troduction

This Paper deals with the harmonic elimination in Power System by adapting vario
us methods. Due to the development of Power Electronics technology, more Power E
lectronics appliances are used, which leads the serious harmonic pollutions.
Using Shunt Active Filters we can eliminate these kinds of harmonics. The develo
pment of new Shunt Active Filter is presented. The concept of proposed Shunt Act
ive Filter and its operating Principle, Control Theory is also discussed. The fi
ltering scheme provides harmonic suppression at the source so that the source wi
ll supply high quality power to linear load [6].
The 'Power Quality' has become the 'buzzword' in the last one decade due to incr
ease in quality-sensitive load, like computers, non-linear switched devices, whi
ch are the sources of disturbance to create poor power quality & awareness of im
plications of power quality.
Quality means customer satisfaction, which cannot be defined absolutely. It is d
efined with reference to consumer expectations. The quality of a product is thus
measured by using yardstick of consumer satisfaction. Electric power quality is
satisfaction of its customer; a consumer is satisfied if he is able to use powe
r through his equipment and devices to serve his purpose. This is possible only
if his equipment and devices have Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) with the s
upply quality; Thus, EMC is the measure of power quality [1].
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The SIMULINK/MATLAB is a highly developed graphical user interface simulation to
ol. It has proved instrumental in implementing the graphical based controller. T
he Simulation tool has been used to perform the modeling and simulation of the c
ustomer power controller for a wide range of operating conditions. The Simulatio
n results of the proposed filter are discussed.
The purpose of this paper is to review the results obtained during the present w
ork before proceeding with the conclusion of the work done. The primary objectiv
e of this paper is to model and develop the proposed new Shunt Active Power Filt
er for the current harmonics suppression using SIMULINK/MATLAB, for power qualit
y improvement.
Filters
Filters are used to restrict the flow of harmonic currents in the Power Systems.
It is a LC circuit, which passes all frequencies in its pass bands and stops al
l frequencies in its stop bands. There are two basic types of filters. The simpl
est method of harmonic filtering is with passive filters. It uses the reactive s
torage components, namely capacitors and inductors. It has two types. Shunt pass
ive filter is the Combination of L and C elements, which are connected in parall
el with the line. It will restrict the flow of harmonics through the line. Fig-1
shows the configuration of Shunt passive Filter.
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]
Series passive filter is the combination of L & C in parallel, which are connect
ed in series with the supply as in fig-2, which has the ability to eliminate har
monic amplification of shunt passive filter. The series active filter needs a mu
ch smaller KVA rating than a conventional shunt active filter, and as a result,
the combined system has good filtering characteristics and high efficiency. This
paper presents an optimum design of the shunt passive filter that makes possibl
e a great reduction in the required KVA rating of the series active filter. It c
an minimize the peak voltage across the series active filter and reduce the requ
ired KVA rating of the filter to 60 percent. A computer simulation geared to pra
ctical applications of large three-phase. Thyristor rectifiers are used to compa
re the compensation characteristics of the optimized system with those of a comb
ined system that uses a conventional shunt passive filter. Active Filters are ne
wly emerging devices for harmonic filtering, which will use Controllable Sources
to cancel the harmonics in the Power Systems. The basic principle of operation
of an Active Filter is to inject a suitable non-sinusoidal voltage and currents
in to the system in order to achieve a clean voltage and current waveforms at th
e point of filtering. [10].
[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]
[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]
Shunt Active Filters are connected in parallel to the load. The system configura
tion is shown in fig-3. It consists of a Voltage Source Inverter and a filter in
ductor is connected in series. It performs a harmonic current suppression to the
line. Where as series active filter shown in fig-4, is connected in series with
the load. The major advantages of the Series Active Filter are, it maintains th
e output voltage waveform as sinusoidal and balances the three-phase voltage.
Harmonic Measurement
Importance of monitoring PQ
In a case study where the end-user equipment knocked off-line 30 times in 9 mont
hs but there were only five operations on the utility substation breaker. There
were so many events, which will result in end-user problems that never show up i
n the utility statistics. One example is capacitor switching, which is quite com
mon and normal on the utility system, but can cause transient over-voltage that
disrupt manufacturing of machinery. Another is a momentary fault any where in th
e system that causes voltage to sag briefly at the location of the customer, whi
ch might cause an adjustable-speed drive or a distributed generator to trip off,
but the utility will have no indication that anything will miss on the feeder u
nless it has power quality monitor installed [11].
Harmonic analysis
If a case study is conducted at any textile mill, which has 2 transformers in wh
ich transformer 1 is supplying non-linear load. There are 4 feeders on transform
er1 (2MVA), which were supplying the non-linear loads. The harmonic distortion c
an be observed from the below diagrams.
[GRAPHIC OMITTED]
[GRAPHIC OMITTED]
[GRAPHIC OMITTED]
[GRAPHIC OMITTED]
It can be observed from the above waveforms and tables that the transformer cont
ains current harmonics of around 16% and voltage harmonics of 4%. Major harmonic
s in Current waveform are 5th and 7th harmonics. Hence it is strongly recommende
d to mitigate the 5th and 7th harmonics in current waveform [11].
Power Quality Evaluation:
Transform rating: 2 MVA [9]
Electrical System = 415V,50 Hz, 3 Ph 3 Wires (With capacitor bank switched ON)
Apparent Power, S = 624.499 kVA
Real Power, P = 700 kW
Reactive Power, Q = 500 kVAR
Power Factor, PF = 0.97(assuming lagging) (1)
Source Voltage, V
(Phase-A), [V.sub.A] = 243 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, A] = 4.1%
(Phase-B), [V.sub.B] = 243 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, B] = 4.4%
(Phase-C), [V.sub.C] = 243 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, C] = 4.2% (2)
Load Current, [I.sub.L]
(Phase-A), [I.sub.L, A] = 1500 A [THDI.sub.fund, A] = 15.2%
(Phase-B), [I.sub.L, B] = 1260 A [THDI.sub.fund, B] = 16.0%
(Phase-C), [I.sub.L, C] = 1560 A [THDI.sub.fund, C] = 13.2%
(Neutral), [I.sub.L, N] = 120 A [THDI.sub.fund, N] = 20.6% (3)
Power & Current are calculated by using CT Ratio 400:1
The total harmonic current for each phase is calculated as follows:
[I.sub.H] = [THDI.sub.fund] x ([i.sub.L]/[square root of ((1+[THDI.sub.fund.sup.
2])))]
[I.sub.H, A] = 0.152 x (1500/[square root of ((1+[0.152.sup.2])))] = 225.41A
[I.sub.H, B] = 0.16 x (1260/[square root of ((1+[0.16.sup.2])))] = 199.06A
[I.sub.H, C] = 0.132 x (1560/[square root of ((1+[0.132.sup.2])))] = 204.14A
[I.sub.H, N] = 0.206 x (120/[square root of ((1+[0.206.sup.2])))] = 24.21 A (4)
Hence from the above calculation it is observed that the transformer contains a
harmonic current of 200A per phase. Hence it is strongly recommended to reduce h
armonic currents.
Harmonic analysis:
In a case study conducted in the textile mill there were total 3 transformers in
which transformer no3 (1.5MVA) is supplying 6 ring frames, which were of variab
le frequency drives of 50kw each. It is observed from the diagrams of figure-5 t
hat the transformer is supplying a highly non-linear load current of 25% THD. In
 which major harmonics are 5th and 7th.
Power Quality Evaluation:
Transformer rating:(1.5MVA) [9]
Electrical System = 415 V, 50 Hz, 3 Phase 3 Wires
Apparent Power, S = 834 kVA
Real Power, P = 815 kW
Reactive Power, Q =180 kVAR
Power Factor, PF = 0.98(assuming lagging) (5)
Source Voltage, V
(Phase-A), V = 399.2 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, A] = 4.5%
(Phase-B), [V.sub.B] = 397.5 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, B] = 4.2%
(Phase-C), [V.sub.C] = 397.1 Vrms [THDV.sub.fund, C] = 4.3% (6)
Load Current, [I.sub.L]
(Phase-A), [I.sub.L, A] = 1260 A [THDI.sub.fund, A] = 25.2%
(Phase-B), [I.sub.L, B] = 1260 A [THDI.sub.fund, B] = 24.5%
(Phase-C), [I.sub.L, C] = 1140 A [THDI.sub.fund, C] = 25.0% (7)
Power & Current are calculated by using CT Ratio 600:1
The total harmonic current for each phase is calculated as follows:
[I.sub.H] = THDIfund x ([i.sub.L]/[square root of ((1+[THDI.sub.fund.sup.2]))]
[I.sub.H, A] = 0.252 x (1260/[square root of ((1+[0.252.sup.2])))] = 307.89A
[I.sub.H, B] = 0.245 x (1260/[square root of ((1+[0.245.sup.2])))] = 299.83A
[I.sub.H, C] = 0.25 x (1140/[square root of ((1+[0.25.sup.2])))] = 276.49A
Hence from the above calculation it is observed that the transformer contains a
harmonic current of 300A per phase. Hence it is strongly recommended to reduce h
armonic currents
Installation of Active Harmonic Filter
A 100 Amp Active Harmonic filter may be installed in PDB2 of Plant III supplied
by TX1.The Plant III has got 30 Ring frames, each ring frame having VFD (Variabl
e Frequency Drive) of 50 KW rating. 30 Ring frames have been grouped into four g
roups. A Power Distribution Board (PDB) supports each group. PDB2 supports 8 num
bers of ring frames. Single line diagram of the same installation is given below
in figure-6.
There were facing a Problem of High current harmonics more than 25% in PDB2.
Tripping of the Circuit breaker and Higher Temperature of cable and transformer
(Tx1). The 100 Amp APF Unit may be installed across the load of PDB2.
[FIGURE 6 OMITTED]
Transformer: 4 MVA, 33 KV/440 V, [DELTA]/Y, [6]
PFC: power factor correction capacitors (50 KVAR cap Bank)
Solid-state harmonic filter rating: 415 V, 50 Hz, 3-Ph-3 wire, 100 Amp AHF.
VFD Rating: Each VFD is of 50 KW, 440 V, 50 Hz (9)
Slight Distortion in current wave is, because of higher harmonic current present
in the system than the rating of the AHF installed at the time of measurement.
Due to variation in load sometimes-Harmonic current exceeds rating of AHF & work
in full correction mode voltage waveform.
Comparative Study:
Installation & Commissioning
1. Easy Installation.
2. Installation without affecting the Production.
3. Time required to install the AHF is less than 45 Min.
4. User Friendly control Panel.
5. Maintenance can be done easily without disturbing load efforts.
6. Current transformers are to be connected at load side for Current Sensing.
7. R, Y, & B terminals of AHF to be connected In shunt with the Load point
Calculation of THD from the tables:
1. Current THD:
Before AHF Installed Current THD ([I.sub.THD]) was: 30-31%
After AHF Installed Current THD ([I.sub.THD]) brought down to: 5-6%
2. Voltage THD:
Before AHF Installed Current THD ([I.sub.THD]) was: 6-7%
After AHF Installed Current THD ([I.sub.THD]) brought down to: 4-5%
3. Improved power factor (up to Unity) without power factor correction capacitor
s.
[FIGURE 7 OMITTED]
[FIGURE 8 OMITTED]
Description of System configuration
The system configuration of the proposed shunt active filter is shown in the fig
ure-7. It consists of a three-phase source, which is connected to a three-phase
non-linear diode bridge rectifier circuit. The Shunt Active Power Filter is conn
ected in shunt with the load. It consists of the voltage source inverter in seri
es with the inductor and capacitor. The triggering for the inverter circuit is g
iven through the control circuit. The inverter can be implemented by IGBTs opera
ting in hard-switched Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) mode to provide sufficient ba
ndwidth for the filtering function.
Operating Principle:
Three-phase bridge rectifier with RL loads (non-linear loads) is connected to th
e three phase three wire distribution system as shown in fig. Due to the nature
of the nonlinear loads, harmonics are injected in to the system. Shunt Active Po
wer Filter is connected in shunt with the load to suppress the harmonics. The Vo
ltage Source Inverter (VSI) generates a compensating harmonics current in to the
phase conductors through the inductor and capacitor sets connected in series wi
th it. The generated harmonic currents cancel each other with out affecting the
fundamental part of the source current.
Control Strategy
There are three stages in the active filtering technology. In the first stage th
e essentials voltage and current signals are sensed using power transformers and
current transformers to gather accurate system information. In the second stage
, compensating commands in terms of current or voltage levels are derived based
on control methods and AF configuration. In the third stage of control, the gati
ng signals for the solid-state devices of the AF are generated using PWM techniq
ues. In this we have used the instantaneous p-q theory for deriving the compensa
ting signal.
Control Algorithm
The generalized theory of the instantaneous reactive power in three phase circui
ts is also known as instantaneous power theory, or P-Q theory. It is based on in
stantaneous values in three-phase power systems with or without neutral wire, an
d is valid for steady state or transitory operations, as well as for generic vol
tage and current waveforms. The p-q theory consists of an algebraic transformati
on (Clarke transformation) of the three-phase voltages and currents in the a-b-c
co-ordinates to the [alpha]-[beta]-0 coordinates, followed by the calculation o
f the p-q theory instantaneous power components. As explained above the first st
ep in p-q theory is to transfer the a-b-c frame of voltage and currents into [al
pha]-[beta]-0 coordinates.
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (10)
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (11)
The instantaneous powers "p" and "q" are calculated using the equations given be
low
[p.sub.0] = [v.sub.0]*[i.sub.0] instantaneous zero sequence power.
p = [v.sub.[alpha]]*[i.sub.[alpha]]+[v.sub.[beta]]*[i.sub.[beta]] instantaneous
real power.
q = [v.sub.[alpha]]*[i.sub.[beta]]-[v.sub.[beta]]* [i.sub.[alpha]] instantaneous
imaginary power
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (12)
Where p = [bar.p] + p ~
q = [bar.q] + q ~
[p.sub.0] = [[bar.p].sub.0] + [p~.sub.0]
[[bar.p].sub.0] = Mean value of the instantaneous zero sequence power--correspon
ds to the energy per time unity which is transferred from the power supply to th
e load through the zero sequence components of voltage and current.
[p~.sub.0] = Alternated value of the instantaneous zero sequence power--it means
the energy per time unity that is exchanged between the power supply and the lo
ad through the zero sequence components. The zero-sequence power only exists in
threephase system with neutral wire. Furthermore, the system must have unbalance
d voltages and currents and/or 3rd harmonics in both voltage and current of at l
east one phase.
[bar.p] = Mean value of the instantaneous real power-corresponds to the energy p
er time unity which is transferred from the power supply to the load, through th
e a-b-c coordinates, in a balanced way (it is the desired power component).
p ~ = Alternated value of the instantaneous real power-it is the energy per time
unity that is exchanged between the power supply and the load, through the a-b-
c coordinates.
q = Instantaneous imaginary power- corresponds to the power that is exchanged be
tween the phases of the load. This component does not imply any transference or
exchange of energy between the power supply and the load,but is responsible for
the existence of undesirable currents, which circulate between the system phases
. In the case of a balanced sinusoidal voltage supply and a balanced with or wit
hout harmonics, q(the mean value of the instantaneous imaginary power) is equal
to the conventional reactive power (q=3.V.[I.sub.1.sin][PHI])
[FIGURE 9 OMITTED]
As seen in above figure-9, [bar.p] is usually, the only desirable p-q theory pow
er component. The other quantities can be compensated using a shunt active filte
r. [[bar.p].sub.0] Can be compensated without the need of any power supply in th
e shunt active filter. This quantity is delivered from the power supply to the l
oad through the active filter. This means that the energy previously transferred
from the source to the load through the zero sequence components of voltage and
current, is now delivered in a balanced way from the source phases. It is also
concluded from figure-9 that the active filter
DC Bus is only necessary to compensate [??] and [[??].sub.0] , since these quant
ities must be stored in this component at one moment to be later delivered to th
e load. The instantaneous imaginary power (q), which includes the conventional r
eactive power, is compensated without the contribution of the DC Bus. This means
that, the size of the DC Bus does not dependent on the amount of reactive power
to be compensated. The compensation reference currents in [alpha]-[beta]-0 comp
onents can be calculated by using the below mentioned equations.
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (13)
Since zero sequence current must be compensated, the reference compensation curr
ent in the 0 coordinate is [i.sub.0] itself. [i.sub.c0.sup.*] = [i.sub.0], In or
der to get the compensating currents in a-b-c reference frame the inverse transf
ormation of [alpha]-[beta]-0 to a-b-c is applied.
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (14)
[FIGURE 10 OMITTED]
Features of pq theory:
The above figure-10 synthesizes the reference current calculations of instantane
ous p-q theory.
1. It is inherently a 3-phase system theory.
2. It is based on instantaneous values, allowing excellent dynamic response.
3. Its calculations are relatively simple (it only includes algebraic expression
s that can be Implemented using standard processors).
4. It can be applied to any three-phase system (balanced or unbalanced, with or
without Harmonics in both voltages and currents).
Simulation Results
[FIGURE 11A OMITTED]
[FIGURE 11b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 11c OMITTED]
[FIGURE 11d OMITTED]
[FIGURE 12a OMITTED]
[FIGURE 12b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 12c OMITTED]
[FIGURE 12d OMITTED]
[FIGURE 13a OMITTED]
[FIGURE 13b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 13c OMITTED]
[FIGURE 14a OMITTED]
[FIGURE 14b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 15a OMITTED]
[FIGURE 15b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 16a OMITTED]
[FIGURE 16b OMITTED]
[FIGURE 16c OMITTED]
The Proposed scheme of Shunt Active Filter is shown in Figure-9. The Circuit dia
gram for both with & without filter is shown in figure-12. In this active filter
is connected in shunt with the 3-phase supply line.
The load taken for the simulation is Diode and Thyristor bridge rectifier with R
L load. The table shows the values of R and L for both diode and Thyristor recti
fiers.
As explained in the control algorithm there are basically three main steps in in
stantaneous PQ theory.1st step is converting the voltage and currents in ABC ref
erence (stationary) frame into alpha beta zero sequence (which is also stationar
y) frame as shown in fig7.2.
2nd step is to calculate the instantaneous real and reactive powers and extracti
ng reference compensating currents for compensating the harmonic currents and re
active power at the source side of the system as shown in fig 6.3
3rd step is to generate the reference compensating current by using an IGBT base
d voltage source inverter as shown in fig 6.1.
The below shown results will depict the effectiveness of the active filtering al
gorithm. It can be seen from the figure-13 that the source current has become a
pure sinusoidal wave and it has been observed form POWER GUI tool that source cu
rrent THD has been reduced from 24% to 2%. It can be seen from the figure-13 (d)
that load power oscillations are reduced with active filtering.
The same active filter is connected to Thyristor based bridge rectifier which is
containing more harmonics in current compared to the diode bridge rectifier as
mentioned in 7.2.The current THD is reduced from around 44% to 3% hence the desi
gned active filter effective with high percentage of THD also. The designed acti
ve filter is capable reducing around 50 amps of harmonic current in load. The si
mulation diagram for Active harmonic filter with Thyristor based bridge rectifie
r load is shown in fig 7.6
From fig 6.4(a) it can be seen that the load current waveform has been improved
and the source see a sinusoidal current waveform. It can also be observed from f
igure that the power variation at the load side is reduced at the source side in
addition to this the active harmonic filter is capable of supplying the reactiv
e power to the load and the power factor at the source side is also increased.
Conclusion
1) The model of the proposed new Shunt Active Power Filter is realized. The deve
loped new Shunt Active Power Filtering technology is implemented for a system fe
eding a non-linear load. It is simulated using the highly developed graphic tool
SIMULINK available in MATLAB. The results reveal that the proposed new Shunt Ac
tive Filtering technology is simple and effective and is suitable for practical
applications for the power quality improvement.
2)
Harmonic Distortion of Load Voltage
Dead Vab_50Hz THD H5 H7 8 kHz
Time (us) V (rms) (%) (%) (%) (%)
0 380 1.27 0.21 0.13 0.74
5 354.6 2.13 1.43 0.79 0.82

3) From (1) & (2) it is absorbed that by the suppression of voltage and current
harmonics by the use of new active filtering technology, the power quality can b
e improved as discussed in the various chapters.
Future Scope: The hardware implementation of the proposed filter can be done by
using IGBT based Inverter Bridge and DSP/MICROCONTROLLER based controller.
References
[1] FACTS for power quality improvement in grids feeding high speed rail tractio
n Grunbaum, R.Electric Machines & Drives Conference, 2007. IEMDC apos;07. IEEE I
nternational Volume 1, Issue, 3-5 May 2007 Page(s): 618 - 623 Digital Object Ide
ntifier 10.1109/IEMDC.2007.382738
[2] A Novel Power Quality Enhancement Scheme in Low Voltage Distribution System
Using Modulated Power Filter Compensator Sharaf, A.M.; Mahasneh, H.A.; Biletskiy
, Y. Clean Electrical Power, 2007. ICCEP apos;07. International Conference on Vo
lume, Issue, 21-23 May 2007 Page(s):171 - 174 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/
ICCEP.2007.384206
[3] Ronny Strernberger, Student member, IEEE, and Dragan Jovcic, Senior Member,
IEEE. " Theoretical Frame work for Minimizing Converter Losses & Harmonics in a
Multilevel STATCOM", IEEE Transactions on power delivery vol.23. N0.4 Oct 2008
[4] J.Jesus Chavez, Student Member, IEEE, and Abner Ramirez, Senior Member, IEEE
. "Dynamic harmonic domain modeling of transients in 3-phase transmission lines"
IEEE Transactions on power delivery vol.23. N0.4 Oct 2008
[5] Woei-Luen Chen, Member, IEEE, Yung-Hsiang Lin, Hrong-Sheng Gau, and Chia-Hun
g Yu. " STATCOM Controls for a Self--Excited Induction Generator Feeding Random
Loads" IEEE Transactions on power delivery vol.23. N0.4 Oct 2008
[6] Hedeaki Fujita, Member, IEEE, and Hirofumi Akagi, Fellow, IEEE " The Unified
Power Quality Conditioner: The Integration of Series--Shunt--Active Filters" IE
EE Transactions on power electronics vol.13. N0.2 March 1998
[7] Hirofumi Akagi, Fellow, IEEE. "New Trends in Active Filters for Power Condit
ioning" IEEE Transactions on Industry applications vol. 32. N0.6 Nov/Dec 1996
[8] D.Deniel Sabin & Ashok Sundaram. "Quality Enhances". IEEE Spectrum Feb-1996
[9] Mukul Rastogi, Rajendra Naik, and Ned Mohan, Senior Member, IEEE. "A Compara
tive Evaluation of Harmonic Reduction Techniques in Three-Phase Utility Interfac
e of Power Electronic Loads" IEEE Transactions on Industry applications vol. 30.
N0.5 Sep/Oct 1994
[10] "Understanding FACTS" by Narain G. Hingorani & Laszlo Gyugy Harmonics reduc
tion using continuously reactive power compensation in HVDC links, Karim Shaarba
fi, Ph D. student of power electronic Eng.Seyyed Hossein
[11] Hosseini, Ali Aghagholzadeh Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engine
ering, University of Tabri.
Sardar Ali (1), P. Sujatha (2) and Dr. Anjaneyulu (3)
(1) E-mail: Sali_elect@yahoo.com
(2) E-mail: psujatha1993@gmail.com
(3) E-mail: ksralu@yahoo.co.uk
Table 1: Current Harmonic
Amp A B C N
THD%f 15.2 16.0 13.2 20.6
H3%f 0.8 1.4 0.7 5.0
H5%f 14.5 15.1 12.6 4.6
H7%f 4.1 4.8 3.5 4.3
H8%f 0.8 0.4 0.5 17.8
H11%f 0.6 0.9 0.8 2.9
H13%f 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.7
H15%f 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9
Table 2: Voltage Harmonic
Amp A B C N
THD%f 4.1 4.4 4.2 67.6
H3%f 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.0
H5%f 4.0 4.2 4.0 59.5
H7%f 0.8 0.9 0.8 20.0
H9%f 0.3 0.2 0.3 21.6
H11%f 0.3 0.3 0.2 8.2
H13%f 0.2 0.3 0.3 4.4
H15%f 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.3
Power & Energy
A B C Total
kW 0.53 0.43 0.56 1.53
kVA 0.55 0.45 0.58 1.59
kVAA [??] 0.15 [??] 0.13 [??] 0.15 [??] 0.46
PFs 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96
Cos 0.97 0.97 0.98
Arms 2.2 1.9 2.4
A B C
Vrms 244.1 243.9 243.9
Table 4
Parameter Before AHF installation After AHF installation
(Cap Bank ON) (Cap Bank OFF)
Avg Curr 307.88 294.68
Avg KVA 221.57 212.28
Max KVA 278 258
KW 211.6 210.8
PF 0.955 0.994
KVAR 67.11 19.81
ITHD 24.5% 6.5%
VTHD 6.4% 5.3%
Voltage 415.5 415.5
Table 5: Transformer Primary side
Parameter Before AHF After AHF
Installation Installation
[I.sub.THD] 19.6 16.3%
[V.sub.THD] 2.7% 2.4%
Voltage 33KV 33KV
PF at TX .976 .986
Max KVA 1590 1540
Table 6: Transformer secondary side
Parameter Before AHF After AHF
Installation Installation
[I.sub.THD] 20.5% 16%
[V.sub.THD] 4.7% 4.2%
Table 7: Parameters for Diode Bridge load:
Load parameters Active filter parameters
Resistance = 2 ohms IGBT Inverter DC Bus = 700V
Inductance = 1.5mH Inverter Coupling Inductance/Phase = 1.5mH
Ripple Filter Parameters
Resistance/phase = 4 ohms
Capacitance/phase =36 [micro]f
Capacitance/phase =72 [micro]f
Table 8: Parameters for Thyristor Bridge rectifier load:
Load parameters Active filter parameters
Resistance = 2 ohms IGBT Inverter DC Bus = 700V
Inductance = 1.5mH Inverter Coupling Inductance/Phase = 1.5mH
Ripple Filter Parameters Resistance/phase
= 4 ohms
Capacitance/phase = 36 [micro]f
Capacitance/phase = 72 [micro]f