PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENTAL

DEFINITION

What is Environment?
Refers to all external conditions that surround man. It is
composed of the atmosphere, Water, Vegetation, soil and animals.

What is Environmental Management?

Refers to the measures and controls that are directed at the
exploitation and the improvement of resources within a given
Environment.

What is Environmental resources?

A resource is anything/substance in the physical Environment
considered to have value or usefulness e.g. Fuel, minerals, soil,
water and Forest.

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT

Natural Environment:

-Include all aspect of the Environment, which are non-cultural.

-They include things, which are availed by nature.
E.g. Landscape and air. The main factor that determines the nature is
climate.
Cultural Environment:

- Include all aspect of human culture that are found within a given
Environment for his survival.
E.g. Traditional, beliefs, taboos, political organization and social
interaction, which operate within given Environment.

Geographical Environment:
- Refers to Environmental factors whose relationships are
considered in terms of spatial location.

Physical Environment:
This includes all phenomena apart from man and things he creates.

The non-human Environment:

-This includes all those things that are not in a social system
whether man made or not.

CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POLLUTION

Population.

 Resources over used.

 Pollution.

 Global climatic change.

 Wars.

POPULATION.

The high population in Rural and urban areas are the most problems
in Tanzania. Over population on pressure land that cause over
cultivation lead to poor soils, deforestation, over demand water and
distructive of reservoirs.

RESOURCES OVER USED.

The material coming from resources are over used and becoming
less in amount by destroyed and polluted totally.

POLLUTION.

Pollution is a reduction of the physical, chemical or biological

balance of the Environment that has adverse effects on normal
functioning of all life form.
E.g. Smoke from the factories pollutes the air.

GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE.

The large amount of carbondioxide released into the atmosphere by

burning of fossils, fuels may cause the global warming.

WARS.

- War is a big problem in the developing countries.

- The prepation and implementation people are killed, farms and
forest are fired and destroyed.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POLLUTION.

These are natural or men induce disaster that threatens the existence
of man.
Natural hazards include:

FLOODS.

DROUGHT.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.

EARTHQUAKES.

WINDS.

PESTS AND DISEASES.

FLOODS.

Can occurs when:

a) The soil cannot absorb all the water from the rain.
b) Cause destruction of the soil.
c) Destroy human and animal life
d) Uproot plant, especially on higher slopes
e) Cause water borne diseases.
f) Cause an economic set back to a country
 DROUGHT.

It is a condition where surface water becomes insufficient.

Drought results from a prolonged deficiency of rain.
The effects of drought are:

a) Lack of water for both industrial and domestic use.

b) Low agriculture production.
c) Famine
d) Loss of livestock and wildlife due to lack of water and pasture.
e) Retardation of economic development of a country.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.

These are associated with tectonic movement and are a hazard in

that:
a) Where eruptions have occurred, human lives have been lost.
b) Eruptions have destroyed vegetation.
c) Harmful gases have been emitted into the atmosphere.
d) Heavy rainfall has resulted from eruptions causing flood

EARTHQUAKES.

Are sudden earth movements or vibrations in the earth crust.

They are caused by:
a)
a) The development of fault in the crust, which result from collision
of mates
b) Movement of molten rock below, or of the rock, which has slowly
built up along the fault line.

WINDS
These are natural hazards in that they:
a) Are an agent of soil erosion.
b) Destroy Vegetation.
c) Destroy property and human life.
d) Transport sand and dust that they may cause problem in breathing
and vision.
e) Transport warm and cold currents thus causing temperature
changes.

PESTS AND DISEASES.

Pest such as tsetse flies, locusts, ticks, fleas are a great threat to both
man and animals. These can destroy crops cause sickness to man
and animals.

WAYS OF MANAGING ENVIROMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL

CONSERVATION METHODS.

These are as follows:

a) Forest conservation and Management.
b) Fish conservation and Management.
c) Water conservation and Management.
d) Wildlife conservation and Management.
 FOREST CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT.

This has taken the following forms.

a) a) Afforestation.
b) b) Tree farm.
c) c) Reafforestation.
d) d) Agro forestry.
e) e) Government policy.
f) f) Training of personnel.
g) g) Selective felling.
h) h) Maximum utilization of tree cutting.

WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT.

This may be done through:

a) a) Harvesting the run-off.
b) b) Roof catchments and storage in tank.
c) c) Rock catchments.
d) d) Water treatment.
e) e) Construction of earth dams
f) f) Training of personnel
g) g) Protecting water from pollution.
h) h) Recycling of water

FISH CONSERVARTION AND MANAGEMENT.

Can done through:

a) Introducing suitable new species of fish.
b) Protecting waters from pollution by legislation.
c) Controlled fish harvesting.
d) Fish farming.
e) Training of personnel.
f) Planned re-stocking program though artificial fertilization.

WILD LIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT.

This has taken the following forms.

a) a) Establishment of natural parks and game reserves.
b) b) Ban of illegal hunting.
c) c) Ban on trade in the game trophies.
d) d) Setting up of anti poaching units.
e) e) Perimeter fencing.
f) f) Provision of water in the in the park and in the game reserves.

CONLUSION.

We conclude by saying that the causes for the environmental

degradation and pollution are that , population increase, war etc. And
the effects of this are volcanic eruption , earthquake , drought etc . In
order to conserve and make proper management we should make sure
that wildlife , water ,fish are properly conserved so as stop from
exploitation of resources within a given Environment effectively
DONE BY:

NITESH.MISTRY
PUNIT.VINOD
RAJIV.SOLANKI
DIVYESH.DAVDA
JINIT.SAVCHAND