Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
MAE 554
Professor H. Ezzat Khalifa
Syracuse University
1
Psychrometric Chart (ASHRAE)
Psychrometric Processes
Dehumidify
2
A/C System Psychrometric Processes
TH
TC
3
Carnot Cycle Performance
30.0
Sat Cond T, °C
25.0 20.0
30.0
40.0
20.0
50.0
60.0
COPc
70.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-40.0 -35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0
TH
TC
4
Reversed Rankine Vapor Compression Cycle
T
Superheat Horn
Increased Work
TH
TC
Superheat Horn
Increased Work
TH
Throttling Loss
In Work
TC
Throttling Loss
in Refrigeration
5
Simple Vapor Compression Cycle
3 2
4 1
P ΔTSC
PC
PE
ΔhWo
ΔTSH
ΔhE ΔhW h
6
Ideal VCC Performance
10 25
R22
Ideal VCC
8 20
10 CFM
Compressor Cond.
Sat. Temp., ºC
Capacity, kW
6 15 35.0 COP
COPC
50.0 COP
35.0 Q
4 10 50.0 Q
2 5
0 0
-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0
Evap. Sat. Temp., C
0.9 0.9
Cond.
Relative COP
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0
Evap. Sat. Temp., C
7
P-h Diagram for Real Vapor Compression Cycle
2d
PD
3
PC 2
PE 1a
4
PS 1
1b 1c
8
Two-Stage VCC with Flash Economizer
5 4
3
2
7 8 1
P ΔTSC
ΔhW2
5 4
PC
7 3 2
PI
6
PE
8 1
ΔhW1
ΔTSH
ΔhE h
9
Two-Stage VCC with Subcooler Economizer
5 5 4
3
2
7 8 1
P ΔTSC
ΔhW2
7 5 4
PC
3 2
PI
6
PE
8 1
ΔhW1
ΔTSH
ΔhE h
10
Optimum Intermediate Temperature for 2-Stage VCC
2.4
2.2
COPC
2.0
1.8
COP C, COPCr
1.6
1.4
COPCr
1.2
1.0 Geometric-Mean
Intermediate
0.8
0.6
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Intermediate Sat. Temp., C
R22
8
Ideal VCC
Cond.
Sat. Temp., ºC
6 35/COP 1
COP C
50/COP 1
35/COP 2
4 50/COP 2
0
-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0
Evap. Sat. Temp., C
11
Performance of Multi-stage VCCs
1.8
R22
1.6
Ideal VCC
1.4
Relative COP C and Capaity
1.2
1.0
Rel. COP
Rel. Capacity
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1 2 3 4
Number of Stages
Cascade System
High-Temperature Refrigerant
Low-Temperature Refrigerant
4 1
12
Desirable Characteristics of Refrigerants
• Thermally stable
• Safe (toxicity and flammability)
• Low cost and widely available
• Compatible with materials of construction
• High performance
– High latent heat
– Low compression superheat
– Low throttling losses
– High heat transfer properties
• Environmentally benign (ODP and GWP)
Refrigerant Classification
Refrigerants
Pure Mixtures
Propane/Iso-Butane
Iso-Butane R11 R125 R410A*
*Near-Azeotropes
13
Mixture Phase Diagrams
Sat. Temperature P2
P1
Tsat
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Mole Fraction, x
P2
Sat. Temperature
P1
Tsat
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Mole Fraction, x
14
NIST Refrigerant Properties
A1 B1
No Flammability R11, R12, R22, R125, R134a, R407C,
R123, R764, R21
R507, R404A, R410A, R744
A2 B2
Low Flammability
R32, R142b, R143a, R152a NH3
A3 B3
High Flammability
R170, R290, R600a, R1150 R1140
Refrigerants marked in Red are ozone depleting substances that are no longer
used in new equipment.
Refrigerants marked in Green are natural refrigerants that have low GWP,
as well as no ODP.
15
Refrigerants: Methane Group
16
ODP and GWP for Various Refrigerants
Refrigerant ODP GWP Refrigerant ODP GWP
ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), and GWP (Greenhouse Warming Potential) are
calculated relative to CFC R11.
Refrigerant Comparison
17
Refrigerant Pressure-Capacity Relationship
1.0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pressure Difference @ ARI [psi]
1.05
1.00
ARI
0.95
CHEER
0.90
0.85
0.80
R22 R134a R290 R407C R507 R410A
18
Relative ARI Capacity [Same Displacement]
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
19
Low Temperature Capacity Comparison
1.0
Capacity Relative to ARI
R22
R507
R134a
R410A
0.1
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Saturated Evaporator Temperature [F]
SCT=130F; SH=20F; SC=15F; No LSHX; No Quench
R22
R507
R134a
R410A
0.1
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Saturated Evaporator Temperature [F]
SCT=130F; SH=20F; SC=15F; No LSHX; No Quench
20
Discharge Superheat Comparison
300
200
R22
R507
150
R134a
R410A
100
50
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Saturated Evaporator Temperature [F]
SCT=130F; SH=20F; SC=15F; No LSHX; No Quench
21
Fluid Comparison - R134a vs. R744 (CO2)
Region of
Region of
Operational
Operationa
Interest
l Interest
Refrigerant-Lubricant Viscosity
22
Vapor Compressors
23
Positive Displacement Vapor Compressors
Centrifugal [HVAC]
Screw [HVAC]
SH Recip [HVAC]
H Recip [HVAC]
Scroll [HVAC]
Rotary [HVAC]
24
Positive Displacement Compressors
Piston (Reciprocating)
25
Comparison of P-V Diagrams
Clearance Volume
Pressure
Up to 60%
More Capacity
Recip. Refrig.
Recip. AC
Volume Displacement
n = 1.15
Theoretical Volumeteric Efficiency
0.8
C
0.000
0.6 0.010
0.015
0.020
0.030
0.050
0.4 0.070
0.100
0.2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure Ratio
26
Rolling Piston (Rotary) Compressor Pump
27
Hermetic Scroll Compressor
Scroll Compressor
28
Scroll Compressor Operation
29
Twin Screw (Lysholm) Compressor
30
Typical Screw Compressor Performance
Over/Under-compression Loss
100%
Percentage Over/Under-compression Loss
80%
VR
60% Under-compression 3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
40% 6.0
20%
0%
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Relative Discharge Pressure (P d/P d*)
31
Screw Compressors
Efficiency Improvement
2.0 1.0
1.8 Close
Close leakage
leakage gaps
gaps &
& reduce
reduce oil
oil injection
injection 0.9
1.6 0.8
Isentropic Efficiency
1.4 0.7
Relative Loss
Pump Efficiency
1.2 0.6
1.0 0.5
0.8 0.4
Leakage Losses Flow & Viscous Losses
0.6 0.3
0.4 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Male Rotor Tip Speed [m/s]
32
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressor
33
Typical Centrifugal Compressor Impeller
34
2-Stage Centrifugal Compressor
Polytropic Efficiency
0.850
0.846
0.844
Isentropic Efficiency
0.842
0.840
0.838
0.836
0.834
0.832
0.830
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Pressure Ratio
35
Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance
36
Comparison of Chiller Compressors
Expansion Devices
37
Short Restrictor Expansion Device
38
Constant-Pressure Expansion Valve
39
Thermally Activated Heat Pump Concept
Condenser Generator
4"
6 3 4'
Solution HX
Pump
7 2 5
Evaporator Absorber
40
Practical Configuration of LiBr-H2O System
P2
Sat. Temperature
P1
Tsat
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Mole Fraction, x
41
Single-Effect LiBr-H2O Cycle Duhring Diagram
6 3 4', 4"
PC
Crystallization
PE
1, 7 2 5
TE TC~TA TG T
Solution HX Solution HX
Pump Pump
10 5 2 8 4
Evaporator Absorber
3'
42
Double-Effect LiBr-H2O Absorption Cycle [2]
Condenser Generator 2 Generator 1
8' 8 4"
10 3' 3 4'
9"
4
9' 5
Solution HX
Pump
12 2 6'
Evaporator Absorber
7 3 4, 6
PC
Crystallization
PE
1, 8 2 5
TE TC~TA TG T
43
Pumpless Aqua-Ammonia System
Bubble Pump
2′ 2
3′ 3
6, 1′
5
44
Regenerative Air Cycle
Ambient air
Recuperator
Gas Cooler
Conditioned
Space
Load T emp.
ºC
0.5
22.0
12.0
0.4 2.0
-8.0
-18.0
COP
0.3
-38.0
-58.0
0.2 -78.0
-98.0
-118.0
0.1
0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Expander Pressure Ratio
45
Regenerative Air Cycle Performance
0.6
Load T emp.
ºC
0.5
22.0
12.0
0.4 2.0
-8.0
-18.0
COP
0.3
-38.0
-58.0
0.2 -78.0
-98.0
-118.0
0.1
0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Expander Pressure Ratio
10000
8000
kJ/kg Liquid Air
6000
4000
2000
0
Revrsible Linde Linde + VC Dual- Dual- Claude
(Ideal) Precooler Pressure Pressure
(-45 C) Linde Linde + VC
Precooler
46
Rotary Magnetic Refrigerator
47