X = 2.434
Fe
Flexural Buckling Stress

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 31.572ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 0.663 ksi
Bending (AISC 360-F7) σ ax < Fcr OK
Ω b := 1.67
Yielding Criterion is based on plastic section modulus, so convert bending stress back into
moment:
M := σ bend ⋅ S1 M = 23163in⋅ lbf
3
Z := Z 1 Z = 2.229in
.
Fy ⋅ Z
M a := M a = 48060in⋅ lbf M < Ma OK
Ωb
For COMPACT section, flange local buckling and web local buckling do not apply
Torsion (AISC 360-G5)
T := 26107⋅ in⋅ lbf From FEA

T
τ :=
2⋅ t ⋅ ( d − t ) ⋅ ( b − t ) τ = 9.547ksi
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 5
E di E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 71.005 = 31.333 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 88.433
Fy t Fy
28 < 71.005
Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 12.934ksi
Ωv
τ = 9.547ksi τ < Vn OK
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Panel Rails - Dwg. 10280
Extruded section
Dimensions:
width := 41.3⋅ mm width = 1.626in
height := 71⋅ mm height = 2.795in
thickness := 2⋅ mm thickness = 0.079in

Area:
2 2
A := 446.8⋅ mm A = 0.6925in
Distances from
height
y 1 := y 1 = 1.398in
2
width
y 2 := y 2 = 0.813in
2
Moments of Inertia:
4 4 SECTION PROPERTIES WERE
I1 := 220874⋅ mm I1 = 0.5307in CALCULATED BY ANSYS
4 4
I2 := 137323⋅ mm I2 = 0.3299in
Section moduli:
I1 3
S1 := S1 = 0.38 in
y1
I2 3
S2 := S2 = 0.406in
y2
σ ax = 136 psi
σ bendx = 9213psi
σ bendy = 2276 psi
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Allowables:
For 6063-T6 aluminum
Fy := 25⋅ ksi
6
E := 10⋅ 10 ⋅ psi
Fty := 25⋅ ksi ADM I-A Table 3.3-1
Tension (ADM I-A Section 3.4.1)

n y := 1.65
Fty
Fa := Fa = 15.152ksi
ny
σ ax = 0.136ksi σ ax < Fa OK
Bending (ADM I-A Section 4.1.2)

n y := 1.65
Fty
Fb := Fty = 25 ksi
ny
σ ax σ bendx σ bendy
Ratio := + + Ratio = 0.767
Fa Fb Fb
Ratio < 1.0 OK
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Analysis of Drive Mechanism
The remaining analyses are based on the loads that the finite element model impart on the
drive mechanism, which was assumed to be fixed in the FE analysis. The loads are doubled
where appropriate to account for symmetry in the model. It should be noted, that because of
the way the Case C loads (Figure 6-20, ASCE 7) are defined to be high at the exposed end,
and lower toward the middle of the array, Case A actually provides the worst loading at the
drive mechanism.
Dead Load:
D := 2⋅ 194.9⋅ lbf D = 389.8lbf
Wind Load: (90 mph)
W v = 668 lbf Vertical
W h = 1952 lbf Horizontal
M w = 67457in⋅ lbf Moment
For ASD Design, the controlling load combination is D+W
D + W v = 1058lbf (wind load down)
D − W v = −278.224 lbf (wind load up)
W h = 1952 lbf
M w = 67457in⋅ lbf
Figures 4 and 5 below show the complete Drive Mechanism assembly
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Figure 4
Figure 5
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Drive Support Top - Dwg. 10170
Hollow rectangle
Dimensions:
b := 100⋅ mm b = 3.937in
t := 5⋅ mm t = 0.197in
b i := b − 2⋅ t b i = 3.543in
d := 150⋅ mm d = 5.906in
d i := d − 2⋅ t d i = 5.512in
Area:
2
A := b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i A = 3.72 in
Distances from
d
y 1 := y 1 = 2.953in
2
b
y 2 := y 2 = 1.969in
2
Moments of inertia:
3 3
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 4
I1 := I1 = 18.127in
12
3 3
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 4
I2 := I2 = 9.598in
12
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2 2
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 3
Z 1 := Z 1 = 7.414in
4
2 2
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 3
Z 2 := Z 2 = 5.584in
4
Axial Force:
P := D + W v P = 1058 lbf compression (wind load down)
P' := D − W v P' = −278 lbf compression (wind load up)

P
σ ax := σ ax = 284 psi
A
Bending:
Due to the pivot, the moment due to wind load is not carried by the drive support column. The only
moment the column resists is due to the horizontal wind force:
h := 400⋅ mm h = 15.748in
M := W h ⋅ h M = 30739in ⋅ lbf
The bending moment is about the strong axis of column, so (ignoring the braces)
c := y 1 c = 2.953in
4
I := I1 I = 18.127in
I 3
S := S = 6.139in
c
3
Z := Z 1 Z = 7.414in
M⋅c
σ bend := σ bend = 5007 psi
I
Shear:
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
F
τ := τ = 899 psi
2⋅ d i⋅ t
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Allowables:
For A-500 Grade A Steel Tubing
Fy := 33⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 19.76ksi
Ωt
Limiting width thickness ratio

E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 33.769
Fy
bi bi
= 18 < λp COMPACT
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 2.207in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 1.606in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 1.606in
L := 436⋅ mm L = 17.165in
K⋅ L
KLr := KLr = 10.686
r
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

2
π ⋅E
Fe :=
2 Fe = 2593 ksi
KLr
Fy
X := X = 0.013
Fe

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 32.825ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 0.284 ksi
σ ax < Fcr OK

Ω b := 1.67
moment:
M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 30739in⋅ lbf

.
Fy ⋅ Z
M a := M a = 146512in ⋅ lbf M < Ma OK
Ωb
Shear (AISC 360-G5)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 5
E di E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 74.162 = 28 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 92.365
Fy t Fy
28 < 71.005
Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 11.856ksi
Ωv
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
In reality, the braces limit the moment in the drive support column. The braces extend up to a point where
the moment arm is
L := 8.0661⋅ in
M := W h ⋅ L M = 15744in⋅ lbf
M a = 146512in⋅ lbf M < Ma OK

The bending stress is
M⋅c
σ bend := σ bend = 2.565ksi
I
which is consistent with the figure below, which shows the z-direction (vertical) stress. Below the
brackets, the stress in the drive support column is significantly less. Details of the finite element model
are in the next section.
Figure 6 – Z-Direction (Vertical) Stresses in Drive Support Column

(Deformations Shown are 166 Times the Actual Deformation)
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Bearing Strength at Pivot Pin Hole - AISC 360-J3
F := (D + W v )2 + W h 2 F = 2220 lbf
Ω b := 2.0
Lc := 38⋅ mm Lc = 1.496in
Fu := 45⋅ ksi
1.2⋅ Lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu
Fa := Fa = 7952 lbf F < Fa OK
Ωb
Shear in Pivot Pin (Dwg. 10180) - AISC 360-J3

Max Force
2 2
F := P + Wh F = 2220 lbf
d := 30⋅ mm
2
d 2
A := π⋅ A = 1.096in
4
F
τ := τ = 1013 psi
2⋅ A
For 304 SS Fy := 30⋅ ksi
Ω τ := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 15000psi τ < τa OK
Ωτ
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Drive Support Brace - Dwg. 10380
Geometry:
Due to the geometry of the brace, it is not easy to analyze with hand calculations, so a finite element model was
built. The model was constructed using 20-noded tetrahedron elements (element type 95) using the ANSYS finite
element code. Because wind loads can act up as well as down, the model was loaded with the horizontal load Wh
and the vertical load Wv acting upwards, minus the dead load from gravity.
Figure 7 shows the finite element model, and Figure 8 shows the results, in terms of maximum principal stress.
Figure 6 in the previous section, showed the z-direction (vertical) stresses in the drive support column. Due to the
manner in which the model was constructed (the brace was not separated from the column with gap elements)
there is an artificial “hot spot” of stress at the end of the brace on the drive support column and on the drive
support beam. The “hot spot” at the end of the brace diagonal member is real. A gap was built in to the bottom of
the drive support column so that it does not make contact with the drive support beam.
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Figure 7 – Finite Element Model of Drive Support Column, Drive Support Brace, and Drive Support Beam
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Figure 8 – Principal Stress Under Wind Load + Dead Load

(Deformations Shown are 166 Times the Actual Deformation)
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Bending of angle due to uplift (AISC 360-F6)
From the finite element model, the peak stress in the angle is approximately 10,000 psi.
σ := 10⋅ ksi
Because of the shape of the structure, we can not easily define the section properties.
Therefore, instead of calculating the allowable moment, M a , we will calculate M a /Z, which
has the same units as stress
Ω b := 1.67
1.6⋅ Fy
M aZ := M aZ = 28.743ksi σ < M aZ OK
Ωb
The support angles resist the shear force of the loads acting on the drive support column,
but must also resist the overturning moment.
h := 150⋅ mm
M := W h ⋅ h M = 11527in⋅ lbf
It is assumed that the bolted connections between the brace and the drive support column
are slip-critical, meaning that the connection as a whole will transfer the moment to the
braces and into the drive support beam. The moment is resisted by a couple, where the
distance between the forces is the distance between the centers of the bolt pattern
between the brace and the drive support beam.
150⋅ mm 120⋅ mm
x := + 35⋅ mm + x = 6.693in
2 2
M
F := F = 1722lbf
x
Assume that the wind force acts upward, it combines with this force:
Ftotal := F + W v − D Ftotal = 2000lbf
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Bearing strength at bolt holes - AISC 360-J3
F := (D + W v )2 + W h 2 F = 2220 lbf
Ω b := 2.0
Lc := 25⋅ mm Lc = 0.984in
t := 8⋅ mm
Fu := 45⋅ ksi
1.2⋅ Lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu
Ωb
Tension in column support angle bolts (M16x45) - (AISC 360-D2)

2
A := 156.67⋅ mm
Ftotal
σ ax :=
4⋅ A
Fy := 660⋅ MPa (Grade 8.8) Fy = 95.725ksi
Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 57.32ksi
Ωt
Shear in column support angle bolts (M16x45) - (AISC 360-J3)

Wh
τ := τ = 2009 psi
4⋅ A
Ω τ := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 47862psi τ < τa OK
Ωτ
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Rotational Support Extender - Dwg. 10190
Channel section
Dimensions:
The dimension d above is variable because of the angled bottom line of the part. At the center of the
torque tube slot, the dimension d is 107.72mm. At the end of the taper, the dimension is 197.39mm.
This occurs over a distance of 276 mm. Therefore the dimension d can be described by linear relationship:
( 197.39⋅ mm − 107.72⋅ mm)

d ( L) := 107.72mm + ⋅L d ( 0⋅ mm) = 107.72mm
276⋅ mm
d ( 276⋅ mm) = 197.39mm
b := 252⋅ mm b = 9.921in
t := 6⋅ mm t = 0.236in
t w := 6⋅ mm t w = 0.236in
As a result, all of the section properties will be a function of the length L. The part will be evaluated at two
locations:
L1 := 47.5⋅ mm (the edge of the torque tube slot) ( )

d L1 = 4.849in
L2 := 276⋅ mm (the end of the sloped bottom edge) d ( L2) = 7.771in
Area:
A ( L) := t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ( L) ( )
A L1 = 4.634in
2
A ( L2) = 6.015in
2
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Distances from
2
b ⋅ t + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ( L) ⋅ ( 2⋅ t + d ( L) )
y 1( L) :=
(
2⋅ t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ( L) ) ( )
y 1 L1 = 1.375in
y 1( L2) = 2.562in
b
y 2 := y 2 = 4.961in
2
Moments of inertia:
3
( ) ( ) ( )
b 3 d ( L) 2 4
I1( L) := ⋅ ( d ( L) + t ) − ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w − A ( L) ⋅ d ( L) + t − y 1( L) I1 L1 = 11.986in
3 3
I1( L2) = 41.419in
4
( d ( L) + t ) ⋅ b
3 (
d ( L) ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w )3
I2( L) :=
12
−
12
( )
I2 L1 = 72.95in
4
I2( L2) = 105.337in

4
⎡ d ( L) 2⋅ t ⎤ ⎡ t 2⋅ b t w⋅ d ( L) ⎞ ⎤
⎢
2 2
b ⋅t b ⋅ t ⋅ ( d ( L) + t ) ⎥ ⎛
Z 1( L) := ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d ( L) ≥ b ⋅ t ) ⋅ + ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d ( L) < b ⋅ t ) ⋅ ⎢
w
⎢ − +
⎥ + t w⋅ d ( L) ⋅ ⎜ t + d ( L) − ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 8⋅ t w 2
⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎝ b ⎠⎦
( )
Z 1 L1 = 5.83 in
3
Z 1( L2) = 13.61in
3
2
b ⋅t
Z 2( L) :=
4
(
+ t w⋅ d ( L) ⋅ b − t w ) Z 2( L1) = 16.905in
3
Z 2( L2) = 23.592in
3
Bending:
The moment due to wind load is transfered to the drive mechanism from the torque tubes via the
rotational support extender. The moment is equivalent to the two forces F above, acting as a
couple separated by a distance x:
x := 685⋅ mm x = 26.969in
Mw
F := F = 2501 lbf
x
The force creates a bending moment on each arm of the rotational support extender
M ( L) := F⋅ L
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
The bending moment is about the weak axis (axis 1), so
c 1 := y 1(L1) c 1 = 1.375in
c 2 := y 1(L2) c 2 = 2.562in
( )
M L1 ⋅ c 1
σ bend_1 := σ bend_1 = 763 psi
I1( L)
( )
M L2 ⋅ c 2
σ bend_2 := σ bend_2 = 1681 psi
I1( L2)
Shear:
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
F
τ 1 := τ 1 = 421 psi
( )
A L1
F
τ 2 := τ 2 = 324.5psi
( )
A L2
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω b := 1.67
( )
M 1 := M L1 M 1 = 4678 in ⋅ lbf
M 2 := M ( L2) M 2 = 27180in ⋅ lbf
( )
.
1.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Z 1 L1
M a := M a = 201077in⋅ lbf M1 < Ma OK
Ωb
M2 < Ma OK
Shear (AISC 360-G7)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 1.2
E b − 2⋅ t w E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 34.785 = 40 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 43.323
Fy tw Fy
34.785 < 40 < 43.323

QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅
Fy
Cv := Cv = 0.87
( b−2⋅ t w)
tw
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 11.248ksi
Ωv
τ1 = 0.421ksi τ1 < Vn OK
τ2 = 0.325ksi τ2 < Vn OK
Shear in bolts connecting rotational support extender to drive bar (M20x45) - AISC 360-J3
2
A := 244.79mm
⋅
The shear force is the sum of the forces acting on the column and the couple
required to resist the moment
d := 200⋅ mm
Mw
F := (D + W v)2 + W h2 + d
F = 10787lbf
F
τ := τ = 4.738ksi (6 bolts, 10190 is thin,
6⋅ A so assume a single shear plane)
Ω τ := 2.0
Fy
τa := τa = 47.9ksi τ < τa OK
Ωτ
Bearing strength at bolt holes - AISC 360-J3

F
F := (6 bolts) F = 1798lbf
6
Ω b := 2.0
Lc := 27⋅ mm Lc = 1.063in
t := 6⋅ mm
Fu := 45⋅ ksi
1.2⋅ Lc⋅ t⋅ Fu
Fa := Fa = 6780lbf F < Fa OK
Ωb
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Drive Bar - Dwg. 10210
Channel section w/ flanges
Dimensions:
b := 61⋅ mm + 12⋅ mm b = 2.874in
d := 51⋅ mm − 12⋅ mm d = 1.535in
b f := 44.5⋅ mm b f = 1.752in
t := 6⋅ mm t = 0.236in
t w := 6⋅ mm tw = 0.236in
t f := 6⋅ mm t f = 0.236in
Area:
2
A := t ⋅ b + 2⋅ tw⋅ d + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f A = 2.232in
Distances from
tf
2⋅ b f ⋅ t f ⋅ + 2⋅ d ⋅ tw ⋅ ⎛⎜ t f + ⎞⎟ + ( b ⋅ t) ⋅ ⎛⎜ t f + d + ⎞⎟
( ) ( )
d t
y 1 :=
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ y 1 = 0.945in
2⋅ b f ⋅ tf + 2d ⋅ t w + b ⋅ t
(2⋅ bf + b − 2⋅ tw)
y 2 := y 2 = 2.953in
2
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Moments of inertia:
3 3 2
b⋅t
3 2 t w⋅ d 2 b f ⋅ tf ⎛ tf ⎞
+ b ⋅ t ⋅ ⎛⎜ t f + d + − y 1 ⎞⎟ + 2⋅ + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ⋅ ⎡⎢y 1 − ⎛⎜ t f + ⎞⎟⎤⎥ + 2⋅
t d
I1 := + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f ⋅ ⎜ y 1 − ⎟
12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 12 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 12 ⎝ 2⎠
4
I1 = 1.324in
3 2 3 2
t⋅ b
3 d ⋅ tw ⎛ b tw ⎞ tf ⋅ b f ⎛b bf ⎞
I2 := + 2⋅ + 2⋅ d ⋅ t w⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ + 2⋅ + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f ⋅ ⎜ − t w + ⎟
12 12 ⎝2 2 ⎠ 12 ⎝2 2 ⎠
4
I2 = 5.514in t f
Bending:
The moment due to wind load is transfered to the ram shaft via the drive bar. The moment is
equivalent to the force F shown below, acting at a distance x:
x := 719.03⋅ mm x = 28.308in
Mw
F := F = 2383 lbf
x
but the force is split between the two drive bars on either side of the drive support column
Mw F
M := and F :=
2 2
Figure 8
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
The bending moment is about axis 2, so
c := y 2 c = 2.953in
4
I := I2 I = 5.514in
I 3
S := S = 1.867in
c
M
σ bend := σ bend = 18061psi
S
Shear:
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
F
τ := τ = 875 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω b := 1.67
Yielding Criterion is based on elastic section modulus, so convert bending stress back into
moment:
M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 33729in ⋅ lbf
Fy ⋅ S
Ωb
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Shear (AISC 360-G2)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 1.2
E b − 2⋅ t w E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 34.785 = 10.167 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 43.323
Fy tw Fy
10.167 < 34.785

Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 12.934ksi
Ωv
Shear in Drive Bearing Pin (Dwg. 10410) - AISC 360-G4
For 304 SS Fy := 30⋅ ksi

d := 30⋅ mm
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
2
d 2
A := π⋅ A = 1.096in
4
F
τ := τ = 1782 psi
A
Ω t := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 15 ksi τ < τa OK
Ωt
Bearing strength at bearing pin hole - AISC 360-J3

Ω b := 2.0
Lc := 23⋅ mm Lc = 0.906in
t := 6⋅ mm
Fu := 45⋅ ksi
1.2⋅ Lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu
Ωb
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Drive Support Beam - Dwg. 10150
Channel section
Dimensions:
b := 100⋅ mm b = 3.937in
t := 6⋅ mm t = 0.236in
d := 89⋅ mm − t d = 3.268in
t w := 6⋅ mm t w = 0.236in
Area:
2
A := t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d A = 2.474in
Distances from
2
b ⋅ t + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ⋅ ( 2⋅ t + d )
y 1 := y 1 = 1.211in
(
2⋅ t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d )
b
y 2 := y 2 = 1.969in
2
Moments of inertia:
3
( ) ( )2
b 3 d
I1 := ⋅ ( d + t ) − ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w − A ⋅ d + t − y 1
3 3
4
I1 = 3.159in
( d + t) ⋅ b
3 (
d ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w )3 4
I2 := − I2 = 6.494in
12 12
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
⎡ d 2⋅ t ⎤ ⎡ t 2⋅ b t w⋅ d ⎞ ⎤
⎢ 2 2
b ⋅t b ⋅ t⋅ ( d + t) ⎥ ⎛
Z 1 := ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d ≥ b ⋅ t ) ⋅ + ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d < b ⋅ t ) ⋅ ⎢
w
⎢ 2 − +
⎥ + t w⋅ d ⋅ ⎜ t + d − ⎟⎥
⎣ 8⋅ t w 2
⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎝ b ⎠⎦
2
b ⋅t
Z 2 :=
4
(
+ t w⋅ d ⋅ b − t w ) Z 1 = 2.433in
3
3
Z 2 = 3.772in
The forces acting on the drive support base are shown in the figure below. Both sets of forces
cause a moment in the drive support base. Assuming the drive support base is simply supported
at each end, the maximum moment occurs in the center
L := 1410⋅ mm L = 55.512in
h := 398⋅ mm h = 15.669in
( )
L
M := W h ⋅ h + D + W v ⋅ M = 45265in ⋅ lbf
4
Figure 9
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
c := y 1 c = 1.211in
4
I := I1 I = 3.159in
3
Z := Z 1 Z = 2.433in
M⋅c
I
Shear:
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
F
τ := τ = 789 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω b := 1.67
moment:
I
M := σ bend ⋅ M = 45265in ⋅ lbf
c .
Fy ⋅ Z
Ωb
Shear (AISC 360-G2)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 1.2
E b − 2⋅ t w E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 34.785 = 14.667 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 43.323
Fy tw Fy
14.667 < 34.785

Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 12.934ksi
Ωv
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Drive Support Mounting Bracket - Dwg. 10140
The drive support base is actually composed of two pieces: the drive support beam (dwg.
10150) and the two drive support mounting brackets (dwg 10140). The two pieces replace old
part no 3374.
Channel section
Dimensions:
b := 120⋅ mm b = 4.724in
t := 6⋅ mm t = 0.236in
d := 138⋅ mm − t d = 5.197in
t w := 6⋅ mm t w = 0.236in
Area:
2
A := t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d A = 3.571in
Distances from
2
b ⋅ t + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ⋅ ( 2⋅ t + d )
y 1 := y 1 = 1.986in
(
2⋅ t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d )
b
y 2 := y 2 = 2.362in
2
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Moments of inertia:
3
( ) ( )
b 3 d 2
I1 := ⋅ ( d + t ) − ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w − A ⋅ d + t − y 1
3 3
4
I1 = 11.193in
( d + t) ⋅ b
3 (
d ⋅ b − 2⋅ t w )3 4
I2 := − I2 = 14.451in
12 12
⎡ d 2⋅ t ⎤ ⎡ t 2⋅ b t w⋅ d ⎞ ⎤
⎢ 2 2
b ⋅t b ⋅ t⋅ ( d + t) ⎥ ⎛
Z 1 := ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d ≥ b ⋅ t ) ⋅ + ( 2⋅ t w⋅ d < b ⋅ t ) ⋅ ⎢
w
⎢ 2 − +
⎥ + t w⋅ d ⋅ ⎜ t + d − ⎟⎥
⎣ 8⋅ t w 2
⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎝ b ⎠⎦
2
b ⋅t
Z 2 :=
4
(
+ t w⋅ d ⋅ b − t w ) Z 1 = 5.562in
3
3
Z 2 = 6.828in
The primary force acting on the drive support base is the horizontal wind force (divided by two
because there are two brackets). It acts over a short moment arm
Wh
M := ⋅ 120⋅ mm M = 4611 in⋅ lbf
2
c := y 1 c = 1.986in
4
I := I1 I = 11.193in
3
Z := Z1 Z = 5.562in
M⋅c
I
Shear:
Wh
F := F = 976 lbf
2
F
τ := τ = 273 psi
A
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω b := 1.67
moment:
I
M := σ bend ⋅ M = 4611 in ⋅ lbf
c .
Fy ⋅ Z 5
M a := M a = 1 × 10 in ⋅ lbf M < Ma OK
Ωb
Shear (AISC 360-G2)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 1.2
E b − 2⋅ t w E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 34.785 = 18 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 43.323
Fy tw Fy
14.667 < 34.785

Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 12.934ksi
Ωv
Shear in mounting bracket bolts (M16x40) - AISC 360-J3

2
A := 156.67⋅ mm
F
τ := τ = 1005 psi
4⋅ A
Ω t := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 47.862ksi τ < τa OK
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Ram Shaft - Dwg. 10103
Dimensions: Hollow rectangle

b := 3⋅ in
b − bi
b i := 2.5⋅ in t := t = 0.25 in
2
d := 3⋅ in
d i := 2.5⋅ in
Area:
2
A := b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i A = 2.75 in
Distances from
d
y 1 := y 1 = 1.5 in
2
b
y 2 := y 2 = 1.5 in
2
Moments of inertia:
3 3
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 4
I1 := I1 = 3.495in
12
3 3
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 4
I2 := I2 = 3.495in
12
2 2
b ⋅ d − b i⋅ d i 3
Z 1 := Z 1 = 2.844in
4
2 2
d ⋅ b − d i⋅ b i 3
Z 2 := Z 2 = 2.844in
4
The force acting on the ram shaft comes from the drive bar via the drive bearing pin. This force
was:
F := W h F = 1952 lbf
However, this force acts at a 45 degree angle. The vertical component of this force is resisted
by the drive bearing pin pressing down against the I-beam via the drive bar rollers. The axial force
in the ram shaft is therefore:
Fax := F⋅ sin ( 45⋅ deg ) Fax = 1380 lbf

QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
This is the force applied to the ram shaft by a single row of solar panels. The configuration
of the solar field is such that the forces in each row add to the force in the ram shaft. Thus, the
the total force in the ram shaft between the drive motor and the closest row of panels is:
Fax := 10⋅ Fax Fax = 13802lbf
Fax
σ ax := σ ax = 5.019ksi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi
Tension (AISC 360-D2) - assume force can act in either direction

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi σ ax < Fa OK
Ωt

E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 32.332
Fy
di di
= 10 < λp COMPACT
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 1.127in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 1.127in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 1.127in
L := 6696⋅ mm L = 263.622in
K⋅ L
KLr := KLr = 233.85
r
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

2
π ⋅E
Fe :=
2 Fe = 5 ksi
KLr
Fy
X := X = 6.649
Fe

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 31.572ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 5.019ksi
σ ax < Fcr OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Ram Splice Assembly – Dwg. 90090
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Flanged Ram Splice, Short - Dwg. 10340
Channel section w/ flanges
Dimensions:
b := 77⋅ mm + 12⋅ mm b = 3.504in
d := 81⋅ mm − 6⋅ mm d = 2.953in
b f := 50⋅ mm b f = 1.969in
t := 6⋅ mm t = 0.236in
t w := 6⋅ mm t w = 0.236in
t f := 6⋅ mm t f = 0.236in
Area:
2
A := t ⋅ b + 2⋅ t w⋅ d + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f A = 3.153in
Moments of inertia:
3 3 2
b⋅t
3
⎛ t ⎞
2 t w⋅ d
⎡ ⎛ d ⎞⎤
2 b f ⋅ tf ⎛ tf ⎞
I1 := + b ⋅ t⋅ ⎜ tf + d + − y 1 ⎟ + 2⋅ + 2⋅ t w⋅ d ⋅ ⎢y 1 − ⎜ t f + ⎟⎥ + 2⋅ + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f ⋅ ⎜ y 1 − ⎟
12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 12 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 12 ⎝ 2⎠
4
I1 = 5.564in
3 2 3 2
t⋅ b
3 d ⋅ tw ⎛ b tw ⎞ tf ⋅ b f ⎛b bf ⎞
I2 := + 2⋅ + 2⋅ d ⋅ t w⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ + 2⋅ + 2⋅ b f ⋅ t f ⋅ ⎜ − t w + ⎟
12 12 ⎝2 2 ⎠ 12 ⎝2 2 ⎠
4
I2 = 10.69in
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Tension:
F := Fax F = 13802lbf
F
σ ax := σ ax = 4378 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt

E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 32.332
Fy
E 3
λr := 140⋅ λr = 4.041 × 10
Fy
d d
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 1.328in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 1.841in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 1.328in
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
L := 120⋅ mm L = 4.724in
K⋅ L
KLr := KLr = 3.556
r

2
π ⋅E
Fe := 4
2 Fe = 2 × 10 ksi
KLr
Fy −3
X := X = 1.538 × 10
Fe

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 35.977ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 4.378ksi
σ ax < Fcr OK
Shear in Bolts (M20x120) - AISC 360-G4

2 2
A := 245⋅ mm A = 0.38 in
There are two bolts, with two shear planes per bolt, therefore
F
F :=
4
F
τ := τ = 9086 psi
A
Ω t := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 47.862ksi τ < Vn OK
Ωt
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes - AISC 360-J3-10

F := 2⋅ F
Ω := 2.0
Lc := 24.5mm clear distance between edge of hole & edge of material
Fu := 58⋅ ksi for A36 steel
1.5⋅ Lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu
Fa := Fa = 9911 lbf
Ω
F = 6901 lbf F < Fa OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Turnbuckle Block, Ram Shaft - Dwg. 10330
Rectangular Section w/ Hole

Dimensions:
b := 58⋅ mm
h := 50⋅ mm
d := 38⋅ mm
Area: 2
d
A := b ⋅ h − π⋅
4
2
A = 2.737in
Moments of inertia:
3 4
b⋅h
− ⋅ ⎛⎜
π d ⎞ 4
I1 :=
4 ⎝2
⎟ I1 = 1.206in
12 ⎠
3 4
h⋅b
− ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
d π 4
I2 := I2 = 1.707in
12 4 ⎝2⎠
Due to the nature of the loading, there will be no bending moments acting on the turnbuckle. Therefore only
tension and compression are considered. The force can act in either direction.
Tension/Compression:
F := Fax F = 13802lbf
F
σ ax := σ ax = 5043 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 32.332
Fy
E 3
λr := 140⋅ λr = 4.041 × 10
Fy
(b − d)
t :=
2
d d
= 3.8 < λp COMPACT
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 0.664in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 0.79 in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 0.664in
L := 50⋅ mm L = 1.969in
K⋅ L
KLr := KLr = 2.966
r

2
π ⋅E
Fe := 4
2 Fe = 3 × 10 ksi
KLr
Fy −3
X := X = 1.07 × 10
Fe

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 35.984ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 5.043ksi
σ ax < Fcr OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Shear in Bolts (M20x120) - AISC 360-J3

2 2
A := 245⋅ mm A = 0.38 in
There are two bolts, with two shear planes per bolt, therefore
Fax
F :=
4
F
τ := τ = 9086 psi
A
Ω t := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 47.862ksi τ < Vn OK
Ωt
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes - AISC 360-J3-10

Fax
F := (2 bolt holes) F = 6901 lbf
2
Ω := 2.0
Lc := 19.5⋅ mm clear distance between edge of hole & edge of material
Fu := 58⋅ ksi for A36 steel
1.5⋅ Lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu
Fa := Fa = 13148lbf
Ω
F = 6901 lbf F < Fa OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Turnbuckle Bolt, Ram Shaft - Dwg. 10320
Circular Cross Section

Dimensions:
d := 36⋅ mm d = 1.417in
d
r :=
2
Area:
2 2
A := π⋅ r A = 1.578in
Moment of Inertia:
π 4 4
I := ⋅r I = 0.198in
4
Tension/Compression:
F := Fax F = 13802lbf
F
σ ax := σ ax = 8748 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

Compact section
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I
r := r = 0.354in
A
L := 120⋅ mm L = 4.724in
K⋅ L
KLr := KLr = 13.333
r

2
π ⋅E
Fe :=
2 Fe = 1665 ksi
KLr
Fy
X := X = 0.022
Fe

Fcr := if ⎛ Fe > 0.44⋅ Fy , 0.658 ⋅ Fy , 0.877⋅ Fy ⎞
X
Fcr = 35.676ksi
⎝ ⎠
σ ax = 8.748ksi
σ ax < Fcr OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
I-Beam - Dwg. 10003
Dimensions: Wide-flange beam with equal flanges

b := 100⋅ mm b = 3.937in
t := 9⋅ mm t = 0.354in
t w := 6⋅ mm t w = 0.236in
d := 148⋅ mm − 2⋅ t d = 5.118in
Area:
2
A := 2⋅ b ⋅ t + t w⋅ d A = 3.999in
Distances from
d
y 1 := + t y 1 = 2.913in
2
b
y 2 := y 2 = 1.969in
2
Moments of inertia:
b ⋅ ( d + 2⋅ t )
3 ( b − t w) ⋅ d 3
I1 := −
12 12
4
I1 = 23.557in
3
3
b ⋅t tw ⋅ d
I2 := + 4
6 12 I2 = 3.609in
2
t w⋅ d 3
Z 1 := + b ⋅ t⋅ ( d + t) Z 1 = 9.181in
4
2
2
b ⋅t tw ⋅ d 3
Z 2 := + Z 2 = 2.817in
2 4
Forces will be transmitted to the I-beam from the drive bearing pin. From the analysis of the ram
shaft, the vertical force on the I-beam is:
F := W h ⋅ cos ( 45⋅ deg ) F = 1380 lbf
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
The I-beam will act as a continuous beam, and assuming that the force is applied at the worst
location (at the center of the span) the moment is:
L := 7⋅ m L = 275.591in
L
M := F⋅ M = 95092in⋅ lbf
4
The moment acts in the strong direction on the beam (axis 1), so
c := y 1 c = 2.913in
4
I := I1 I = 23.557in
I 3
S := S = 8.086in
c
3
Z := Z 1 Z = 9.181in
M⋅c
I
In addition, the I-beam resists the axial force in the ram shaft
Fax = 13802lbf
Fax
σ ax := σ ax = 3.451ksi
A
Shear:
F
τ := τ = 345 psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

E
λp := 1.12⋅ λp = 32.332
Fy
d d
t t
Radii of gyration
about central axes:
I1
r1 := r1 = 2.427in
A
I2
r2 := r2 = 0.95 in
A
(
r := min r1 , r2 ) r = 0.95 in
Lb := 3.5⋅ m Lb = 137.795in
E
Lp := 1.76⋅ r⋅ Lp = 48.268in
Fy
I⋅ d
rts := rts = 2.73 in
2⋅ S
E
Lr := π⋅ rts ⋅ Lr = 295.971in
0.7⋅ Fy
Lp < Lb < Lr
46.252 < 137.795 < 386.516
Cb := 1.0
M p := Fy ⋅ Z
⎡ (
Lb − Lp )⎤
(
M n := Cb ⋅ ⎢ M p − M p − 0.7⋅ Fy ⋅ S ⋅ )(
Lr − Lp ) ⎥⎦ M n = 284703in⋅ lbf
⎣
M = 95092in⋅ lbf
M < Mn OK
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client

Ω b := 1.67
moment:
M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 95092in ⋅ lbf

.
Fy ⋅ Z
M n := M n = 197914in⋅ lbf M < Mn OK
Ωb
Shear (AISC 360-G2)
Ω v := 1.67
kv := 1.2
E d E
1.10⋅ kv ⋅ = 34.785 = 14.444 1.37⋅ kv ⋅ = 43.323
Fy t Fy
28 < 34.785
Cv := 1.0
0.6⋅ Fy ⋅ Cv
Vn := Vn = 12.934ksi
Ωv
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
I-Beam Splice Plates - Dwg. 10350
Flat rectangular plates w/ slotted holes
Dimensions:
d := 120mm d = 4.724in
b := 5mm b = 0.197in
Area:
2
A := b ⋅ ( d − 44⋅ mm) A = 0.589in Net Area
Tension:
The axial force in the I-Beam will be shared between two splice plates
Fax
F := F = 6901 lbf
2
F
σ ax := σ ax = 11716psi
A
Allowables:
Fy := 36⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Compression (AISC 360-E3) - assume force can act in either direction

Ω c := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 21.557ksi
Ωc
Shear in Bolts (M20x45) - AISC 360-G4

2 2
A := 245⋅ mm A = 0.38 in
F
τ := τ = 18172psi
A
Ω t := 2.0
Fy
τ a := τ a = 47.862ksi τ < τa OK
Ωt
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
I-Beam Support Pole - 4" Sch 40 Pipe
Dimensions:
OD := 4.5⋅ in
t := 0.237⋅ in Hollow C ylinder
OD
R := R = 2.25 in
2
Ri := R − t Ri = 2.013in
Area:
A := π⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
2 2⎞ 2
A = 3.174in
⎝ ⎠
Distance from centroid to extremities:
y := R y = 2.25 in c := y
Moment of inertia:
π
⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
4 4⎞ 4 I
I := I = 7.233in S :=
4 ⎝ ⎠ c
Plastic section modulus:
Z := 1.333⋅ ⎛ R − Ri
3 3⎞ 3
Z = 4.31 in
⎝ ⎠
The columns are spaced 11.5 feet apart, and are 27" high. The rows of solar panels are spaced 7
meters apart
7⋅ m = 22.966ft h := 27⋅ in
Therefore, there are two columns for every row of panels. All of the loads due to the applied moment
are reacted out internally within the ram shaft and I beam. Therefore, the only loads on the columns
are the horizontal and vertical loads, and the loads defined on sheet 2 are distributed over two columns.
Axial Force:
( )
1
P := ⋅ D + W v P = 529 lbf compression (wind load down)
2
P
σ ax := σ ax = 167 psi
A
Bending:
1
M := ⋅W h⋅h M = 26351in⋅ lbf
2
M⋅c
I
QAE17
REV 8/96
Made Date Client
Shear:
1
F := ⋅W h F = 976 lbf
2
F
τ := τ = 307 psi
A
Allowables:
For A-53 Grade A steel
Fy := 30⋅ ksi
6
E := 30⋅ 10 ⋅ psi

Ω t := 1.67
Fy
Fa := Fa = 17.964ksi
Ωt

Ω b := 1.67
Criteria apply if D/t < .45 E/F y
OD E
= 18.987 .45⋅ = 450
t Fy
moment:
M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 26351in ⋅ lbf
Fy ⋅ Z
Ωb
QAE17
REV 8/96

Analysis of Wind Loads On Thompson Technology Industries Solar Panel Installation Systems Appendix B - Detailed Calculations

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Analysis of Wind Loads On Thompson Technology Industries Solar Panel Installation Systems Appendix B - Detailed Calculations

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AES 08026733-5-1

ANALYSIS OF WIND LOADS

Jeffrey L. Grover, P.E.

APTECH ENGINEERING SERVICES, INC.

Thompson Technology Industries, Inc.

IBC Wind Analysis 3

IBC Wind Analysis

Figure 3 – Drawing of Panels, Rotational Supports, and Panel Rails

Figure 4 – Layout of Typical Solar Array Field

Figure 5 – Finite Element Model of Single Row of Array in Horizontal Position

Figure 6 – End View of Finite Element Model of Support Assembly at 45 Degrees

Summary of Element Properties for Finite Element Model

Rotational Supports – 100mm x 80mm x 3 mm rectangular tube

Rotational Support Cradles

Connectors used to connect beam centroids

Solar Panel Shell Elements

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION (IBC Section 302)

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION (IBC Section 602)

LOAD CASES CONSIDERED (IBC Section 1605)

1.2D + 0.8W Equation 16-3

1.2D + 1.6W Equation 16-4

0.9D + 1.6W Equation 16-6

D + 0.75W Equation 16-13

0.6D + W Equation 16-14

This analysis is based on the ASD design approach.

WIND LOADS (IBC Section 1609)

BASIC WIND SPEED (6.5.4) V := 90⋅ mph

WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR (6.5.4.4)) Kd := 0.85

IMPORTANCE FACTOR (6.5.5) I := 0.87

EXPOSURE CATEGORY (6.5.6) C

VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPONENT COEFFICIENT (6.5.6.6) Kz := 0.85

TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS (6.5.7) Kzt := 1.0

GUST FACTOR (6.5.8.1)

The lowest natural frequency was n 1 := 0.0134⋅ Hz

From Table 6-2:

h := 51.5⋅ in + 39.1⋅ in ⋅ 1.5⋅ sin ( 45⋅ deg ) h = 92.972in

Equivalent height of structure

Horizontal dimension of array perpendicular to wind

Intensity of turbulence at height z

damping ratio, % of critical

ENCLOSURE CLASSIFICATION (6.5.9) OPEN

VELOCITY PRESSURE (6.5.10)

This value shall not be less than 10 psf (Section 6.1.4)

INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (6.5.11.1) GCpi := 0.0

EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (6.5.11.2)

Cf0 := Cf0⋅ 0.9 Cf0 = 3.195

DESIGN PRESSURE (Eq. 6-27)

For the oblique wind case

P0 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf0 P0 = 36.357psf P0 = 0.2525psi

P1 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf1 P1 = 23.555psf P1 = 0.1636psi

P2 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf2 P2 = 17.41psf P2 = 0.1209psi

P3 := q z⋅ G⋅ Cf3 P3 = 10.753psf P3 = 0.0747psi

GRAVITY Support Pole -215 56 114

D+W Support Pole 344 1083 21904

Support Poles Along Array of Panels - 4" Sch 40 pipe

Fax := σ ax⋅ A Fax = 1072lbf

M := σ bend ⋅ S M = 70422in ⋅ lbf

Fshear := τ ⋅ A Fshear = 1330 lbf

Tension (AISC 360-D2)

Compression (AISC 360-E3)

Bending (AISC 360-F8)

Criteria apply if D/t < .45 E/F y