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b.
Figure 2. Raw ECG Data 1000 Hz (a) 20 seconds (b) 2 seconds. The Y axis is electrical potential and the X
axis is time in seconds.
Once the non-signal components were The distances between the fiducial points
removed from the ECG datastream, analysis of the and the R position vary with heart rate. If a linear
ECG trace located the fiducial positions. For human relationship existed between heart rate and those
identification, attributes were extracted from the P, R, distances, normalization is computed as the extracted
and T complexes (Figure 3). Four additional fiducial distance divided by the L’T’ distance. This approach
points were identified. The locations of the four new effectively scales the heartbeat to unit length. The
fiducial positions noted by an apostrophe (‘) are at the normalized features then represent the relative
basal positions of the P and T complexes (Figure 3). positions of the fiducials within the heartbeats. The
Collectively, the fiducials exploit the unique linear normalization has a heuristic rather than a
physiology of an individual. Physically, the L’ and P’ physiological basis. The distance that an electrical
fiducials indicate the start and end of the atrial impulse travels along the atrial axis is fixed, so that
depolarization. The corresponding S’ and T’ changes in heart rate are not evenly distributed across
positions indicate the start and end of repolarization. the P, R, and T complexes.
Problems did arise in some of the processing
data. These problems fall into two classes: excessive
R noise due to poor data collection and atypical ECG
Ventricular traces where identification of the fiducial points is
Depolarization difficult. To address the first type of problem, we are
investigating improved sensor placement and data
Atrial Ventricular acquisition, with the aim of developing a device
Depolarization Repolarization suitable for operational use. The second type of
T problem generally corresponds to individuals with
P unusual features in their ECG traces. For example,
one individual had a double peak in the P complex.
L’ P’ S’ T’ This anomaly was stable across tasks and sessions
S-T and, therefore, would serve as a unique identifier.
Q
P-Q segment Such anomalies, however, make it difficult or
interval impossible to compute the distance features we have
S chosen. Methods for robust exception handling
Q-T could, or course, be developed for these types of
cases.
interval
Figure 3. ECG Trace based upon Cardiac Classification of Heartbeat and Subjects
Physiology. L’ and P’ indicate the start and end of Using the features extracted from each
atrial depolarization, the R complex indicates heartbeat, classification was performed to assign each
ventricular depolarization, and the T complex heartbeat to the corresponding individual. From the
indicates the repolarization. original 15 attributes, 10-12 attributes were
commonly selected based on stepwise discriminant
analysis. The attribute selection process was
The fiducial points were extracted in the performed to ensure stable discrimination. To link
time domain in two stages. The peaks were the performance of the heartbeat classification to
established by finding the local maximum in a region human identification, a voting procedure assigned the
surrounding each of the P, R, and T complexes. The classification to the individual corresponding to the
base positions were determined by tracking downhill largest number of heartbeats.
and finding the location of minimum radius of
curvature. The potential response of a heartbeat is a The classification results correspond to
function of sensor placement for magnitude only. different partitionings of the data into training and
The sensor position does not affect the observed testing sets. To use ECG as a biometric, individuals
timing of the individual P, R, and T complexes. will enroll their information into the security system.
Therefore, the temporal distances among the fiducial After enrollment, the user’s ECG will be interrogated
points are independent of the sensor placement. at the system. Operationally, the enrollment process
Since the R position of the heartbeats was used for corresponds to training the classifier and the use of
aligning the waterfall diagram, the distances were the biometric to identify an individual corresponds to
computed from the other fiducial points to the R the classifier testing. Because of the limited number
position. of subjects, performance shown here may overstate
expected performance in an operational setting.
Further experimentation is needed to address large- (figure 5) and some loss in performance with the
scale performance. The results presented here show clinical instrument (figure 6).
good performance on data from the initial experiment
Figure 4. Examples of “Problem” and “Good” Data. The upper graphs show the ECG traces, while the lower
ones depict the waterfall diagram in which the heartbeats are aligned according to the R peaks.
Figure 7. Mean Heartbeat Within a Subject and Task, for Several Subjects and Seven Tasks from the First
LPTP LPTP
40 20
30
20 10
Frequency
Frequency
10
0
0
.470 .481 .491 .501 .511 .521 .544 .555 .566 .582
.432 .469 .479 .489 .499 .509 .519 .530 .557
.476 .486 .496 .506 .516 .530 .550 .560 .571
.453 .474 .484 .494 .504 .514 .524 .535
LPTP LPTP
Figure 9. Marginal Distribution for One Feature (L’T’) for Two Subjects
.600
Acknowledgements
.500 This research was supported by the DARPA
Human Identification program under contract
.400
DABT63-00-C-1039. Additional assistance was
sub5 provided by Dr. Rodney Meyer, Dr. Lauren Gavshon,
RL
.300
subj13
subj17
subj20
Ms. Shannon McGee, and Ms. Elizabeth Rosenfeld.
.200
subj38 The authors also wish to thank Dr. P. Jonathon
.100
Phillips, DARPA, for valuable comments concerning
the development of this work. The views expressed
.000
.000 .050 .100 .150 .200 .250 .300 .350 .400 .450
here are those of the authors and do not necessarily
RP reflect the positions of DARPA, SAIC, or the Virtual
Figure 10. Joint Distribution of Two Features (RL Reality Medical Center.
and RP) for Several Subjects.