Fedora 12 Dracut

Fedora 12 Dracut
Fedora 12 Dracut
Finnbarr P. Murphy
(fpm@fpmurphy.com)
Fedora 12 (Constantine) contains a new infrastructure for populating and building an initramfs
image called Dracut. Dracut is a replacement for both the mkinitrd build script and the nash script
interpreter. The project was started by Jeremy Katz when he worked at Redhat as a result of
discussions at a Linux Summit a couple of years ago and some community prodding by David Jones.
Currently Harald Hoyer, who works for Redhat, is the owner of the project. In this post I examine
ly
Dracut in detail and show the major differences between the existing and new infrastructures.
I assume that if you are reading this post you are somewhat familiar with how Linux (and Fedora
on
in particular) is booted, the purpose of initrd, initramfs and mkinitrd. Dracut continues to use the
initramfs architecture but replaces the /sbin/mkinitrd shell script with its own shell script
/sbin/dracut, the nash script interpreter with dash (Debian Almquist shell) if available otherwise
bash, and a totally new init script.
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First let us look at the changes that are or may be visible when you boot your system. If you look
at your grub configuration file you will see a number of changes. Here is one stanza from my
lu
current configuration file.
a
title Fedora (2.6.31.6-166.fc12.x86_64)
root (hd0,1)
nn
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.6-166.fc12.x86_64 ro root=UUID=434794ee-a7ff-4156-aabf-53a79c3d

319b LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.31.6-166.fc12.x86_64.img
o
The number of arguments on the kernel command line has increased. Now a console language
rs
(locale), a console font and keyboard type and table are specified. Console fonts are used to
display text (glyphs) on a Linux console. Numerous console fonts are available; they are kept in
pe
/lib/kbd/consolefonts. The Unicode console font latarcyrheb-sun16 covers Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew
and Arabic. This is the default Fedora console font. Where specified on the kernel command line,
I18N-related parameters will be written to the appropriate file in the initramfs. For example,
KEYTABLE=us will be written to the initramfs’s /etc/sysconfig/keyboard,
r
SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 will be written to the initramfs’s /etc/sysconfig/i18n, and so on.

Fo
Numerous other kernel command line options are also supported. These are all documented in the
dracut(8) man page. Support for debugging initramfs problems has been significantly improved.
Here is a list of the documented debugging options:
● rdinfo – print informational output though “quiet” is set

● rdshell – allow dropping to a shell, if root mounting fails
● rdinitdebug – set -x for the dracut shell and logs to dmesg, console and /init.log
● rdbreak – drop to a shell at the end
● rdbreak={cmdline|pre-udev|pre-trigger|initqueue|pre-mount|mount|pre-pivot} – drop to a shell
on defined breakpoint
● rdudevinfo – set udev to loglevel info
● rdudevdebug – set udev to loglevel debug
● rdnetdebug – debug network scripts in dracut. Output is written to /tmp/
The one that I particularly like is the ability to drop into a shell on a defined breakpoint.
03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 1/22

Fedora 12 Dracut
Here is the Dracut-related content in /var/log/dmesg when I boot my system with no debugging
options set.
dracut: dracut-003-13.4.git8f397a9b.fc12
udev: starting version 145
[drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810
nouveau 0000:01:00.0: PCI INT A -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 16
nouveau 0000:01:00.0: setting latency timer to 64
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Detected an NV50 generation card (0x096000c1)
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Attempting to load BIOS image from PRAMIN
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: ... appears to be valid
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: BIT BIOS found
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Bios version 62.94.29.00
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: TMDS table revision 2.0 not currently supported
ly
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Found Display Configuration Block version 4.0
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: DCB connector table: VHER 0x40 5 16 4
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: 0: 0x00001030: type 0x30 idx 0 tag 0x07
on
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: 1: 0x00002130: type 0x30 idx 1 tag 0x08
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: 2: 0x00000210: type 0x10 idx 2 tag 0xff
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Raw DCB entry 0: 02000300 00000028
se
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Raw DCB entry 4: 010223f1 00c0c080
lu
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table 0 at offset 0xD0BE
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table 1 at offset 0xD4D3
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table 2 at offset 0xE4C4
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table 3 at offset 0xE60D
a
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table 4 at offset 0xE849
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: Parsing VBIOS init table at offset 0xE8AE
nn
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: 0xE8AE: Condition still not met after 20ms, skipping following
opcodes
[drm] nouveau 0000:01:00.0: 0xC090: parsing output script 0
SELinux: initialized (dev debugfs, type debugfs), uses genfs_contexts
o
SELinux: initialized (dev sockfs, type sockfs), uses task SIDs

SELinux: initialized (dev proc, type proc), uses genfs_contexts
rs
SELinux: initialized (dev bdev, type bdev), uses genfs_contexts

SELinux: initialized (dev rootfs, type rootfs), uses genfs_contexts
SELinux: initialized (dev sysfs, type sysfs), uses genfs_contexts
pe
type=1403 audit(1260498140.014:3): policy loaded auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295

dracut: Switching root
Here is what is outputted to the console (and to /var/log/boot.log) when the rdinfo option is added
r
to the kernel command line.

Fo
WARNING: Deprecated config file /etc/modprobe.conf, all config files belong into /etc/modp
robe.d/.
dracut: Scanning devices sda3 for LVM volume groups
dracut: Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
dracut: Found volume group "vg_ultra" using metadata type lvm2
dracut: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_ultra" now active
dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/dm-0
dracut: Loading SELinux policy
dracut: Switching root
Here is what is outputted when rdinitdebug is added to the kernel command line instead of rdinfo:
dracut: + /bin/plymouth --show-splash+

dracut: vinfo

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + read line

dracut: + [ -e /pre-trigger/30parse-dm.sh ]
dracut: + . /pre-trigger/30parse-dm.sh
dracut: + getarg rd_NO_DM
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + getarg nodmraid
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ -e /pre-trigger/30parse-md.sh ]
dracut: + . /pre-trigger/30parse-md.sh
dracut: + getarg rd_NO_MD
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + getargs rd_MD_UUID=
dracut: + set +x
ly
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + MD_UUID=
dracut: + [ -n ]
on
dracut: + [ -e /etc/mdadm.conf ]
dracut: + getarg rd_NO_MDIMSM
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + getarg noiswmd
se
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + getarg nodmraid
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
lu
dracut: + udevadm trigger
dracut: + getarg rdbreak=initqueue
dracut: + set +x
a
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + i=0
nn
dracut: + :
dracut: + check_finished
dracut: + local f
dracut: + [ -e /initqueue-finished/block.sh ]
o
dracut: + . /initqueue-finished/block.sh
dracut: + [ -e /dev/root ]
rs
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + udevsettle
dracut: + [ -z 145 ]
pe
dracut: + [ 145 -ge 143 ]

dracut: + udevadm settle --exit-if-exists=/initqueue/work
dracut: + local f
r
Fo
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ -f /initqueue/work ]
dracut: + [ -e /initqueue/*.sh ]
dracut: + break
dracut: + udevadm settle --timeout=0
dracut: + modprobe scsi_wait_scan
dracut: WARNING: Deprecated config file /etc/modprobe.conf, all config files belong into /
etc/modprobe.d/.
dracut: + rmmod scsi_wait_scan
dracut: + [ -e /initqueue-settled/blocksymlink.sh ]
dracut: + job=/initqueue-settled/blocksymlink.sh . /initqueue-settled/blocksymlink.sh
dracut: + [ -e /dev/disk/by-uuid/434794ee-a7ff-4156-aabf-53a79c3d319b ]
dracut: + local f

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ -e /initqueue-settled/lvm_scan.sh ]
dracut: + job=/initqueue-settled/lvm_scan.sh . /initqueue-settled/lvm_scan.sh
dracut: + [ -e /initqueue-settled/lvm_scan.sh ]
dracut: + rm /initqueue-settled/lvm_scan.sh
dracut: + /sbin/lvm_scan
dracut: + getargs rd_LVM_VG=
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + VGS=
dracut: + [ -d /etc/lvm ]
dracut: + [ -e /tmp/.lvm_scan-sda3 ]
dracut: + echo -n sda3
dracut: + lvmdevs=sda3
dracut: + [ ! -e /etc/lvm/lvm.conf ]
dracut: + info Scanning devices sda3 for LVM volume groups
ly
dracut: + [ -z ]
dracut: + DRACUT_QUIET=no
dracut: + getarg quiet
on
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: Scanning devices sda3 for LVM volume groups
dracut: + [ yes != yes ]
dracut: + lvm vgscan
se
dracut: + vinfo
dracut: + read line
dracut: + info Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
dracut: + [ -z yes ]
dracut:
lu
+ echo <6>dracut: Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while...
dracut: + read line
dracut: + info Found volume group "vg_ultra" using metadata type lvm2
a
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: Found volume group "vg_ultra" using metadata type lvm2
nn

dracut: + read line
dracut: + lvm vgchange+ -ay
dracut: vinfo
o
dracut: + read line

dracut: + info 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_ultra" now active
rs
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "vg_ultra" now active
pe
dracut: + read line

dracut: + [ ]
dracut: + unset lvmwritten
dracut: + local f
r
Fo
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + continue
dracut: + :
dracut: + local f
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + udevsettle
dracut: + [ -z 145 ]
dracut: + [ 145 -ge 143 ]
dracut: + udevadm settle --exit-if-exists=/initqueue/work
dracut: + local f

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + return 0
dracut: + break
dracut: + unset job
dracut: + unset queuetriggered
dracut: + getarg rdbreak=pre-mount
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + source_all pre-mount
dracut: + local f
dracut: + [ pre-mount ]
dracut: + [ -d /pre-mount ]
dracut: + return
dracut: + getarg rdbreak=mount
dracut: + set +x
ly
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + i=0
dracut: + :
on
dracut: + [ -d /sysroot/proc ]
dracut: + [ -f /mount/10resume.sh ]
dracut: + . /mount/10resume.sh
dracut: + [ -s /.resume -a -b ]
se
dracut: + [ -f /mount/99mount-root.sh ]
dracut: + . /mount/99mount-root.sh
dracut: + [ -n block:/dev/disk/by-uuid/434794ee-a7ff-4156-aabf-53a79c3d319b -a -z ]
dracut: + mount -t auto -o ro /dev/disk/by-uuid/434794ee-a7ff-4156-aabf-53a79c3d319b /sysr
oot
lu
dracut: + ROOTFS_MOUNTED=yes
dracut: + break
a
dracut: + i=1
dracut: + [ 1 -gt 20 ]
nn
dracut: + :
dracut: + break
dracut: + echo -n Mounted root filesystem
o
dracut: + vinfo
dracut: + read line
rs
dracut: + read dev mp rest

dracut: + [ / = /sysroot ]
pe
dracut: + [ /proc = /sysroot ]

dracut: + [ /sys = /sysroot ]
dracut: + [ /dev = /sysroot ]
r

Fo
dracut: + [ /dev/pts = /sysroot ]

dracut: + [ /dev/shm = /sysroot ]
dracut: + [ /sysroot = /sysroot ]
dracut: + echo /dev/dm-0
dracut: + info Mounted root filesystem /dev/dm-0
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/dm-0
dracut: + read line
dracut: + getarg rdbreak=pre-pivot
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + source_all pre-pivot
dracut: + local f
dracut: + [ pre-pivot ]
dracut: + [ -d /pre-pivot ]

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + [ -e /pre-pivot/30crypt-cleanup.sh ]
dracut: + . /pre-pivot/30crypt-cleanup.sh
dracut: + cryptsetup luksClose /dev/mapper/luks-*
dracut: + [ -e /pre-pivot/31crypt-cleanup.sh ]
dracut: + . /pre-pivot/31crypt-cleanup.sh
dracut: + cryptsetup luksClose /dev/mapper/luks-*
dracut: + [ -e /pre-pivot/50selinux-loadpolicy.sh ]
dracut: + . /pre-pivot/50selinux-loadpolicy.sh
dracut: + rd_load_policy
dracut: + SELINUX=enforcing
dracut: + [ -e /sysroot/etc/selinux/config ]
dracut: + . /sysroot/etc/selinux/config
dracut: + SELINUX=enforcing
dracut: + SELINUXTYPE=targeted
dracut: + getarg selinux=0
dracut: + set +x
ly
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ 1 -eq 0 -o enforcing = disabled ]
dracut: + permissive=0
on
dracut: + getarg enforcing=0
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ 1 -eq 0 -o enforcing = permissive ]
dracut: + [ -x /sysroot/usr/sbin/load_policy -o -x /sysroot/sbin/load_policy ]
se
dracut: + ret=0
dracut: + info Loading SELinux policy
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: Loading SELinux policy
lu
dracut: + vinfo
dracut: + read line
dracut: + info + [ -x /sysroot/sbin/load_policy ]
a
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: + [ -x /sysroot/sbin/load_policy ]
nn

dracut: + read line
dracut: + info + chroot /sysroot /sbin/load_policy -i
o
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: + chroot /sysroot /sbin/load_policy -i

rs
dracut: + read line

dracut: + info + ret=0
pe
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: + ret=0

dracut: + read line
dracut: + [ 0 -eq 0 -o 0 -eq 2 ]
dracut: + return 0
r
dracut: + [ -e /pre-pivot/90plymouth-newroot.sh ]
Fo
dracut: + . /pre-pivot/90plymouth-newroot.sh
dracut: + [ -x /bin/plymouth ]
dracut: + /bin/plymouth --newroot=/sysroot
dracut: + getarg init=
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ -f /sysroot -a -x /sysroot ]
dracut: + [ -f /sysroot/sbin/init -a -x /sysroot/sbin/init ]
dracut: + INIT=/sbin/init
dracut: + break
dracut: + [ /sbin/init ]
dracut: + getarg rdbreak
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + udevadm control --stop-exec-queue
dracut: + HARD=
dracut: + pidof udevd
dracut: + kill 187

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + kill 186

dracut: + kill 185
dracut: + kill 184
dracut: + kill 183
dracut: + kill 182
dracut: + kill 180
dracut: + kill 179
dracut: + kill 177
dracut: + kill 175
dracut: + kill 169
dracut: + kill 166
dracut: + kill 136
dracut: + kill 134
dracut: + kill 133
dracut: + kill 132
dracut: + kill 131
ly
dracut: + kill 130
dracut: + kill 129
dracut: + kill 126
on
dracut: + kill 124
dracut: + HARD=-9
dracut: + kill -9 124
se
dracut: + HARD=-9
dracut: + kill -9 124
dracut: + HARD=-9
lu
dracut: + export -p
dracut: + i=export
a
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
nn
dracut: + [ = root -o = PATH -o = HOME -o = TERM ]

dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=HOME='/'
dracut: + i=HOME='/'
o
dracut: + i=HOME
dracut: + [ HOME = root -o HOME = PATH -o HOME = HOME -o HOME = TERM ]
rs
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
pe

dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=KEYBOARDTYPE='pc'
dracut: + i=KEYBOARDTYPE='pc'
dracut: + i=KEYBOARDTYPE
r
dracut: + [ KEYBOARDTYPE = root -o KEYBOARDTYPE = PATH -o KEYBOARDTYPE = HOME -o KEYBOARDT

Fo
YPE = TERM ]
dracut: + unset KEYBOARDTYPE
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=KEYTABLE='us'
dracut: + i=KEYTABLE='us'
dracut: + i=KEYTABLE
dracut: + [ KEYTABLE = root -o KEYTABLE = PATH -o KEYTABLE = HOME -o KEYTABLE = TERM ]
dracut: + unset KEYTABLE
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=LANG='en_US.UTF-8'
dracut: + i=LANG='en_US.UTF-8'

Fedora 12 Dracut
dracut: + i=LANG
dracut: + [ LANG = root -o LANG = PATH -o LANG = HOME -o LANG = TERM ]
dracut: + unset LANG
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=PATH='/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin'
dracut: + i=PATH='/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin'
dracut: + i=PATH
dracut: + [ PATH = root -o PATH = PATH -o PATH = HOME -o PATH = TERM ]
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
dracut: + i=
ly
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=PWD='/'
dracut: + i=PWD='/'
on
dracut: + i=PWD
dracut: + [ PWD = root -o PWD = PATH -o PWD = HOME -o PWD = TERM ]
dracut: + unset PWD
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
se
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=SYSFONT='latarcyrheb-sun16'
dracut: + i=SYSFONT='latarcyrheb-sun16'
lu
dracut: + i=SYSFONT
dracut: + [ SYSFONT = root -o SYSFONT = PATH -o SYSFONT = HOME -o SYSFONT = TERM ]
dracut: + unset SYSFONT
a
dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
nn
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=TERM='linux'
o
dracut: + i=TERM='linux'
dracut: + i=TERM
rs
dracut: + [ TERM = root -o TERM = PATH -o TERM = HOME -o TERM = TERM ]

dracut: + i=export
dracut: + i=
pe
dracut: + i=
dracut: + unset
dracut: + i=ip='eth0:dhcp'
dracut: + i=ip='eth0:dhcp'
r
dracut: + i=ip
Fo
dracut: + [ ip = root -o ip = PATH -o ip = HOME -o ip = TERM ]

dracut: + unset ip
dracut: + initargs=
dracut: + getarg init=
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + [ -e /tmp/net.ifaces ]
dracut: + getarg rdcopystate
dracut: + set +x
dracut: + return 1
dracut: + info Switching root
dracut: + echo <6>dracut: Switching root
dracut: + wait_for_loginit
dracut: + getarg rdinitdebug
dracut: + set +x
+ exec switch_root /sysroot /sbin/init

Fedora 12 Dracut
The first thing you will notice is that the init script immediately invokes Plymouth (which I
discussed recently in another post. If you do not want Plymouth to be started by Dracut, add
rd_NO_PLYMOUTH (can anybody explain why part of this option in uppercase?) to the kernel
command line. Note that, according to the man page, this will not work with encrypted partitions.
Turning now to the question of how to build a new initramfs file using Dracut. If you want to build
a generic initramfs file using Dracut, which should be able to boot any bootable configuration
given the appropriate boot flags (root device, network configuration information, etc.) the
following packages must be installed on your system:
● cryptsetup-luks
● device-mapper
iscsi-initiator-utils
ly
●
● lvm2
mdadm
on
●
● nbd
● net-tools iproute
● rpcbind nfs-utils
se
Note that a generic initramfs file is huge. The following three files show the difference in size
between a 2.6.30.96 initrd made using /sbin/mkinitrd, the same one made using Dracut and a
generic one made using Dracut:
lu
-rw-------. 1 root root 3774369 2009-11-11 13:18 /boot/initrd-2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64.img
a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4163575 2009-11-13 17:19 /boot/initrd-dracut-2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86
_64.img
nn
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14971825 2009-11-13 16:09 /boot/initrd-dracut-generic-2.6.30.9-96.

fc11.x86_64.img
o
Most of the functionality that Dracut implements is actually implemented by individual Dracut
(generator) modules that are sourced by the main Dracut script to install specific functionality into
rs
the initramfs directory structure using additional functionality provided by

/usr/share/dracut/dracut-functions. Dracut modules live in subdirectories under
pe
/usr/share/dracut/modules.d/. Each module name is prefixed by a two-digit numeric sort code in

the range of 00 to 99, e.g. 50plymouth. Modules with lower numbers are installed first in the
initramfs directory structure. Each module takes 2 standard arguments – install and check. Install
is used to install the module functionality onto the initramfs directory structure in a controlled
r
manner. Mainly this consists of copying files into the initramfs directory structure. The check
Fo
option is used by Dracut to check that all the files that the modules needs to install into the
initramfs from the host system are present. Check can take a number of options. For example the
-h option is used to check if the functionality implemented by the module is actually being used by
the host system. The -d option outputs a list of other dracut modules that a module has
dependencies on.
The following modules are part of the initial release of Dracut: i18n, network, plymouth, crypt,
dmraid, lvm, mdraid, dmsquash-live, fcoe, iscsi, nbd, nfs, resume, rootfs-block and s390. Let us
example one module, i.e. plymouth, in more detail. This module consists of a total of 8 shell scripts.
(Interestingly, the file utility reports a mix of Bourne shell and POSIX shell scripts!)
# pwd
/usr/share/dracut/modules.d/50plymouth
# ls -l
total 32

Fedora 12 Dracut
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 128 2009-09-29 12:29 check

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 815 2009-09-29 12:29 cryptroot-ask.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 641 2009-09-29 12:29 install
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 191 2009-09-29 12:29 installkernel
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 52 2009-09-29 12:29 plymouth-emergency.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 79 2009-09-29 12:29 plymouth-newroot.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1633 2009-09-29 12:29 plymouth-populate-initrd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 756 2009-09-29 12:29 plymouth-pretrigger.sh
# file *
check: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
cryptroot-ask.sh: POSIX shell script text executable
install: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
installkernel: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
plymouth-emergency.sh: ASCII text
plymouth-newroot.sh: POSIX shell script text executable
plymouth-populate-initrd: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
ly
plymouth-pretrigger.sh: POSIX shell script text executable
on
Here is the install script:
#!/bin/bash
se
if grep -q nash /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate-initrd \
|| ! grep -q PLYMOUTH_POPULATE_SOURCE_FUNCTIONS /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate
-initrd \
lu
|| [ ! -x /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate-initrd ]; then
. "$moddir"/plymouth-populate-initrd
else
PLYMOUTH_POPULATE_SOURCE_FUNCTIONS="$dracutfunctions" \
a
/usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-populate-initrd -t $initdir
fi
nn
inst_hook pre-pivot 90 "$moddir"/plymouth-newroot.sh

inst_hook pre-trigger 10 "$moddir"/plymouth-pretrigger.sh
inst_hook emergency 50 "$moddir"/plymouth-emergency.sh
o
inst "$moddir"/cryptroot-ask.sh /sbin/cryptroot-ask

rs
and here is what is in the check script

pe
#!/bin/bash
[[ $1 = -d ]] && echo crypt
[[ -x /sbin/plymouthd && -x /bin/plymouth && -x /usr/sbin/plymouth-set-default-theme ]]
r
Fo
Dracut can have a number of configuration files. The main configuration file is /etc/dracut.conf.
Here is what comes out-of-the-box with Fedora 12.
# Sample dracut config file
# Specific list of dracut modules to use

#dracutmodules=""
# Dracut modules to omit

#omit_dracutmodules=""
# additional kernel modules to the default

#add_drivers=""
# build initrd only to boot current hardware

#hostonly="-h"

Fedora 12 Dracut
# install local /etc/mdadm.conf

mdadmconf="yes"
# install local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf

lvmconf="yes"
Unfortunately no details of what options can be placed in the configuration file are detailed in the
Dracut man page or elsewhere.
Traditionally on Fedora /sbin/mkinitrd was used to build a new initramfs. Here is the contents of
an initramfs file which was build for a Fedora 11 system using mkinitrd:
init
ly
sbin
etc
etc/ld.so.conf.d
on
etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql-x86_64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/kernel-2.6.29.6-217.2.16.fc11.x86_64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/kernel-2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/nvidia-lib64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/atlas-x86_64.conf
se
etc/ld.so.conf.d/kernel-2.6.29.6-217.2.8.fc11.x86_64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/xulrunner-64.conf
etc/ld.so.conf.d/qt-x86_64.conf
lu
etc/ld.so.conf.d/kernel-2.6.30.5-43.fc11.x86_64.conf
etc/ld.so.cache
etc/sysconfig
etc/sysconfig/i18n
a
etc/sysconfig/keyboard
etc/lvm
nn
etc/lvm/lvm.conf
etc/fedora-release
etc/system-release
etc/ld.so.conf
o
usr
usr/lib64
rs
usr/lib64/plymouth
usr/lib64/plymouth/details.so
usr/lib64/plymouth/text.so
pe
usr/lib64/plymouth/space-flares.so
usr/lib64/libpng12.so.0.37.0
usr/lib64/libnl.so.1
usr/lib64/libelf.so.1
usr/lib64/libnl.so.1.1
r
usr/lib64/libbdevid.so.6.0.87
usr/lib64/libnash.so.6.0.87
Fo
usr/lib64/libpng12.so.0
usr/lib64/libplybootsplash.so.2.0.0
usr/lib64/libplybootsplash.so.2
usr/lib64/libelf-0.142.so
usr/share
usr/share/plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/bizcom.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes
usr/share/plymouth/themes/details
usr/share/plymouth/themes/details/details.plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/themes/text
usr/share/plymouth/themes/text/text.plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/progress_bar.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/star.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/lock.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/solar.plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/bullet.png

Fedora 12 Dracut
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/box.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes/solar/entry.png
sys
lib64
lib64/libpopt.so.0.0.0
lib64/libparted-1.8.so.8
lib64/libgcc_s.so.1
lib64/libz.so.1
lib64/libpthread.so.0
lib64/libc.so.6
lib64/libpthread-2.10.1.so
lib64/libuuid.so.1
lib64/libpopt.so.0
lib64/libz.so.1.2.3
lib64/libtinfo.so.5.7
lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.1-20090729.so.1
ly
lib64/librt.so.1
lib64/libreadline.so.5
lib64/libdl-2.10.1.so
on
lib64/libparted-1.8.so.8.0.0
lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0
lib64/libreadline.so.5.2
lib64/libm.so.6
lib64/librt-2.10.1.so
se
lib64/libtinfo.so.5
lib64/libuuid.so.1.2
lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0.2000.5
lib64/libply.so.2.0.0
lib64/libselinux.so.1
lu
lib64/libply.so.2
lib64/libblkid.so.1.0
lib64/libresolv.so.2
a
lib64/libblkid.so.1
lib64/libsepol.so.1
nn
lib64/libc-2.10.1.so
lib64/libm-2.10.1.so
lib64/libdl.so.2
lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
o
lib64/ld-2.10.1.so
lib64/libdevmapper.so.1.02
rs
lib64/libresolv-2.10.1.so
bin
bin/nash
pe
bin/setfont
bin/loadkeys
bin/plymouth
bin/plymouthd
bin/modprobe
r
bin/rmmod
Fo
bin/lvm
lib
lib/kbd
lib/kbd/consolefonts
lib/kbd/consolefonts/latarcyrheb-sun16.psfu
lib/kbd/keymaps
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/linux-with-alt-and-altgr.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/linux-keys-bare.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/euro1.map
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/compose.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/qwerty-layout.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/us.map
lib/kbd/keymaps/include
lib/kbd/keymaps/include/compose.latin4
lib/kbd/keymaps/include/compose.8859_8

Fedora 12 Dracut
lib/kbd/keymaps/include/compose.latin
lib/modules
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/scsi_wait_scan.ko
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.symbols
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.alias.bin
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.alias
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.symbols.bin
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ofmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.pcimap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.dep
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.isapnpmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.dep.bin
ly
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.usbmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ccwmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.seriomap
on
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.inputmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ieee1394map
lib/firmware
lib/udev
lib/udev/console_init
se
sysroot
dev
dev/ttyS1
dev/tty6
dev/tty12
lu
dev/tty9
dev/ptmx
dev/tty2
a
dev/tty
dev/ttyS0
nn
dev/mapper
dev/ttyS2
dev/tty1
dev/tty3
o
dev/tty0
dev/console
rs
dev/tty4
dev/ttyS3
dev/ram0
pe
dev/tty5
dev/null
dev/zero
dev/systty
dev/ram1
r
dev/tty10
Fo
dev/tty11
dev/ram
dev/tty8
dev/tty7
proc
16476 blocks
As you can see the script interpreter is nash.
Here is the init script which nash uses to start the boot process.
#!/bin/nash
mount -t proc /proc /proc

setquiet
echo Mounting proc filesystem

Fedora 12 Dracut
echo Mounting sysfs filesystem

mount -t sysfs /sys /sys
echo Creating /dev
mount -o mode=0755 -t tmpfs /dev /dev
mkdir /dev/pts
mount -t devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 /dev/pts /dev/pts
mkdir /dev/shm
mkdir /dev/mapper
echo Creating initial device nodes
mknod /dev/null c 1 3
mknod /dev/zero c 1 5
mknod /dev/systty c 4 0
mknod /dev/tty c 5 0
mknod /dev/console c 5 1
mknod /dev/ptmx c 5 2
mknod /dev/fb c 29 0
ly
mknod /dev/hvc0 c 229 0
mknod /dev/tty0 c 4 0
on
se
lu
mknod /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64
a
nn
daemonize --ignore-missing /bin/plymouthd

echo Setting up hotplug.
hotplug
/lib/udev/console_init tty0
o
plymouth --show-splash
echo Creating block device nodes.
rs
mkblkdevs
echo Creating character device nodes.
mkchardevs
pe
echo Making device-mapper control node

mkdmnod
modprobe scsi_wait_scan
rmmod scsi_wait_scan
mkblkdevs
r
echo Scanning logical volumes

Fo
lvm vgscan --ignorelockingfailure

echo Activating logical volumes
lvm vgchange -ay --ignorelockingfailure vg_ultra
resume /dev/mapper/vg_ultra-lv_swap
echo Creating root device.
mkrootdev -t ext4 -o defaults,ro /dev/mapper/vg_ultra-lv_root
echo Mounting root filesystem.
mount /sysroot
cond -ne 0 plymouth --hide-splash
echo Setting up other filesystems.
setuproot
loadpolicy
plymouth --newroot=/sysroot
echo Switching to new root and running init.
switchroot
echo Booting has failed.
sleep -1

Fedora 12 Dracut
In Fedora 12, /sbin/mkinitrd is not available and the shell script /sbin/dracut must be used to build
an initramfs file. Like mkinitrd, this script has numerous options but you will probably never need
to use most of them. Like mkinitrd, the script creates a series of subdirectories and populates
them with assorted files using various Dracut modules from the /usr/share/dracut/modules.d
subdirectories. Finally, it uses the following command line to create the image file:
( cd "$initdir"; find . |cpio -R 0:0 -H newc -o --quiet |gzip -9 > "$outfile"; )
Here is the contents of a functionally equivalent initramfs built on Fedora 11 using /sbin/dracut
instead of /sbin/mkinitrd:
ly
init
initqueue-settled
pre-udev
on
pre-udev/30block-genrules.sh
pre-udev/30resume-genrules.sh
pre-pivot
pre-pivot/31crypt-cleanup.sh
pre-pivot/50selinux-loadpolicy.sh
se
pre-pivot/30crypt-cleanup.sh
pre-pivot/90plymouth-newroot.sh
tmp
dracut-002-9.git99fd62e3.fc11
lu
var
var/run
sbin
a
sbin/initqueue
sbin/cryptsetup
nn
sbin/switch_root
sbin/pidof
sbin/modprobe
sbin/lvm_scan
o
sbin/udevd
sbin/lvm-cleanup
rs
sbin/rmmod
sbin/lvm
sbin/udevadm
pe
sbin/cryptroot-ask
initqueue
etc
etc/sysconfig
etc/sysconfig/i18n
r
etc/sysconfig/keyboard
etc/udev
Fo
etc/udev/rules.d
etc/udev/rules.d/64-lvm.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/59-persistent-storage-volid.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/61-persistent-storage.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/95-udev-late.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/80-drivers.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/01-ignore.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/60-pcmcia.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/61-persistent-storage-edd.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/50-firmware.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/70-luks.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/10-console.rules
etc/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules
etc/udev/udev.conf
etc/lvm
etc/lvm/lvm.conf
etc/modprobe.d

Fedora 12 Dracut
etc/modprobe.d/dist-oss.conf
etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-visor.conf
etc/modprobe.d/ipv6.conf
etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf
etc/modprobe.d/floppy-pnp.conf
etc/modprobe.d/dist.conf
etc/modprobe.d/anaconda.conf
etc/fedora-release
etc/system-release
etc/group
initqueue-finished
usr
usr/sbin
usr/sbin/chroot
usr/lib64
ly
usr/lib64/libusb-0.1.so.4
usr/lib64/plymouth
usr/lib64/plymouth/details.so
on
usr/lib64/plymouth/text.so
usr/lib64/libpng12.so.0.37.0
usr/lib64/libpng12.so.0
usr/lib64/libplybootsplash.so.2.0.0
usr/lib64/libplybootsplash.so.2
se
usr/lib64/libusb-0.1.so.4.4.4
usr/bin
usr/bin/flock
usr/lib
usr/share
lu
usr/share/plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/bizcom.png
usr/share/plymouth/themes
a
usr/share/plymouth/themes/details
usr/share/plymouth/themes/details/details.plymouth
nn
usr/share/plymouth/themes/text
usr/share/plymouth/themes/text/text.plymouth
usr/share/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth
sys
o
emergency
emergency/50plymouth-emergency.sh
rs
lib64
lib64/libgpg-error.so.0.4.0
lib64/libpopt.so.0.0.0
pe
lib64/libnss_files-2.10.1.so
lib64/libz.so.1
lib64/libpthread.so.0
lib64/libattr.so.1.1.0
lib64/libc.so.6
r
lib64/libpthread-2.10.1.so
Fo
lib64/libuuid.so.1
lib64/libvolume_id.so.1
lib64/libpopt.so.0
lib64/libz.so.1.2.3
lib64/libtinfo.so.5.7
lib64/libudev.so.0
lib64/librt.so.1
lib64/libreadline.so.5
lib64/libcryptsetup.so.0.0.0
lib64/libdl-2.10.1.so
lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0
lib64/libreadline.so.5.2
lib64/libm.so.6
lib64/libvolume_id.so.1.1.0
lib64/libacl.so.1
lib64/librt-2.10.1.so
lib64/libtinfo.so.5
lib64/libuuid.so.1.2
lib64/libcap.so.2

Fedora 12 Dracut
lib64/libgcrypt.so.11
lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0.2000.5
lib64/libudev.so.0.2.0
lib64/libply.so.2.0.0
lib64/libacl.so.1.1.0
lib64/libselinux.so.1
lib64/libply.so.2
lib64/libcryptsetup.so.0
lib64/libblkid.so.1.0
lib64/libgcrypt.so.11.5.2
lib64/libblkid.so.1
lib64/libsepol.so.1
lib64/libc-2.10.1.so
lib64/libcap.so.2.16
lib64/libm-2.10.1.so
lib64/libdl.so.2
ly
lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
lib64/libattr.so.1
lib64/ld-2.10.1.so
on
lib64/libdevmapper.so.1.02
lib64/libgpg-error.so.0
lib64/libnss_files.so.2
bin
bin/setfont
se
bin/cp
bin/loadkeys
bin/plymouth
bin/uname
bin/ln
lu
bin/mkdir
bin/cat
bin/rm
a
bin/plymouthd
bin/sleep
nn
bin/basename
bin/sh
bin/mknod
bin/ls
o
bin/mount
bin/mv
rs
bin/sed
bin/dmesg
bin/dash
pe
mount
mount/99mount-root.sh
mount/10resume.sh
lib
lib/dracut-lib.sh
r
lib/kbd
Fo
lib/kbd/consolefonts
lib/kbd/consolefonts/latarcyrheb-sun16.psfu
lib/kbd/keymaps
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/linux-with-alt-and-altgr.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/linux-keys-bare.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/euro1.map
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/compose.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/include/qwerty-layout.inc
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty
lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/us.map
lib/kbd/keymaps/include

Fedora 12 Dracut
lib/kbd/keymaps/include/compose.latin
lib/modules
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.symbols
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.alias.bin
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.alias
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.symbols.bin
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ofmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.pcimap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.dep
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.isapnpmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.dep.bin
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.usbmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ccwmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.seriomap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel
ly
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/i2c
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/i2c/algos
on
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/i2c/algos/i2c-algo-bit.ko
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.ko
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/scsi
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/scsi/scsi_wait_scan.ko
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu
se
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/drm.ko
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau.ko
lu
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.inputmap
lib/modules/2.6.30.9-96.fc11.x86_64/modules.ieee1394map
lib/udev
lib/udev/edd_id
a
lib/udev/hid2hci
lib/udev/vol_id
nn
lib/udev/firmware.sh
lib/udev/usb_id
lib/udev/ata_id
lib/udev/pcmcia-socket-startup
o
lib/udev/rules.d
lib/udev/fw_unit_symlinks.sh
rs
lib/udev/pcmcia-check-broken-cis
lib/udev/scsi_id
lib/udev/console_init
pe
lib/udev/path_id
lib/udev/create_floppy_devices
lib/udev/cdrom_id
lib/terminfo
lib/terminfo/d
r
lib/terminfo/d/dumb
Fo
lib/terminfo/a
lib/terminfo/a/ansi
lib/terminfo/l
lib/terminfo/l/linux
lib/terminfo/v
lib/terminfo/v/vt100-nav
lib/terminfo/v/vt100
lib/terminfo/v/vt100-am
lib/terminfo/v/vt52
cmdline
cmdline/30parse-lvm.sh
cmdline/01version.sh
cmdline/10parse-root-opts.sh
cmdline/30parse-crypt.sh
cmdline/20parse-blacklist.sh
cmdline/95parse-block.sh

Fedora 12 Dracut
cmdline/20parse-i18n.sh
cmdline/10parse-resume.sh
pre-trigger
pre-trigger/10plymouth-pretrigger.sh
sysroot
dev
dev/pts
proc
Note that the nash script interpreter is not part of the initramfs image. Instead /bin/dash is
included. The following is the contents of the init script from this initramfs. As you can see it is
significantly different from the init script included in the initramfs built using /sbin/mkinitrd.
ly
#!/bin/sh
#
# Licensed under the GPLv2
on
#
# Copyright 2008, Red Hat, Inc.
# Jeremy Katz
emergency_shell()
se
{
exec >/dev/console 2>&1 /dev/null 2>&1
mount -t sysfs /sys /sys >/dev/null 2>&1
if [ ! -c /dev/ptmx ]; then
# try to mount devtmpfs
lu
if ! mount -t devtmpfs -omode=0755 udev /dev >/dev/null 2>&1; then
# if it failed fall back to normal tmpfs
mount -t tmpfs -omode=0755 udev /dev >/dev/null 2>&1
a
# Make some basic devices first, let udev handle the rest
mknod /dev/null c 1 3
nn
mknod /dev/ptmx c 5 2
mknod /dev/console c 5 1
mknod /dev/kmsg c 1 11
fi
o
fi
rs
if getarg rdinitdebug; then

set -x
fi
pe
mkdir /dev/shm
mkdir /dev/pts
mount -t devpts -o gid=5,mode=620 /dev/pts /dev/pts >/dev/null 2>&1
r
UDEVVERSION=$(udevadm --version)
Fo
source_conf /etc/conf.d
# run scriptlets to parse the command line
getarg 'rdbreak=cmdline' && emergency_shell "Break before cmdline"
source_all cmdline
[ -z "$root" ] && die "No or empty root= argument"

[ -z "$rootok" ] && die "Don't know how to handle 'root=$root'"
# Network root scripts may need updated root= options,

# so deposit them where they can see them (udev purges the env)
{
echo "root='$root'"
echo "rflags='$rflags'"
echo "fstype='$fstype'"
echo "netroot='$netroot'"
echo "NEWROOT='$NEWROOT'"
} > /tmp/root.info

Fedora 12 Dracut
# pre-udev scripts run before udev starts, and are run only once.
getarg 'rdbreak=pre-udev' && emergency_shell "Break before pre-udev"
source_all pre-udev
# start up udev and trigger cold plugs

udevd --daemon
UDEV_LOG_PRIO_ARG=--log-priority
UDEV_QUEUE_EMPTY="udevadm settle --timeout=0"
if [ $UDEVVERSION -lt 140 ]; then

UDEV_LOG_PRIO_ARG=--log_priority
UDEV_QUEUE_EMPTY="udevadm settle --timeout=1"
fi
getarg rdudevinfo && udevadm control $UDEV_LOG_PRIO_ARG=info
ly
getarg rdudevdebug && udevadm control $UDEV_LOG_PRIO_ARG=debug
getarg 'rdbreak=pre-trigger' && emergency_shell "Break before pre-trigger"
on
source_all pre-trigger
# then the rest
udevadm trigger $udevtriggeropts >/dev/null 2>&1
getarg 'rdbreak=initqueue' && emergency_shell "Break before initqueue"
se
i=0
while :; do lu
check_finished && break
udevsettle
a
check_finished && break
nn
if [ -f /initqueue/work ]; then
rm /initqueue/work
fi
o
for job in /initqueue/*.sh; do

[ -e "$job" ] || break
rs
job=$job . $job
check_finished && break 2
done
pe
$UDEV_QUEUE_EMPTY >/dev/null 2>&1 || continue
modprobe scsi_wait_scan && rmmod scsi_wait_scan

r

Fo
for job in /initqueue-settled/*.sh; do

[ -e "$job" ] || break
job=$job . $job
check_finished && break 2
done
# no more udev jobs and queues empty.

sleep 0.5
i=$(($i+1))
[ $i -gt 20 ] \
&& { flock -s 9 ; emergency_shell "No root device found"; } 9>/.console_lock
done
unset job
unset queuetriggered
# pre-mount happens before we try to mount the root filesystem,

Fedora 12 Dracut
# and happens once.

getarg 'rdbreak=pre-mount' && emergency_shell "Break pre-mount"
source_all pre-mount
getarg 'rdbreak=mount' && emergency_shell "Break mount"

# mount scripts actually try to mount the root filesystem, and may
# be sourced any number of times. As soon as one suceeds, no more are sourced.
i=0
while :; do
[ -d "$NEWROOT/proc" ] && break;
for f in /mount/*.sh; do
[ -f "$f" ] && . "$f"
[ -d "$NEWROOT/proc" ] && break;
done
i=$(($i+1))
ly
[ $i -gt 20 ] \
&& { flock -s 9 ; emergency_shell "Can't mount root filesystem"; } 9>/.console_loc
k
on
done
{
echo -n "Mounted root filesystem "
while read dev mp rest; do [ "$mp" = "$NEWROOT" ] && echo $dev; done /dev/null 2>&1; d
se
o
for pid in $(pidof udevd); do
kill $HARD $pid >/dev/null 2>&1
done
HARD="-9"
lu
done
# Clean up the environment

a
for i in $(export -p); do
i=${i#declare -x}
nn
i=${i#export}
i=${i%%=*}
[ "$i" = "root" -o "$i" = "PATH" -o "$i" = "HOME" -o "$i" = "TERM" ] || unset $i
done
o
initargs=""
rs
if getarg init= >/dev/null ; then

ignoreargs="console BOOT_IMAGE"
pe
# only pass arguments after init= to the init

read CLINE /dev/null 2>&1
mkdir -p /dev/.initramfs/state/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
cp /tmp/resolv.conf /dev/.initramfs/state/etc/ >/dev/null 2>&1
echo "files /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts" > /dev/.initramfs/rwtab
r
cp -a /tmp/ifcfg/* /dev/.initramfs/state/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ >/dev/null 2>&

Fo
1
fi
# Debug: Copy state

if getarg rdcopystate; then
cp /tmp/* /dev/.initramfs/ >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
info "Switching root"
exec switch_root "$NEWROOT" "$INIT" $initargs || {

echo "Something went very badly wrong in the initramfs. Please "
echo "file a bug against dracut."
emergency_shell
}
Note the use of udev to discover devices, the use of /sysroot for mounting filesystems, and how
breakpoints are handled. The purpose of the /sbin/switch_root executable is similar to the

Fedora 12 Dracut
switchroot command in nash. Basically it changes the current directory to /, removes a lot of
temporary subdirectories, chroots . and exec’s the init process.
Well, hopefully I have covered Dracut in sufficient detail to enable you to understand what has
changed in Fedora 12 with respect to the boot process and building an initramfs file. The changes
are significant and I expect that it will be a while before all the corner cases are found and fixed. If
I have missed anything important regarding Dracut in this post, please add the information via a
comment so that others can share in the knowledge.
ly
on
se
a lu
o nn
rs
pe
r
Fo

Fedora 12 Dracut

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Fedora 12 Dracut

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Fedora 12 Dracut

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.6-166.fc12.x86_64 ro root=UUID=434794ee-a7ff-4156-aabf-53a79c3d

SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 will be written to the initramfs’s /etc/sysconfig/i18n, and so on.

● rdinfo – print informational output though “quiet” is set

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 1/22

SELinux: initialized (dev sockfs, type sockfs), uses task SIDs

SELinux: initialized (dev bdev, type bdev), uses genfs_contexts

type=1403 audit(1260498140.014:3): policy loaded auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295

to the kernel command line.

dracut: + /bin/plymouth --show-splash+

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 2/22

dracut: + read line

dracut: + [ 145 -ge 143 ]

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 3/22

dracut: + [ yes != yes ]

dracut: + read line

dracut: + read line

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 4/22

dracut: + read dev mp rest

dracut: + [ /proc = /sysroot ]

dracut: + read dev mp rest

dracut: + [ /dev/pts = /sysroot ]

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 5/22

dracut: + [ yes != yes ]

dracut: + echo <6>dracut: + chroot /sysroot /sbin/load_policy -i

dracut: + read line

dracut: + echo <6>dracut: + ret=0

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 6/22

dracut: + kill 186

dracut: + [ = root -o = PATH -o = HOME -o = TERM ]

dracut: + [ = root -o = PATH -o = HOME -o = TERM ]

dracut: + [ KEYBOARDTYPE = root -o KEYBOARDTYPE = PATH -o KEYBOARDTYPE = HOME -o KEYBOARDT

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 7/22

dracut: + [ TERM = root -o TERM = PATH -o TERM = HOME -o TERM = TERM ]

dracut: + [ ip = root -o ip = PATH -o ip = HOME -o ip = TERM ]

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 8/22

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14971825 2009-11-13 16:09 /boot/initrd-dracut-generic-2.6.30.9-96.

the initramfs directory structure using additional functionality provided by

/usr/share/dracut/modules.d/. Each module name is prefixed by a two-digit numeric sort code in

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 9/22

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 128 2009-09-29 12:29 check

inst_hook pre-pivot 90 "$moddir"/plymouth-newroot.sh

inst "$moddir"/cryptroot-ask.sh /sbin/cryptroot-ask

and here is what is in the check script

# Sample dracut config file

# Specific list of dracut modules to use

# Dracut modules to omit

# additional kernel modules to the default

# build initrd only to boot current hardware

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 10/22

# install local /etc/mdadm.conf

# install local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 11/22

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 12/22

As you can see the script interpreter is nash.

mount -t proc /proc /proc

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 13/22

echo Mounting sysfs filesystem

daemonize --ignore-missing /bin/plymouthd

echo Making device-mapper control node

echo Scanning logical volumes

lvm vgscan --ignorelockingfailure

03-03-2011 Copyright 2004-2011 Finnbarr P. Murphy. All rights reserved. 14/22