COMPUTER NETWORKS

Master of Computer Application (MCA)

Submitted By:-

Name : SHYAM SONI

Roll_no : B69

Section : E3004

Group : B

Subject_Code : CAP306

Submitted To:-

MR. JITESHWAR ANAND

1.I have send a binary signal over 12-Khz channel whose signal to noise ratio is 10
dB, what should my maximum achievable rate?

Answer:

The maximum number of bits/sec is = B log2 (1+SNR)

Where B is the bandwidth and the SNR is a signal noise ratio.

The ratio SNR can be found by the function that determines decibels: Db = 10 log10 SNR

Thus, Db = 10 log10 SNR

Db/10
= SNR = 10

= SNR = 10

So the maximum achievable data rate here is

= 12 * 103 log2 (1+ 10)
= 12 * 103 log2 (11)
= 12 * 103 * 3.4594
= 12000 * 3.4594
= 41512.8 kbps

2. Demodulator part of the modem and modulator part of the codec, both convert
an analog signal to the digital ones, if there is any difference? Justify your answer

Answer:
Modulator: A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator.

Demodulator: A device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a

demodulator.

Modem: A device that can do both operations is a modem (modulator–demodulator).

Basically, a codec is software that tells the computer how to 'translate' the digital
information of a file and present it in an understandable manner.

A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or decoding a

digital data stream or signal.

The demodulator part of the codec takes the wavy analog signal from the line and
converts it to a digital signal. The coder part of codec puts the transmitted data together
from the data the demodulator spits out. A codec is used to more effectively use the
bandwidth.

Demodulator and modulator both generate a digital signal, but the demodulator accepts a
modulated sine wave only while the coder accepts an arbitrary analog signal.

3. in the constellation diagram, all the points lie on a circle centered on the origin.
What kind of modulation is used and why?

Answer:- If all the points are equidistant from the origin, they all have the same
amplitude, so amplitude modulation is not being used. Frequency modulation is never
used in constellation diagrams, so the encoding is pure phase shift keying.

4. How receiver detect that which is information signal and which is carrier signal
and how it separate both at destination?
Answer:- The high frequency is carrier signal & information being the lower frequency.
Thus, the receiver can detect which is carrier signal and which is information signal.
the demodulation is to check the signal through phase & frequency of the signal and the
low pass filter reject the high frequency signal. since the work of demodulator is to
demodulate high frequency carrier signal,so in its recovery circuit it employs a circuit
which does not allow high frequency signals to pass , but passes the low frequency
signal. where the high frequency is carrier signal & information being the lower
frequency

5. If you are given with Ip address, how would you calculate the number of
computer attached? Illustrate by giving example
Answer:- If we are given with an IP address then we can find out the no. of computers
attached as it must be a class C address range, i.e. first three digits will be same, and the
last can thus range from X.X.0. to 255,x, 254 computers on each of 256 network. It can
hold 65,534 Addresses.
Take a network written 69.0.0.0. The computers on this network could have IP
addresses going from 69.0.0.1 to 69.255.255.254. So, it is a case of allocating the
numbers in such a way that there is a structure in the hierarchy of the computers and
servers.

So, the smaller the number of bits reserved on the network, the more computers it can
contain.

Cosider an ip address is 252.252.251.0 then number’s of computer are connected

(252*252*251=15939504)

6. How long a station’s’ have to wait in the worst case before it can start
transmitting its frame over LAN that uses the basic bit map protocol?
Answer:-

Bit-Map Protocol:
In, the basic bit-map method, each contention period consists of exactly N slots. If station
0 has a frame to send, it transmits a 1 bit during the zeroth slot. No other station is
allowed to transmit during this slot. Regardless of what station 0 does, station 1 gets the
opportunity to transmit a 1 during slot 1, but only if it has a frame queued. In general,
station j may announce that it has a frame to send by inserting a 1 bit into slot j. After all
N slots have passed by; each station has complete knowledge of which stations wish to
transmit. At that point, they begin transmitting in numerical order.
Since everyone agrees on who goes next, there will never be any collisions. After the last
ready station has transmitted its frame, an event all stations can easily monitor, another N
bit contention period is begun. If a station becomes ready just after its bit slot has passed
by, it is out of luck and must remain silent until every station has had a chance and the bit
map has come around again. Protocols like this in which the desire to transmit is
broadcast before the actual transmission are called reservation protocols.
The worst case is when a station wants to transmit (just after its bit slot is passed), and all
of the other stations are transmitting. Then, on the next pass all the stations are
transmitting again, and station, s, is the very last station on the map. So first it has to wait
for (N-1) frame slot, then entire N bit-slot (contention period), and another (N-1) frame
slot, so total waiting time is N + 2 (N-1) d bit slots.

7. a cable TV system has 100 commercial channels all of them alternating program’s
with advertising, is this more like TDM or FDM? Justify your answer
Answer:-
Because each of the 100 channels is assigned its own frequency band (FDM) and on
each channel the two logical streams are intermixed by TDM.

In FDM, multiple channels are combined onto a single signal for transmission. The
channels are separated by their FREQUENCY. It is commonly used in TV networks.
Each TV station in his broadcast area, is allocate a specific frequency for broadcasting.
So that independent channels can be run simultaneously in different broadcast area.

In TDM, the entire bandwidth is allocated to the entire channel only the time is divided
into slots i.e. sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing available transmission
time.