Semester 1 Exam Study Guide (COMPLETED)

Birth of a Nation
Common Sense– political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that stated breaking away from Britain was
“common sense”

Sons of Liberty - political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence
North American British colonies

Boston Tea Party - the dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to
protest the Tea Act

Thomas Jefferson – author of the Declaration of Independence and third President who advocated
republicanism in the US

Declaration of Independence - statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which
announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent
states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire

Articles of Confederation - the first constitution of the United States and specified how the Federal
government was to operate, including adoption of “The United States” an official name for the new
nation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - created Northwest Territory and stated that the US would expand
westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of
existing states. Also established Ohio River as the border of slavery (east ok, west nokay)

Shay’s Rebellion - armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 with the goal
of capturing the Springfield Armory. Made public question effectiveness of Articles of Confederation
and called for reevaluation

James Madison - "Father of the Constitution”, wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, first president
to have served in the United States Congress, and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the
Constitution so he is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". Madison's most distinctive belief
was that the new republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rights from the tyranny of
the majority

US Constitution - framework for the organization of the US government and for the relationship of the
federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States. Specifies the
powers and duties of each branch

Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branches – make laws, enforce laws, interpret constitution

Electoral College - the popularly elected representatives (electors) who formally elect the President and
Vice President of the United States
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Great Compromise - offered a two-house Congress to satisfy both small and big states: each state would
have equal representation in the Senate, and population of each state would determine its
representation in the House of Representatives. Led to the Three-Fifths Compromise, which allowed
3/5 of a state's slaves to be counted towards population

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Antifederalists: did not want to ratify the Constitution. Argued that:

 It gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments
 There was no bill of rights
 The national government could maintain an army in peacetime
 Congress, because of the `necessary and proper clause,' wielded too much power
 The executive branch held too much power

Federalists: had answers to all of the Anti-Federalist complaints. Among them:

 The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the rights of the people.
Each branch represents a different aspect of the people, and because all three branches are
equal, no one group can assume control over another
 A listing of rights can be a dangerous thing. If the national government were to protect specific
listed rights, what would stop it from violating rights other than the listed ones? Since we can't
list all the rights, the Federalists argued that it's better to list none at all

Bill of Rights
 1st Amendment – freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly; right to petition
(IMPORTANT IN SCHNECK v. US DURING WWI)
 2nd Amendment – right to keep and bear arms
 3rd Amendment - protection from quartering of troops in citizens’ homes
 4th Amendment - protection from unreasonable search and seizure unless based upon probable
cause, supported by Oath or affirmation
 5th Amendment - due process of the law (respect legal rights of suspect), double jeopardy (to be
accused of the same offence twice), self-incrimination (to be a witness against himself),
eminent domain (private property cannot be taken for public use, without just compensation
IMPORTANT IN JUDD SCOTT TRIAL)
 6th Amendment - trial by jury and rights of the accused (“right to remain silent…”, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation); Confrontation Clause (accused have the
right to be confronted with the witnesses against him), speedy trial, public trial, right to counsel
(allows defendant to be assisted by lawyers or if one could not be afforded, requires
government to appoint one for him)
 7th Amendment - Civil trial by jury (where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved)
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 8th Amendment - Prohibition of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
 9th Amendment - Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution (requires just
and non-assuming role of Government in interpreting Constitution, so that laws not expressly
included are not inferred or intentionally disregarded)
 10th Amendment - Powers of States and people (powers not delegated to the Federal
government are reserved for State governments or to the people)

Westward Expansion, Land Acquisition, Sectionalism

Louisiana Purchase - acquisition by the United States of America of 828,800 square of France's claim to
the territory of Louisiana in 1803. US paid $11,250,000 plus cancellation of debts worth $3,750,000 for a
total sum of $15 million ($219 million in today's currency). Doubled the size of the United States. Would
lead to westward expansion in mid-19 th century

Lewis & Clark - first overland expedition undertaken by the United States to the Pacific coast and back
(Louisiana Purchase). Goal: to establish US sovereignty over the tribes along the Missouri River,
establish trade and claim the rights of "discovery" to the Pacific Northwest and Oregon territory before
the British. Also sought an accurate count of the avail. resources in the Louisiana Purchase (wildlife,
natural resources)

War of 1812 – between US and Britain. Reasons:

 desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory being opposed heavily by British
 trade restrictions because of Great Britain's ongoing war with France
 Forcing American merchant sailors into Royal Navy by force and without notice
 British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion
 “humiliation of American honor”

Indian Removal Act of 1830 – Supposed “voluntary” but often forcible emigration of tens of thousands
of American Indians to the West. Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. Supported by South
where states were eager to obtain lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes

Five Civilized Tribes - Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole

Trail of Tears – forced emigration pathway followed by Native Americans on which they suffered from
exposure, disease, starvation, and often death

Monroe Doctrine - stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with
states in the Americas and Western Hemisphere would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S.
intervention and that the US would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the
internal concerns of European countries
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Manifest Destiny - 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across
the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Was used by Democrats
in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico

Missouri Compromise - passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Congress
which prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the 36.5th parallel north except
within the proposed state of Missouri

Compromise of 1850 – package of five bills which put off Civil War by avoiding secession due to
disagreements over slavery. Included:

 California was admitted as a free state

 The slave trade was abolished (the sale of slaves, NOT the institution of slavery) in DC
 Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah were organized under the rule of popular
sovereignty
 The Fugitive Slave Act was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway
slaves
 Texas gave up much of the western land which it claimed and received compensation of
$10,000,000 to pay off its national debt

Kansas-Nebraska Act - created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska (and allowed popular sovereignty
in those territories) and repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Compromise of 1850

“Bleeding Kansas” – when Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas (dubbed border ruffians) solely for the
purpose of voting in Kansas’ ballots and sparked armed, small-scale battles such as John Brown’s
Pottawatomie Massacre

Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 - series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Senator
Stephen Douglas that previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the
1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery

Dred Scott Decision - ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court by Chief Justice Roger Taney that…
 people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves or their
descendants were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens
 the court also held that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and
that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court
 the Court ruled that slaves, as private property, could not be taken away from their owners
without due process

Election of 1860 - set the stage for the Civil War. Slavery had fractured the formerly dominant
Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and brought Abraham Lincoln and the Republican
Party to power without the support of a single Southern state. After Lincoln's victory, talks of secession
started
 Semester 1 Exam Study Guide (COMPLETED)

Abraham Lincoln - outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States. Secured the
Republican nomination and was elected President in 1860

Jefferson Davis – senator who argued against secession, but agreed that each state was individual and
had the right to secede. After he resigned from the US Senate, was elected President of the
Confederate States of America

Ulysses Grant - joined the Union war effort, taking charge of training new regiments and then engaging
the Confederacy. After Battle of Chattanooga, promoted to General of the Union Army. Confronted and
defeated Confederate General Robert E. Lee during Overland Campaign

Robert E. Lee – distinguished graduate of West Point and exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for 32
years that joined the Confederacy and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War

Lincoln’s goal for the war - Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal as
well as to preserve the Union

Appomattox – City in Virginia where General Grant and Robert E Lee met and discussed the
Confederate surrender

Andrew Johnson - succeeded to the presidency upon Lincoln's assassination and, as president, he took
charge of Presidential Reconstruction

Reconstruction - Passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, restoring the South to the Union, and
in general the period after the Civil War when economy and social structures were rebuilt

Radical Republicans - loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854
until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They pushed for abolition of slavery, and after the war
supported civil rights for freedmen such as suffrage. They opposed Lincoln's policies in terms of:

 selection of generals during the war

 his efforts to bring states back into the Union

Reconstruction Amendments
 13th Amendment – officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for a crime
 14th Amendment – reversed the Dred Scott decision that declared that African Americans were
not and could not become citizens, stated no state shall deny any person the equal protection
of the law, and also includes a number of clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials
 15th Amendment – prohibits every government in the United States from denying a citizen the
right to vote because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
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The American West

George Custer – officer during Indian Wars most remembered for the disastrous military engagement
known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn where he died. Battle nicknamed "Custer's Last Stand"

Battle of Wounded Knee – often termed “ Wounded Knee Massacre”. After a deaf Lakota Indian
refused to give up his gun, the 7th Cavalry opened fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men,
women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow troopers

Industrial US
Transcontinental Railroad – constructed by Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific
Railroad that connected Omaha, Nebraska with the Oakland, California. Labor force consisted of
mostly poor and minorities (Chinese, Mexican, former slaves)

John D. Rockefeller - oil magnate who revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure
of modern philanthropy through his Standard Oil Company

Andrew Carnegie - Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major

philanthropist who amassed millions through his US Steel (merged from Carnegie Steel Company and
Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company amongst others)

Henry Ford - prominent industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the
development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T
automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry

Bessemer process - first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig
iron

Ellis Island - gateway for millions of immigrants to the US as the site of the nation's busiest immigrant
inspection station from 1892 to 1954

Chinese Exclusion Act – in 1882, allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently
acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10
years but lasted until 1943

Problems in cities – lack of city services, overcrowded immigrant population, increase in crime, labor
conflicts with factories and major companies

Boss Tweed - politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party
political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.
Convicted for stealing millions in 1877 from New York City taxpayers through political corruption
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Plessy v. Ferguson – upholding of the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in
private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

Progressive Movement
Upton Sinclair - Pulitzer Prize-winning author who wrote a 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle which
exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to
the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act

Ida Tarbell - author and journalist known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era for
her "investigative journalism". Best-known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company

Jane Addams - first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Pioneer settlement worker
and founder of the Hull House in Chicago

Ida B. Wells - African American journalist, newspaper editor and an early leader in the civil rights
movement. Documented lynching in the United States, and was also active in the women's rights
movement and the women's suffrage movement

Florence Kelley - social and political reformer from Philadelphia who worked against sweatshops and for
the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights in the workforce

Frances Willard - educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was
instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage)
Amendments

Robert LaFollete - politician who served as a Congressman and later ran for President under his own
Progressive Party in 1924. Proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism,
World War I, and the League of Nations

Susan B. Anthony - civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights
movement to introduce women's suffrage

Women’s Christian Temperance Union - group that spearheaded the crusade for prohibition

Progressive Era Amendments

 16th - allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or
basing it on Census results ratified on February 3, 1913
 17th - established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote
 18th - established Prohibition and prohibited the sale, manufacturing, and transportation of
alcohol nationally

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire - deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York;
caused the deaths of 146 workers that could not escape the burning building because the managers
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locked the doors to the stairwells and exits. Led to legislation requiring improved factory safety
standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union

Theodore Roosevelt – President and a leader of Progressive movement, who increased regulation of
businesses, promoted the conservation movement, helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese
War, and was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal.

US Imperialism
Open Door Policy - refers to the policy around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China,
with none of them in control of that country

Alaskan Purchase – bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 which added 586,412 square miles
of US territory. Nicknamed “Seward’s Icebox”

Hawaiian Annexation – In 1893, Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a Provisional
Government composed of members of the Committee of Safety and then annexed in 1898 by President
William McKinley.

The De Lôme Letter – letter written by Spanish minister that bad-mouthed President McKinley and is
seen as one of the first triggers of the Spanish-American War of 1898

USS Maine - best known for her catastrophic explosion in Havana harbor after being sent to Havana,
Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain. Popularized in the phrase
“Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!”

Rough Riders - name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, led by Theodore Roosevelt,
called upon President McKinley after heavy losses in the Spanish-American War

Territories gained after Spanish-American War - Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Panama Canal – canal built to save time, money, effort, and mileage when travelling from the Atlantic
to the Pacific Ocean

World War 1

Militarism - the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong
military and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. Arms race
added to power of nations in Europe.

Alliances - an agreement or friendship between two or more parties, made in order to advance
common goals and to secure common interests (i.e. Triple Entente and Triple Alliance). Brought in
more countries after one alliance was attacked.
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Imperialism - the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial
relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and
subordination. Conflict arose from competition in Africa prior to the war.

Nationalism - a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national
terms, i.e. a nation. Sparked overconfidence in any future war.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand - objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's
south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. Sparked
international outcry for retaliation from Austria-Hungary and led to WWI’s beginning.

Central Powers - Austro-Hungarian Empire, German Empire, Ottoman Empire (secretly), Kingdom of
Bulgaria, Kingdom of Italy (only prior to war)

Allied Powers - United Kingdom, Russian Empire (until civil war), French Third Republic, Kingdom of Italy
(after war’s start), Empire of Japan (in 1914), United States (in 1917)

Trench Warfare - form of warfare in which combatants occupy trenches in which troops are largely
immune to the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery

New Weapons in WWI

 Tanks 
o + Instilled fear in opposition
o – Very limited communications, maneuverability, safety
 Airplanes
o + Useful for reconnaissance missions
o – Limited flight times, lifespan, and effectiveness over forests (Argonne)
 Gas - phosgene, mustard, chlorine.
o + Effectively wiped out trench inhabitants
o - Affected by wind, sometimes affecting the original users.

Zimmerman Note - 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against
the United States. The proposal was declined by Mexico, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S.
declaration of war in April

General Pershing – led the AEF in WWI and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American
generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II

American Expeditionary Forces – a.k.a. United States Armed Forces sent to Europe

Selective Service Act - authorized the federal government to raise a national army (through a national
draft process) numbering in the hundreds of thousands with which to fight in WWI
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Influenza Pandemic (during war) - close troop quarters and massive troop movements hastened the
pandemic and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation; it may also have
increased the lethality of the virus

President Wilson – originally wanted to keep US out of WWI. After it was over he drafted the 14 Points,
his envisioning of a post-war world that could avoid another terrible conflict.

Treaty of Versailles - tried many Germans as war criminals, lays sole responsibility for the war on
Germany and her allies, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Allies,
Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for a period of 15 years, German armed forces limited to
100,000 troops and many other military restrictions imposed, made Germany pay extensive reparations
which all would instill hatred in German people of European countries and go on to cause WW2.

League of Nations - intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference,
and the precursor to the United Nations. Excluded US due to its Monroe Doctrine policy.

Roaring 20’s
Red Scare - strong Anti-Communism in the US which focused mainly on the socialist revolution and
political radicalism

Mitchell Palmer Raids - attempts by the Department of Justice to arrest and deport left-wing radicals,
especially anarchists. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the
leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

Growth of KKK - arose during the worst period of American race relations, in response to urbanization
and industrialization. Massive immigration from the largely Catholic countries of eastern and southern
Europe led to friction with America's longer-established Protestant citizens. The Great Migration of
African Americans to the North stoked racism by whites in Northern industrial cities

Harlem Renaissance – African-American cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s
centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. Described by racist white authors as the
“flowering of Negro literature”

Prohibition - practice of prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, import, export, and sale
of alcohol and alcoholic beverages during the 1920s and 1930s. Led to increase in organized crime
(speakeasies, bootleggers like Al Capone), binge drinking, and female independence (flappers, or “new
breed” of Western women)

Scopes Trial - legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of
violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he was never brought
back to trial.
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Business expansion – over-production of agricultural and long-lasting products paired with growth of
commercial and investment banks led to business expansion during the 1920s.

Assembly line - manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner
using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type
methods

The Great Migration - movement of 2 million African Americans out of the Southern US to the Midwest,
Northeast and West from 1910 to 1930

Jazz Age - movement that took place during the Roaring Twenties from which jazz music and dance
emerged. The movement came about with the introduction of main stream radio and the end of the
war

The Great Depression

Underlying Causes
1. Stock Market Crash of 1929 - Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had
lost more than $40 billion dollars, sparking a worldwide recession. Great Depression did not
start when the market crashed, but the crash did cause a large percentage of the population to
lose money and enter the economic crisis.
2. Bank Failures - Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured
and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings. Surviving banks, unsure of the
economic situation and concerned for their own survival, stopped creating new loans. This
exacerbated the situation leading to less and less expenditures. This also began to impact those
who did not participate in the stock trade.
3. Reduction in Purchasing across the Board - With the stock market crash and the fears of further
economic woes, individuals from all classes stopped purchasing items. This then led to a
reduction in the number of items produced and thus a reduction in the workforce. As people
lost their jobs, they were unable to pay for items they had bought through installment plans.
The unemployment rate rose above 25% which meant even less spending to help alleviate the
economic situation.
4. American Economic Policy with Europe - As businesses began failing, the government created
the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a high tax
for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with
some economic retaliation.
5. Drought Conditions - While not a direct cause of the Great Depression, the drought that
occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 (nicknamed the “Dust Bowl”) was of such proportions
that many could not even pay their taxes or other debts and had to sell their farms for no
profit to themselves.
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Herbert Hoover – advocated government isolationism (practice of staying out of the economy) and to
let it fix itself. Shantytowns that housed many homeless families were soon named “Hoovervilles” in
spite of his attitude towards those affected by the Depression. His treatment of World War I veterans
during the Bonus Army March led to his political downfall and the rise of the Democratic opponent
Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt – succeeded Hoover and outline controversial but inspiring New Deal, a
package of laws aimed at relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal program contained three key
elements:

1. Providing relief to the people to alleviate their sufferings caused by the depression
2. Giving a push to speedy economic recovery
3. Reforming the financial system

The many reforms and programs under the New Deal include following measures:

 Closer monitoring and regulation of banking operation to ensure healthy banking practices and
to restore public confidence in banks
 Regulation for stock issues and trading practices to protect interest of common investors
 Assuring fair return to farmers for their produce (subsidies)
 Curbing unhealthy price cutting by industry
 Improving the condition and bargaining power of labor force
 Creating employment to needy by undertaking useful conservation and other projects
 Providing loans at low interest rates to help home owners repay their debts

Eleanor Roosevelt - First Lady from 1933 to 1945 who supported the New Deal policies of her husband
and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be
an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition as well as working to
enhance the status of working women.

WPA - Works Progress Administration was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out
public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts,
drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing

CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program for unemployed men age 18-25,
providing unskilled manual labor related to the conservation and development of natural resources in
rural areas of the United States from 1933 to 1942

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority is a federally owned corporation in the United States created to
provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic
development in the Tennessee Valley.

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is a government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall

Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks
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AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Administration restricted agricultural production in the by paying

farmers subsidies to reduce crop area in order to reduce surpluses

FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration was the new name given by the Roosevelt
Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration which President Hoover had created in 1932.
FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the
Works Progress Administration

Social Security - refers to the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. The
Social Security Act of 1935 encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs, including
unemployment insurance

Minimum Wage - the lowest hourly, daily or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to
employees or workers that were first proposed as a way to control the proliferation of sweat shops in
manufacturing industries

The Black Cabinet - was first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs, an informal group of African-
American public policy advisors to Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Great Depression Era Amendments

 18th – Prohibition (as described earlier)
 19th - Prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote
based on that citizen's sex (a.k.a. women’s suffrage)
 21st - Repealed the 18th Amendment, which mandated nationwide Prohibition in order to boost
the economy and “let people have a drink”

Event which successfully ended the Great Depression for America – World War 2