ENVIRONMENTAL

ABSTRACT: This document gives a

ENGINEERING brief information regarding the
environmental engineering and various
SUBMITTED problems in the environment requiring an
BY effective technical knowledge. It also

B.BHARATH KUMAR includes the causes ,effects of environmental

pollution and some remedies to prevent it .
09KQ1A0106

bharatboyapati@gmail.com History Of Environmental

B.SAI PAVAN KUMAR
09KQ1A0107
saipavanindiah2o@gmail.com
Engineering: Environmental engineering
is a relatively new name for a type of
engineering that began in the United States
in the 1830s. Under different names, it
continued to evolve to satisfy environmental
challenges posed by urbanization,
suburbanization, and the other needs of the
nation during the industrial revolution in the
late 1800s through the information
revolution of the 1990s.

INTRODUCTION:

Environmental engineering is an incredibly

broad field which is focused on using
scientific principles to improve
environmental conditions. Environmental
PACE INSTITUTE OF engineers may use their skills to prevent
TECHNOLOGY AND damage to the environment, or to deal with
the consequences of such damage. Many
SCIENCES colleges and universities around the world
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified) offer training in environmental engineering
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to to people who are interested in this field,
and employment prospects are generally
JNTU-K)
quite good. Using the principles of biology
Valluru, 0ngole, Prakasam (D.T), A.P and chemistry, environmental engineers
develop solutions to environmental
problems. They are involved in water and air
pollution control, recycling, waste disposal,
and public health issues. Environmental
engineers design municipal water supply
and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
They conduct research on proposed
environmental projects, analyze scientific
data, and perform quality control checks.
They provide legal and financial consulting
on matters related to the environment.

CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL Water pollution When waste products and

POLLUTION:
Environmental pollution is
the introduction of contaminants into the
environment that makes the environment
unhealthy for habitation and on the extreme,
can harm the ecosystem. The causes of
pollution depend on the type of pollution
under view.
potential contaminants are released into
river drainage systems and other water
bodies making the water unfit or
compromising the quality of the water for
use by man or habitation of water fauna and
flora, we have water pollution.

Air pollution This is the release of polluting

chemicals and particulates into the
atmosphere. These pollutants make it
unhealthy to breathe in such air. Common
air pollutants are sulfur dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides produced by
industry and motor vehicles. When
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react to
sunlight, smog and photochemical ozone are
formed when nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons react to sunlight Soil Contamination occurs when chemicals
are released by spill or underground leakage.
Among The most significant soil
contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy
metals, herbicides, pesticides and
chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Radioactive contamination, resulting from

20th century activities in atomic physics,
such as nuclear power generation and
nuclear weapons research, manufacture and
deployment.
Noise pollution, which encompasses
roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial
noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Light pollution, includes light trespass,
over-illumination and astronomical
interference.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the
presence of overhead power lines, motorway
billboards, scarred landforms , open storage
of trash or municipal solid waste.
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change
in natural water bodies caused by human
influence, such as use of water as coolant in
a power plant.
CAUSES BEHIND THE SCREEN:
Along with the major causes the
following are some of the causes that will be
behind the screen and are effecting a lot, an
environmental pollution causes..
1.OVER POPULATION: The over
population itself is a big challenge the world
is facing now.It inturn increases the burden
on the society through effecting the
environment ,as the population increases the
demand of various resources increase and
ultimately make our living standards low.
Here we can also say that the wastes will
also be high. Thus over population effects
environmental pollution a lot.
2. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION: A layer
of ozone gas (O3) surrounds the Earth about 40km
above the ground. This ozone absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the Sun,
preventing it from reaching the ground.
Since 1976, there has been an alarming
decrease in the amount of ozone in the upper
layer of the atmosphere (stratosphere) over
the South Pole
.
DEFORESTATION SHOULD BE
REDUCED…..!
What are the effects of ozone depletion?
The thinning of the ozone layer results in an
increased exposure to UV rays from the Sun.
In humans, this can cause diseases like skin
cancer and cataract and may also result in a
reduced resistance to diseases. Humans are
also indirectly affected. Too much UV rays
will damage plant tissues and destroy crops,
thus reducing food production. Also,
planktons - basic source of food for marine
life -would be killed, and this will affect the
entire ecosystem. Strong UV rays have also
been known for deforming fish larva. In the
end, all these would result in widespread
hunger.
Acid Rain: Acid rain is a result of air and light from the sun in the earth’s
pollution. When any type of fuel is burnt, lots atmosphere, which increases the
of different chemicals are produced. The temperature. This hurts many people,
smoke that comes from a fire or the fumes animals, and plants. Many cannot take the
that come out of a car exhaust don't just change, so th ey die.
contain the sooty grey particles that you can
see - they also contains lots of invisible gases
that can be even more harmful to our
environment. Power stations, factories and
cars all burn fuels and therefore they all
produce polluting gases. Some of these gases
(especially nitrogen oxides and sulphur
dioxide) react with the tiny droplets of water
in clouds to form sulphuric and nitric acids.
The rain from these clouds then falls as very
weak acid - which is why it is known as "acid
rain". The release of sulphur dioxide can also
occur naturally when a volcano erupts. GLOBAL WARMING EVEN EFFECTS THE
MONUMENTS A LOT…
The effects of acid rain Acid rain can be
carried great distances in the atmosphere, not What is global warming doing to the
just between countries but also from continent
to continent. The acid can also take the form environment?
of snow, mists and dry dusts. The rain
sometimes falls many miles from the source Global warming is affecting many parts of
of pollution but wherever it falls it can have a the world. Global warming makes the sea
serious effect on soil, trees, buildings and rise, and when the sea rises, the water covers
water. In the 1970s the effects of acid rain many low land islands. This is a big
were seen at their worst.
Forests all over the world were dying... in problem for
Scandinavia the fish were dying; lakes were many of the
crystal clear but contained no living creatures plants, animals,
or plant life. Many of Britain's freshwater fish and people on
were threatened their eggs were damaged and islands. The
deformed fish were being hatched . This in
turn led to fish-eating birds and animals also water covers
being affected. the plants and causes some of them to die.
When they die, the animals lose a source of
food, along with their habitat. Although
What is global warming?
animals have a better ability to adapt to what
happens than plants do, they may die also.
Global warming is when the earth heats up
When the plants and animals die, people
(the temperature rises). It happens when
lose two sources of food, plant food and
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water
animal food. They may also lose their
vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat
homes. As a result, they would also have to
leave the area or die. This would be called a REMEDIES: Preventative measures
break in the food chain, or a chain reaction, include things like waste management,
one thing happening that leads to another pollution controls, and resource allocations
and so on. which are designed to ensure that supplies of
clean water endure. Environmental
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL engineers may also work on projects like
developing ecologically friendly building
POLLUTION:Pollution is primarily
techniques, green vehicles, and
understood as a contamination of nature and environmentally friendly methods of power
earth’s resources by human activity. generation. Many environmental engineers
Agricultural, industrial and transport enjoy working on preventative measures
activities seem to be the main sources of such as these, since they are often at the
cutting edge of technology.
pollution today. These activities result in the
release of chemical, physical or biological
substances into water, air and soil, which
interfere with the ecosystem and also have
an adverse effect on human health, and the
health of every other living creature on the
planet. In fact, with the threat of global
warming looming large, the entire planet
seems to be at a great risk.Water pollution is
the release of urban sewage into seas, rivers
and other water bodies. These affect the
oxygen levels of the water, killing aquatic
plant and animal life. Even agricultural
activities have destroyed micro-organisms
and life under the soil.
Human impact on the natural
environment :
Natural environment is of crucial
importance for social and economic life. We
use the living world as GARBAGE SHOULD BE
MANAGED PROPERLY
• a resource for food supply
• an energy source
• a source for recreation
• a major source of medicines What are people doing to stop global
• natural resources for industrial warming?
products.
People are doing many things to try to stop • These are 'clean' as far as acid rain
global warming. One thing people are doing goes but what other impact do they
is carpooling. Carpooling is driving with have on our environment?
someone to a place that you are both going Greater subsidies of public transport by the
to. This minimizes the amount of government to encourage people to use public
greenhouse gases put into the air by a car. transport rather than always travelling by car.
Another thing that people are doing is being • Every individual can make an effort to
more careful about leaving things turned on save energy by switching off lights
like the television, computer, and the when they are not being
lights. A lot of people are taking time away
from the television, and instead, they are CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
spending more time outdoors. This helps
our planet out a lot. Now, more people are
even riding busses, walking to school, and
riding their bikes to lower the amount of
greenhouse gases in the air. Planting trees
and recycling also helps. If you recycle, less
trash goes to the dump, and less trash gets
burned. As a result, there are fewer
greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere.

What can be done?

Reduce emissions:Burning fossil fuels is

still one of the cheapest ways to produce
electricity so people are now researching
new ways to burn fuel which don't produce
so much pollution. Governments need to
spend more money on pollution control even
if it does mean an increase in the price of
electricity.Cars are now fitted with catalytic
converters which remove three dangerous
chemicals from exhaust gases.

Find alternative sources of energy

• Governments need to invest in

researching different ways to
produce energy.
Two other sources that are currently
used are hydroelectric and nuclear
power.
USAGE OF ECOFRIENDLY VEHICLES AND
UTILISING NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE Growing public awareness has generated
WIND,SOLAR ENERGY IS ONE OF BETTER enthusiasm for environmental protection.
WAY
People's voices are heard and repeated in the
media. Reporting environmental issues such
THERMAL POWER as nuclear tests, construction of dams etc.,
POLLUTION: making of documentaries concerning the
environment, production of films on
The broadest definition of thermal pollution
is the degradation of water quality by any environmental issues are areas
process that changes ambient water environmental journalists have been
temperature. Thermal pollution is usually exploring
associated with increases of water
temperatures in a stream, lake, or ocean due :Objectives :
to the discharge of heated water from
industrial processes, such as the generation
of electricity. Increases in ambient water
temperature also occur in streams where
shading vegetation along the banks is
removed or where sediments have made the
water more turbid

Role of Government Intervention in

Environmental Issues
In environmental cases, a policy
framework is sometimes more effective
when there is less government intervention.
As the level of government
intervention diminishes, this allows more
flexibility for corporations to
achieve efficiency. Furthermore the
traditional command and control approach
has proven to be costly, bureaucratic and
often inefficient.
It is important to address the fact that there
are numerous benefits that can
be achieved for both policy makers and
industries, if a policy framework is
based on market forces. However it is
important that there is a need for some
government intervention, but should be as
minimal as possible
Development of educational/teaching
materials and aids in the formal education
sector;
To encourage non-governmental
organisations, mass media and other
concerned organisations for promoting
awareness among the people at all levels;
Research agencies, both private and
government, hire environmental
researchersPrivate companies hire
environment safety and protection
executivesResearch, documentation and
field work in nongovernmental
organizationsTeaching jobs in universities
and schools.

AWARENESS TO PUBLIC:
IDEOLOGY –PLANNING
-EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION:
Inorder to have an effective control over
environmental pollution ,there is a need of
excellent strategy (ideology) to follow. The
initial thing is to have a complete idea or
awareness about the every aspect of
environment and its consequences . The
next thing is to have an innovative
planning .The plan should satisfy all
minimum needs to implement the control
measures of environmental pollution.we
should achieve the position such that all
sorts of hazardous wastes ,chemical
pollutants are managed properly. The
government should take preventive
measures and some awareness programmes
among the public .however it is the
necessary of every citizen to involve and act
accordingly for effective controlling of
pollution.
CONCLUSSIONS:
Presence of dangerous unnatural
ingredeints causing imbalance in the
ecosystems and health hazards to
human beings and animals is called
pollution.
• Pollution is mainly found in air,
water, soil, food and sound.
• Major human activities like
industries, agriculture, health care,
transport, dwelling and energy
generation are the causes of
pollution.
• Many industries like textile, paper,
steel, sugar, petroleum, food,
chemical and cement industries
cause air pollution, water pollution
and soil pollution.
• Industrial pollutants include gases
like methane, cyanides, carbon
tetrachloride, carbon disulphides,
carbon monoxide, hydrogen
disulphides, hydrochloric acids,
ammonia, sulphur dioxide as well as
multiples of liquid / solid
compounds.
• Modern agriculture - encouraging the
large scale of fertilizers and
pesticides - is primary cause of
drinking water pollution.
• Transport has been the main reason
for air pollution in most cities.
Vehicular trffic releasing carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide has caused large scale air
pollution in cities.
• Pollution of air is the major cause
human health problems such as
respiratory problems, lung / throat,
cancer etc. Pollution of water is also
the main cause of health problems
like gastero - enteritis formation of
ulcers, tumors.
• Health problems due to pollution
range form simple vomiting and skin
irritations to intestinal cancer, brain
tumors, from simple fever to fatal
hepatitis, from throat irritation to
deadly heart diseases.
• Foods that we eat are polluted
because of use of pesticides, use of
polluted water or microbial
 activities. Many persistent pesticides
enter food chains and accumulate in
bodies at a larger concentrations.
• Soil pollution by various solids and
liquids has created imbalances in soil
ecosystems besides creating number
of ecological hazards in cities and
villages.
• Control of pollution has been a
formidable challenge to human
civilization. As the pollution grows
with the civilization and growing
population, the control of pollution is
more challenging.
• Several measures have been adopted,
suggested imposed in industries, in
agriculture and urban dwellings to
control the pollution.

However fast growing population and high

capital requirement are the major problems
being faced to implement the scientific
methods of pollution control.

REFERENCES:

• Environmental studies –
koushik and koushik
• Environmental engineering –
anjireddy
• Internet

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