RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Genetics & Evolution with the title is “ Sex influence
gen”, which made by :
name : Syaiful Bakhri
reg. no : 081 404 192
group : III
Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and
this report is accepted.

Makassar, november 12th, 2010

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Misnawati S.Si Misnawati S.Si

Known by
Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.Si

Reg No : 1974040520000032002

CHAPTER I
 INTRODUCTION

A. Background
One of most real phenomenon to prove the existence of life is process
reproduce, where an individual type bear the new individual is which of a kind.
Human being only bears the human being. Tiger bear the tiger. That way by
various other organism types. One matter draws we which can see in course of
reproduction is the existence of looking like of among mains and its child. This
matter of course do not miss from endowment mechanism of is nature of which
then studied by mend tail in science genetics. Genetics represent one of very
important Biological science branch domicile it in our life. Entire all behavioral
information or nature of human being will be kept better in gene.
Besides gene which number in chromosome calamine, recognized also
gene influenced by sex and gene limited by sex. Here we will recognize a nature
of which is because of gene influenced by the sex (" sex influenced genes"). Gene
influenced by sex later will bear an nature of which then bequeathed to by its
clan. One of the example is long difference among the index finger and ring
finger. Therefore, in this praktikun is we will perceive the comparison one who
own the longer the index finger from at its ring finger with one who own the
longer ring finger from its the index finger, is related with the comparison of
frequency of people who of memiki gene influenced by the certain seks.

B. Purpose
This Practicum is executed as a mean to try to specify the genotif of his
self of pursuant to size measure its the index finger.
C. Benefit
As for benefit of execution of activity practicum, that is 1.
1. To be student know better the way of determining part of finger assumed longer,
whether/what the index finger or ring finger
2. To be student able to specify the genotif x'self of pursuant to size measure its the
index finger
3. To be student know better determination procedures make an index to the
comparison of the index finger with the ring finger of through class data

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
 The gene is the smallest biological unit of inheritance, and it is carried on a
chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousand of genes are carried on each
chromosome, each in fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of a
particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exists in at least two
forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually affect a trait in contrasting manners.
Genes are so small that they cannot even be seen with the ordinary type of
microscope. Even if we could use a microscope powerful enough to enlarge the gene
image to visible size, we could not be certain what to look for. Nevertheless, scientist
have been able to learn quite a lot about the gene by using very special methods of
study, (john,1963)
In the preceding chapters, we have considered the patterns of transmission of
independently assorting and linked genes, the chromosomal location of genes, the
chemical structure of genes and chromosomes, and the mechanism of replication of
the genetic material. In this chapter, we will discuss how to genes perform their
phenotype function. That is, how do genes exert their effects on the phenotype of a
virus, a cell, or an organism? This question does not have a simple an swear.
Different genes clearly exert their effects in different ways. Moreover, all the genes of
an organism are located in the same cells and the same nuclei. They do not function
independently. The ultimate phenotype of an organism is the products of the action of
all the genes ( including many gene product interaction ) and their interaction with the
environment. The pathway of transfer or flow of information. From the gene to the
final effect of the gene on the phenotype is the frequently very complex,
At the time of the discovery of Mendel’s work in 1900, the English physician-
biochemist Sir Archibald E. Garod was studying several congenital metabolic disease
alkaptonuria, which is easily detected because of the blackening of the urine upon
exposure to air. The substance responsible for this blackening is alkapton or
homogentisic acid, an intermediate in the degradation of the aromatic amino acids
tyrosine and phenyl alanine. Garrod believed that the presence of alkapton or
homogentisic acid in the urine was due to a block in the normal pathway of
metabolism of this compound. Moreover, on the basic of the family pedigree studies,
garrod proposed that alkaptonuria was inherited as a sningle recessive gene. The
result of Garrod’s studies of alkaptonuria and a few other congenital diseases in
humans, such as albinism, were presented in detail in the first edition of Garrod’s
book, inborn errors of metabolism, published in 1909.
Direct study of the genetic basis of human traits ha depended largely on
refined statistical analysis of genealogical lines and the compilation of vital statistics.
These methods have been forced upon us by the long reproductive cycle in man,
about thirty years per generation, and, in the genetics sense, by unrestricted mating.
Fortunately, all the accumulated evidence confirms the proposition that the
transmission and function of human genes corresponds to that of other bi parental
diploid organism. Let us begin with an examination of some very recent data derived
from the introduction of new and promising methods
It has recently been found that mongolism, serious neurological disorder
accompanied by a characteristic mongoloid appearance and by mental retardation, is
associated in many cases with a chromosome count of 47. The rate child with 47
chromosome is generally born to parents with normal counts of 46. The most
reasonable explanation for this aberration is no disjunction. An egg cell in which one
of the chromosome pairs does not separate during meiosis would, upon fertilization,
form a zygote with 47 chromosome, 22 normal pairs and 1 triplet. In mongolism, the
triplet normally occurs in chromosome no.21, and for some unexplained reason,
additional chromosome alters development and results in the described neurological
disorders.
Usually gene dominant show its influence at individual and also woman /
female. Newly in a state of homozygote recessive , that influence dominant will not
look the x'self in phenotype. Here will be explained by a gene which dominansi hinge
from individual gender, follow the example of the bald head, usually bald head will
look after that people have is age of about 30 year. In boyhood or its adolescent is he
still normal hair. Is originally assumed that by a that bald head because of gene of
found on chromosome sex, as does colour blindly. However fact that a father having
bald head can have the bald boy also. This fact is that above mentioned anticipation
cannot in agreeing, because gene suppose for the head of that bald there are at
chromosome X hence father not possible to and its child is men have the nature of
same. That if Gene is anticipated by there is a chromosome Y, hence anticipation
cannot in agreeing, considering that there is woman having bald head. Linking with
that taken by conclusion that is bald head because of gene influenced by gender ( in
Language inggris referred as " sex influenced gene".
gene Structural in definition as sequence nucleotide compiling the
specification of sour sequence of amino ( that is its structure) at polypeptide.
Association with early and final, each gene structural is sequence nucleotide which
canal as controller elements, got mixed up with by transcripts. Interaction of between
controller elements, enzyme of polymerase RNA and regulator protein. Here enough
presumably to note the existence of two type of controller element which is there are
at all points : sequence promoter, what is at RNA polymerase have to be trussed when
going to copy the gene into mRNA and sequence terminator, wigwagging that
polymerase have to secede and print.

CHAPTER III
METHODE PRAKTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Friday / november 29th 2010
 Time : 13.00 a.m. until 15.00 a.m.
Place : Biology Laboratory IInd floor West FMIPA UNM Makassar
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools
a. Ruler
b. Pen
2. Materials
a. Paper
b. The index finger And ring finger of property by my self
C. Work procedure
1. Made a clear horizontal line at paper sheet.
2. Placed left or right palm is above paper sheet which have been marked with
lines in such a manner.
3. Said the word where situation of tip of forefinger by using other pen
stationery.

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCCUSSION

A. Observation result
Group Phenotype of man Phenotype of woman
Short of Long of Short of Long of
 middle finger middle finger middle finger middle finger
(TT< Tt) (tt) (TT) (Tt, tt)
I 1 0 4 0
II 1 0 3 1
III 1 0 4 1
IV 1 2 4 0
V 2 0 3 1
VI 2 2 0 0
Total 8 2 21 3

Notes :
If = Index finger
Data analysis
1. Frequency fenotip
a. Frequency for short index finger at male ( TT,Tt )

% (TT.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

=1%
b. Frequency for long index finger at male ( tt )

% (tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

=0%
c. Frequency for short index finger at female ( TT )

% (TT.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 0,7 x 100 %
= 70 %
d. Frequency for long index finger at female ( Tt )
 % (Tt.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 0,3 x 100 %
= 30 %
2. Frequency genotip
(p+ q)2 = 1
P2(TT) + 2 pq(Tt)+ q2(tt) =1, where p+q
1. For male
P+q =1

q2 =

q2 =

q =0
p = 1-q
= 1-0
=1
1). Presentation genotype for male
a. TT (Short finger) = p2 x 100 %
= 12 x 100 %
100 %
b. Tt ( Short finger) = 2pq x100 %
= 2.1.0 x 100 %
=0%
c. tt (long finger) = q2 x 100 %
= 02 x 100 %
=0%
3. Total genotip
 a. Male short index finger ( TT,Tt )
( TT,Tt ) = (2pq + p2) x total of male
=1x1
=1
b. Male long index finger (tt)
(tt) = q2 x total of man
=0x1
=0
2. For female
P+q =1

p2 =

p2 =

p2 = 0,7
p =
p = 0.837

1). Presentation genotype for male

d. TT (Short finger) = p2 x 100 %
= 12 x 100 %
100 %
e. Tt ( Short finger) = 2pq x100 %
= 2.1.0 x 100 %
=0%
f. tt (long finger) = q2 x 100 %
= 02 x 100 %
=0%
4. Total genotip
 c. Male short index finger ( TT,Tt )
( TT,Tt ) = (2pq + p2) x total of male
=1x1
=1
d. Male long index finger (tt)
(tt) = q2 x total of man
=0x1
=0

B. Discussion
Practicum this done observation towards one of the character gen-gen
influenced by sex or sex, that is long index finger. This character is controlled by
gene pair t and t, where in has dominant and in has recessive woman.
 Based on data analysis that taken from class data so known that man total that
has phenotype index finger long as much as 0 person (0%); man total that has
phenotype index finger short 1 person (1%). While, woman total that has phenotype
index finger long 6 person (30%) and woman total that has phenotype index finger
short as much as 14 person (70%). This matter proves that most of all has ring finger
longer from in index finger, good in also in woman.
Percentage genotype for woman is got that man finger short index finger
homozygote (TT) as big as 100%, man index finger short heterozygote (Tt) as big as
0%, and man index finger long (tt) 0%. This matter proves man total index finger
long homozygote at most. From this data us can conclude that woman with short
index finger has percentage genotype biggest in comparison with female index finger
long.
In general practice has genotype usually found in society. This matter is as
according to anonymous, previous study theory finds finger change because hormone
change testosterone when in pregnancy. But we also have found long finger 70%
bequeathed gene. Hormone influence during pregnancy very infinitesimal. This
watchfulness is trusted that factor genetic influential in determine long finger than
factor hormone change. Second length ratio this finger is not future many changes
postnatal. So far not found special race usually has longer ring finger than index
finger.

CHAPTER V
CONLUSSION AND SUGESSTION

A. Conclusion
 The short index finger caused by sex influenced gene, it has dominant at male
and recessive at female.
B. Suggestion
a. For Laboratory
1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which will be
use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.
2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner or
fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.
For Practicant
1. Practicant should prepare anything they need before enter into laboratory,
so they will easy to done practicum.
2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be
faster and the result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adisumarto.1988.Genetika.Jakarta: Erlangga
Anonyma.2010.sex influence gene. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.
Anonymb. 2010. sex influence gene http://www.unjabisnis.com/2009/12/\sex
influence gene \.html
Elrod, Susan. 2006. Genetika Edisi Empat. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hartati 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.

Makassar.

John,F lasley.1963. Genetics of live stock improvement. New Jersey. Department of

animal husbandry Universty of Nissouri.
Norton.1975. An introduction to genetics. New York. The University of Minnesota
gardner
Suryo. 2008. Genetika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Victoria henuhili,suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Makassar : Biologi UNM