THE EFFECT OF FILM VIEWING ON RABIES, ON THE KNOWLEDGE

ATTITIDE AND PRACTICES OF RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY

COMPRA, LILOY,ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

A Research Paper Presented

TO

The Faculty of the

Ateneo de Zamboanga University
School of Medicine

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE

By

SHARIFA ANI A. HASHIM

March 2007
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “THE EFFECT OF FILM VIEWING ON RABIES, ON

THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF RESIDENTS OF
BARANGAY COMPRA, LILOY, ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE” prepared and
submitted by SHARIFA AINI A. HASHIM, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE is hereby accepted.

______________________
Dr. Mario R Arciaga
Adviser

Approved by the Oral Examination Committee

______________________
Dr. Mario R Arciaga
Chairman
_____________________ ______________________
Dr. Ernesto G. Florendo Dr. Analisa P. Santamaria
Member Member

_____________________ ______________________
Dr. Samuel L. Cristobal Dr. Ricardo N. Angeles
Member Member

________________________ ______________________
Dr. Bernadette C. Macrohon Dr. Kelly S. Geronimo
Member Member

______________________
Dr. Muktader A. Kalbi
Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF

MEDICINE

DR. MARIO R. ARCIAGA

Associate Dean for Research
Ateneo de Zamboanga University
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
APPROVAL SHEET i

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 4
Research Objectives 4
Hypotheses 5
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 6
Conceptual Framework 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 11

Research Design 11
Research Setting 11
Respondents 11
Sampling Design 12
Research instrument 12
Data Gathering Procedure 13
Statistical Instrument 15
Flow of Activities 16

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 17

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 25

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDICES

A. Questionnaires 30
B. Invitation to film show on rabies 36
C. Invitation to dog vaccination day 37
D. Statistics 38
E. Pictures 52

CURRICULUM VITAE 54
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Demographic data 17

Table 2 Mean scores on knowledge, pre-intervention,post1 & 18
post 2 intervention
Table 3 P-values of knowledge scores 19
Table 4 Pre-intervention, post 1 and post 2 attitude mean scores 20
on Rabies and dog bites
Table 5 Means of securing dogs 23
Table 6 Comparison of dog population in barangay compra & 24
silucap

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework 7

Figure 2 flow of Activities 16
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To God Almighty, for guiding me and blessing me with good health, good friends, and
supportive family

To my parents and family for their unconditional support

To Dr. Louise Velassquez for generously sharing her resources and the use of her paper
as a reference, thank you so much.

To the Department of Health, for letting me use their film on rabies as my intervention

To Ella Balagot, it’s been great to have you by my side all these years. Your
perseverance, selflessness and dedication to the tasks assigned to you, has inspired me
most.

To Norhaina Sinarimbo, because of your patience, kindness and thoughtfulness, you

made even the rough and low times worthwhile.

To Jackie Eisma, you’ve given me the most support, not just in my research but
throughout the community exposures, I never had the opportunity to thank you for the
company, the cooking and for being there for me and bearing with me.

To Dr. Mario Arciaga, my research adviser, for guiding me and keeping me on track

To Dr. Roy Pagador and Mr. Ronaldo Barote of the Department of Agriculture in Liloy
for providing the anti rabies vaccines and manpower during my dog immunization day.
That part of my research would not have been successfully implemented had it not been
for your generosity and kindness.

To Cocoy Ramos, my ever supportive and optimistic groupmate. Thanks for helping me
out in more ways than 1…

To the rest of my Compra buddies, Moh Abutazil, Jay-R Alvia and Oliver Visitacion for
the company and emotional support..

To Van2x Mariwa, my timan beach brother, thanks for everything, for helping with the
streamers, with the registrations, the food and for all the little ways you volunteered to
help, not just me but everyone else.
Sharifa Aini A. Hashim
 ABSTRACT

Rabies is a fatal but preventable disease that affects the country, and involves
dogs as the main carriers. According to the community survey, in barangay Compra,
Liloy Zamboanga del Norte, dog bites ranks 9th in the top 10 morbidity cases and most
residents opt to consult the traditional tandoks and mananambals upon being bitten by a
dog.
This study was a pre and post, quasi experimental type that employed the use of a
20 minute rabies awareness DOH film as an educational tool in the community and a
control group that was not subjected to film viewing, for evaluation of practices. The use
of film was previously done by miss Velazques in 2005 as part of her comprehensive anti
rabies campaign in which she also used lecture discussions, flyers and handouts.
However, her study was not of the quasi experimental type and also, this current study
used film alone to determine its effect in the knowledge, attitude and practices of the
residents regarding dog bites and rabies.
Comparison of the results pre and post intervention shows a significant increase
in the knowledge, and improvement in their attitudes with a P value of 0.000. As for the
practices, 75% of the respondents responded to the call for immunizing their dogs and
all dog owners included in the study were convinced to tie up and secure their dogs that
they previously left astray in the streets. The control group also responded positively to
the invitation to the free dog immunization, however only 24% brought their dogs to be
vaccinated. This may be attributed to the fact that they were not able to see the film and it
was not a common practice among the 2 groups to bring their dogs for immunization as
they were not very aware of the dangers of acquiring rabies. Hence film viewing brought
home the message that rabies indeed is fatal, dog bites need to be immediately attended
to and referred to the nearest health care facility and that rabies can be prevented.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rabies, a fatal disease affecting the nervous system, is a public health problem in

the country. The disease is most commonly transmitted through a bite by an infected

animal, with dogs as the main carriers. According to the Center for Disease Control

(CDC), the Philippines ranked third worldwide in rabies incidence in 2000, from which

approximately 300 to 600 Filipinos die of Rabies every year. There are about 200-800

dog bite incidence per 100,000 population/ year and 53% of the cases belong to the 5-14

year old age group in our country. Among the rabid animals, pet dogs comprise 98% of

the cases while cats cover only the two percent (CDC, 2003).

In most developing countries such as the Philippines, Rabies is endemic in the

dog population. (CDC,2005).

Records from the quarterly report of the RHU in Liloy show an average of 5

reported dogbite cases per month from 2002 to 2005. While the ER records of Liloy

District hospital show an average of 3 dogbites/ month for the same period. .

The community survey conducted in barangay Compra by the medical students in

2004 show dog bites rank 9th in the top 1O morbidity cases. Interview with the BHS

midwife revealed that one of the victims, a 45 yr old mother, succumbed to rabies after

reporting it to the Compra BHS and Liloy hospital only after a failed attempt by the local

tandok to cure her of her rabies symptom. This happened in May, 2006.

On June 24, 2006, the researcher interviewed the families of 4 of the recent dog

bite victims in their homes. It was noted that all 4 believed that the local tandok was
competent enough to handle dog bite wounds. Only 1 of the victims sought help at the

BHS, from where she was referred to the RHU for Post-exposure prophylaxis, since the

vaccine was not available. However she only took 1 shot because she said it was too

expensive. It was also observed that most of the dogs in the vicinity were owned but

were untied which rendered the residents at risk of being bitten and acquiring rabies, and

not 1 of the dogs were immunized because their owners were not aware that dogs had to

be vaccinated..

Mr.Ronaldo Barote, from the Department of Agriculture in Liloy district, in

charge of dog bites and livestocks revealed that the last mass vaccination of dogs was

done in the year 2002 with limited turnout. He agreed that the anti-rabies was not a top

priority program in the district, since most of the dog bite cases were not reported.

Dr. Luningning Elio-Villa, coordinator of the Department of Health's rabies

control programme in the Philippines said that the first step is to educate people on how

to reduce the risk of contracting rabies from dogs (Wallerstein, 1999)

One of the objectives of the Infectious Disease Cluster of Department of Health is to

reduce significantly the burden of priority diseases such as Rabies, which is a

vaccine-preventable disease through a public health education program and with

hopes to eradicate it (DOH, CHD, CENTRAL MINDANAO, 2005).

Although there are existing government programs against Rabies and its

prevention, such as Municipal Ordinances on anti-Rabies vaccination and the Animal

Welfare Act of 1998, community folks were unaware of such programs against this fatal

infectious disease existing in their locale. Since a Rabies awareness intervention in the

form of film viewing in barangay Compra had not been previously done by the
Department of Agriculture of liloy district, the researcher decided to pursue this. Film

viewing was chosen as a means of health education over the conventional lecture type

intervention because films are portable, can be reproduced, can be played and replayed

anytime. Also, the researcher believes that there are people who can understand and

learn better by watching films. Additionally, the low literacy rate (9% college graduates)

of Compra suggests that not all respondents may be able to read, and since films require

no reading, there is an advantage to film viewing as an educational intervention regarding

rabies.

A view asserting the universality and potentialities of film as a medium of

education was mentioned in Tobia’s article “the uses of film in education and

communication” 1996. This position is reflected in statements that film is the newest art

form, with the unexplored potential to do what words have failed to do: film is

multimodal and universal. Everyone, it is said, of all ages and across all cultures, likes

and understands film.

In the Philippines, the film is one of the information , education and

communication tools that have been successfully used to promote awareness on issues

like reproductive health. Its importance as a means for interactive discussion was

emphasized by Lori Griffin, a Curriculum Director of the Library Video Company in her

article entitled “using video in the classroom”. She said that “the video or film is a very

flexible medium which can be stopped and played again to allow for discussions.

(Griffin, 2005).

In light of the above context, the author wanted to pursue a rabies awareness

study with the aid of film viewing.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the question:

Will a DOH film on rabies have an effect on the knowledge, attitudes and

practices of the residents of barangay Compra?

OBJECTIVES

General Objective:

To determine the effect of a film “Walang Pinapatawad ang Rabis” on the

knowledge, attitudes and practices of the residents in barangay Compra, Liloy ,

Zamboanga del Norte regarding rabies.

Specific Objectives:

1. To determine the knowledge on Rabies and dog bites of the residents of

barangay Compra before and after film viewing.

2. To determine the attitudes and practices on Rabies and dog bites of the people

in the barangay before and after film viewing.

3. To compare mean scores on knowledge and attitudes and compare practices

two weeks and two months after film showing on Rabies and dog bites.

4. To evaluate the post intervention practices of dog owners of barangay

Compra by the turn out of their dogs during a scheduled dog immunization

day, as compared to those of the control group

Hypothesis
Null: The DOH film on rabies will not have an effect on the knowledge,
attitudes and practices of the residents brgy Compra regarding rabies.

Alternative: The DOH film on rabies will have an effect on the knowledge,
attitudes and practices of the residents of brgy Compra regarding rabies.

Significance of the Study

If proven effective, the intervention can be of benefit especially in rural

communities like Compra where dogs abound the neighborhood and where tandoks are

still looked up to as the primary source of help in dog bite case. This will create

awareness on the management of dog bites and the risks of acquiring rabies as well as

responsible dog ownership in the community. If this is not done, there would be no data

that indicates whether films serve as effective health education materials in creating

awareness of rabies in the community.

Scope and Delimitation

This study only covered dogs and did not include other rabid domestic animals

such as cats and cattle. The research was confined to barangay Compra, Liloy,

Zamboanga del Norte for the knowledge and attitude part, and included barangay

Silucap as a control group for the evaluation of practices.

Definition of Terms

Stray dogs – owned or unowned dogs that are not secured and left wandering around

Post – Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) – vaccine given to an individual bitten by a dog

Conceptual Framework

Lack of awareness on dog bites and rabies

Educational
intervention
FILM

Experimental group control group

Film viewing no film viewing
Invitation to dog immunization day

• Improved/not improved knowledge, good/ bad turn out

attitude and practices on dog bites &rabies of dogs for
immunization
• Good/ bad turn out of dogs for immunization

Figure 1- Conceptual Framework

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The National Epidemiology Center which was last updated in May18, 2005

show that rabies is the 8th of the notifiable diseases in the Philippines .(Field Health

Service Information System)

Rabies is one of the most dangerous viruses and the Philippines has one of the

highest rabies incidence in the whole world, said Rep. Custodio. It is expensive to treat,

and fatal when not treated, she added.

According to statistics and CDC, many of the Rabies cases are unreported,

and it is possible to miss the hazard this disease brings since the incubation period of

Rabies could be as short as a few days to even 5 years. A few cases could even be

dormant for as long as 7 years (Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 2006).

Efforts to control and eradicate rabies have been noted to be insufficient and

uncoordinated as can be gleaned from the high incidence of rabies in the country. Thus,

House Representatives from South Cotabato and Quezon City, filed House Bills 521

and 1384 in response to this nagging health problem.

As indicated in the bills, the national rabies prevention and control program

will be a multi-agency effort. It will be jointly implemented by the departments of

Agriculture (DA) as the lead agency, Health (DOH), Interior and Local Government

(DILG), Education (DepEd), local government units (LGUs) and non-government

organizations (NGOs).

Among the program’s component activities include conduct of information and

education campaign on the prevention and control of rabies.It also includes mass dog and
cat vaccination, stray dog impounding and an information education campaign on the

prevention and control of Rabies. (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE

NEWS, 2005).

A study conducted by ADZU-SOM alumni Dr. Louise Marie Velasques in 2005

entitled “ the effect of a comprehensive anti-rabies campaign on the KAP of the residents

in brgy Poblacion, Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur” included film viewing as one of the

health education interventions. She also used other tools like lecture discussions, hand

outs and flyers . Results from her study showed an immediate significant increase on the

knowledge from the pre-intervention to the first post intervention exam. According to

her, “ two (2) of the respondents perfected the post 1 intervention test and the lowest

score yielded increased to 6. This initial increase may have been due to the 20-minute

Tagalog film showing on Rabies and dog bites. The film interestingly and vividly

displayed almost all that there is to know on the said topics. It showed real-life cases of

rabid humans and canines….”. There was also another significant improvement in the

knowledge scores during the post 2 intervention exam. Similarly, there was an increase in

the attitude questions in the post intervention tests.

According to the WHO Expert consultation on Rabies in 2004, after the initiation

of programs for Rabies elimination, there has been a significant decrease in human rabies

in the last twenty years in some parts of the world such as Mexico, South America and

Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies emphasized that local ecology of the

dog population should be taken into consideration, plus coordinated involvement of other

related sectors in the community. Incorporating education efforts which are culturally
appropriate are also needed. Furthermore, it suggests that high vaccination coverage can

be achieved through strategies which incorporate well-designed educational campaigns,

inter-sectoral cooperation and community participation.

George Arnaiz, Dumaguete governor, stressed during the mid year evaluation

and planning workshop on the province’s Rabies elimination program that the solution to

Rabies lies at the municipal level. He further emphasized responsible dog ownership by

keeping dogs leashed and regularly giving anti-Rabies shots to owned pets (PIA Press

Release, 2005).

The aforementioned literature, and the success of Dra. Ve lasquez in the use of

film in her community, motivated this researcher to pursue a rabies awareness study in

barangay Compra, in the form of film viewing alone .

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This was a quasi-experimental , pre and post-interventional study.

Research Setting
The study was conducted in Barangay Compra, Liloy, a community of 1,063

residents, with farming as its main occupation, and where dogbites ranks 9 th in the top 10

morbidity case, most residents leave their dogs untied, tandoks and mananambal are still

relied on for animal bite cases and animal bites are rarely reported

Respondents

Inclusion Criteria

those who are ages 18 and above and who are permanent residents of barangay

Compra with no hearing or visual impairment.

Drop-out Criteria

People present in the pre-intervention phase, but failed to participate in the

succeeding phases.
Sampling Design
This study utilized a convenience sampling method in which invitations to the

film show were distributed and those who a) attended, b) met the above mentioned

criteria and c) agreed to participate , were included in the study.

Variable:

Independent variable: film viewing

dependent variable: knowledge, attitude and practice

Research Instruments
A questionnaire that was previously used by miss Louise Marie Velasquez in her

study was modified to suit the intervention since her study was comprehensive with

lectures and flyers and handouts in addition to film viewing. Questions that had details

not mentioned in the film were removed from the questionnaire. This was used to gather

pre and post-interventional data .The modified questionnaire was composed of 14

multiple choice questions on the knowledge of the people on dog bites and Rabies, 5

questions on attitudes and 6 questions that were of a checklist type, on practices

regarding dog bites and rabies.

The said questionnaire ( translated to Visaya and back translated to english) was

pre-tested in barangay Sto-Nino, about 30 minutes away from barangay Compra .

It included questions on etiology of rabies , its signs and symptoms and means of

prevention and treatment.

Data Gathering

Pre-intervention
House to house invitations to the film viewing was distributed among the

selected respondents on Oct 11-13, 2006.

The pre-intervention questionnaire was self administered, and given prior to the

intervention on the same day.

Intervention – film viewing

A 20 minute film was shown on Rabies. The film entitled “Walang Pinapatawad

ang Rabis,” Responsableng Amo, Matinong Aso, is from the Department of Health

which is part of its National Rabies Prevention and Control Program borrowed from

Dra.Velasques who procured it from the Zamboanga City Veterinarian’s Office. This

film included information on etiology, epidemiology, mode of transmission, signs and

symptoms, pre and post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies as well as prevention. It also

showed how most people make the mistake of trusting their fate to tandoks and

mananambal, instead of turning to health centers and hospitals. Moreover it showed that

rabies is fatal, once the signs and symptoms set in. It also emphasized on responsible dog

ownership. This film show was held in the barangay hall of Compra in the afternoon of

October 21, 2006. A total of 57 respondents who met the inclusion criteria, attended the

film show, however, only 45 particpated in the subsequent phases of the study.

There was also an interactive discussion after the film which reinforced what the

respondents learnt , clarified their confusions, and answered their questions.

 However, personalities from the RHU(Dra. Digamon) and DA (Mr. Dodong Barote)

were not able to attend to help facilitate the discussions.

With the cooperation of Mr. Ronaldo Barote from the Department of Agriculture

office of Liloy who contacted Dr. Roy Pagador and his team from the Provincial

Veterinary office in Dipolog, Dog immunization day was arranged 2 weeks after the

film viewing . This was held in barangay Compra (experimental group) & barangay

Silucap (control group) on the same day (Nov 10, 2006). Dr. Roy Pagador, who is a

veterinarian, administered the vaccines to the dogs. This activity was held to

compare the change in practices of the respondents in barangay Compra as

compared to those of barangay Silucap who were not subjected to film viewing on

rabies.

Post - Intervention Phase

The Post test 1 was done 2 weeks after the intervention to assess their short term

knowledge and change in attitude and practice.

The questionnaires for the knowledge and attitude part were distributed among

the respondents, house-to-house by the researcher and a barangay health worker and

collected right after they were answered. The practices were evaluated by the researcher

based on a checklist. Post test 2 was conducted 2 months after the intervention to assess

for retention of the respondents’ knowledge, attitude and practice.

Statistical Instrument
ANOVA for repeated measures was used as a statistical instrument to compare

the changes in pre- intervention test, post 1 and post 2 intervention tests on the

knowledge and attitudes questionnaire. Descriptive Statistical Method (frequency) was

used for the questions on practices. Paired T-test was used for selected item analysis.
Flow Of Activities
Pre intervention phase

• Pre-testing of questionnaires ( September 2, 2006)

• Subject selection by convenience sampling(Oct21)

and control group identification (Oct 11-13)

Intervention phase:

• administration of questionnaires to

respondents(October21, 2006)

• film viewing on rabies( October 21. 2006)

• dog immunization day ( November 10,2006)

post intervention phase:

• administration of post test 1(November 14,2006)

and 2 (January21,2007)using the same

questionnaire to the respondents, 2 weeks and

2months after the intervention respectively

Figure 2- Flow of Activities

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

Demographic data

There were 57 respondents who attended the film viewing, however only 45 participated in the post tests, hence 12 were

considered as drop-outs from the study. 62.2% of the 45 respondents were dog owners and were subjected to the “practices’ part

of the study, the rest were only evaluated for their knowledge and attitude.

Table 1 shows that females dominated the males and that the mean age of the

respondents is 43. Farming is the main occupation aside from housekeeping and half the

respondents completed elementary level in education. The table also shows the

distribution of respondents over the 7 puroks of barangay Compra.

Table 1- demographic data

45 100%
Number of 19 42.2%
respondents 26 57.8%
Male
Female
Mean age 43
Range 18-68
Educational 22 48.9%
attainment 17 37.8%
Elementary level 6 13.3%
High school level
College level

Occupation 22 48.9%
Housekeeper 12 26.7%
Farmer 5 11.1%
Driver 1 2.2%
Teacher 1 2.2%
Carpenter 1 2.2%
Seaman 1 2.2%
Student 1 2.2%
Secretary 1 2.2%
Brgy official
Address (purok)
Purok 1 8 17.8%
Purok 2 9 20%
Purok 3 14 31.1%
Purok 4 5 11.1%
Purok 5 3 6.7%
Purok 6 4 8.9%
Purok 7 2 4.4%
28 62.2%
Dog owners
17 37.8%
Non dog owners

Knowledge

There were 14 items in the knowledge questions about rabies and dog bites from

the film. Table 2 and 3 shows the mean scores and the p values of the respondents during

the pre-intervention and the post 1 and 2 exams.

Table 2- mean scores on knowledge, pre-intervention, post 1 and post 2 intervention
Mean scores
Pre- intervention 7.91
Post intervention 1 11.87
Post intervention 2 10.80

Table 3- P- values of Knowledge scores

p- values
Pre- intervention Post-intervention 1 Post-intervention 2
Pre- intervention _____ 0.000 0.000
Post- intervention 1 0.000 _____ 0.000
Post- intervention 2 0.000 0.000 _____

From the table, we can see that there is a significant increase in the mean scores

of the respondents regarding rabies and dog bites from 7.91 in the pre-test to 11.87 out of

14 in the post 1 exam, with a P- value of .000. Two months after the post 1 exam,

however, their scores decreased by 1.067 points to a mean score of 10.8. This was also

significant (P-value 0.000), hence showing the knowledge decay over 2 months.

Nonetheless, with a cut off passing score of 10.5 out of 14, and from the mean scores of

the respondents in the post 2 exam, it is observed that they still managed to pass.

At the end of the intervention, it can be seen that there was a significant

increase in the knowledge of the respondents regarding rabies and dog bites. Five( 5) had

a perfect score of 14 in the post 1 test, and 2 of them maintained it in the post 2 test. The

lowest score in the pre intervention test was 3, and this improved to 8 in the 2 succeeding

tests.
 Knowledge Question 3 was about transmission of rabies. Most respondents got

the answer wrong in the pre intervention because they either chose letter a) through bite

from an infected dog and cat or letter b) through dog/cat licking of mucus membrane or

scratches, open/healing wounds, abrasions etc. The correct answer was letter d) both.

Only 15 got it correct. After watching the film however, the number of respondents with

correct answers improved in the post tests 1 and 2 to 37 and 31 respectively.

Another item in which there was a significant increase in the scores in the post1

and maintained in the post 2 test was about prevention of rabies in their pet dogs.

Initially they answered letter c) giving vitamins to the dogs. The correct answer was

letter b) having dogs immunized/ vaccinated. 41 got it correct in the post 1 and 2 exams.

All in all, there was a significant increase in the knowledge of the respondents.

Hence, health education in the form of film viewing was effective in rabies awareness.

Attitude

Table 4 summarizes the comparison between the mean scores on attitude during

the pre-intervention, post 1 and post 2 exams and the corresponding p-values of the

respondents on Rabies and dog bites. ANOVA for repeated measure was used. The

questions were answerable with SA = strongly agree, A = agree, D = disagree and D =

strongly disagree with scores of 1,2,3 and 4 respectively.

Table 4- Pre-intervention, post 1 and post 2 attitude mean scores on Rabies and dog bites

Item
Comparison group P value
1. Since I don’t own a dog, I Pre-Int Post-1 0.000
don’t need to learn about 2.289 3.356
 rabies. Post 1 Post 2 1.000
3.356 3.244
SD = 4, D = 3, A = 2, SA = 1
2. I believe that a tandok can Pre-Int Post-1 0.000
cure me from rabies. 2.289 3.311
SD = 4, D = 3, A = 2, SA = 1 Post 1 Post 2 0.687
3.311 3.311
3. It is inhuman to impound Pre-Int Post-1 0.000
stray dogs. 2.289 3.311
SD = 4, D = 3, A = 2, SA = 1 Post 1 Post 2 0.687
3.311 3.311
4. I believe that dog Pre-Int Post-1 0.000
vaccination is expensive, 2.822 3.422
that is why I don’t bother
Post 1 Post 2 1.000
to get my dog vaccinated. 3.422 3.489
SD = 4, D = 3, A = 2, SA = 1
5. I am not afraid of dog Pre-Int Post-1 0.000
bites because they are not 3.088 3.756
fatal. Post 1 Post 2 0.053
SD = 4, D = 3, A = 2, SA = 1 3.756 3.467

In the pre-intervention, respondents’ attitudes on all 5 items were between agree

and disagree , except for item number 5 which shows that they already disagree that dog

bites are not fatal, which is a positive attitude.

Item number 1 states, “since I don’t own a dog, I don’t need to know about

rabies”. Here there was a significant change in their attitude from agreeing to the

statement to disagreeing in the post 1 exam, which was more or less maintained until the

post 2 exam.
 In item number 2, “ I believe that a tandok can cure me from rabies”, there was

also a significant improvement in their attitude from the pre intervention with a P- value

of 0.00.

Item number 3, “ it is inhuman to impound stray dogs” likewise show their attitudes improved from 2.289 to 3.311 with a

0.000 P value. They maintained their improved attitude even in the post 2 intervention.

Item number 4 states “ I believe that dog vaccination is expensive, that is why I

don’t bother to get my dog vaccinated”. Here they initially were undecided whether to

completely agree or disagree, but from their post intervention scores ( after the dog

vaccination day) , it can be seen that their attitudes changed and even improved in the

post 2 exam. This was probably because they had witnessed the turn out of dogs that

came for the dog vaccination day and who received their shots for free.

Item number 5, “ I am not afraid of dog bites because they are not fatal” shows that the respondents generally are aware

that dog bites can be fatal, even before the intervention, and this attitude was strengthened further in the post 1 and post 2 exam with

P-values of 0.00 and 0.053 respectively.

Practice

The checklist for practices was employed to only to 28 out of 45 respondents, as

they were the ones who owned dogs (table 1). Based from the data gathered from the

questionnaires, 9 dog owners had already registered their dogs at the department of

agriculture prior to the intervention, but they failed to show documents to prove this.

Post intervention however, 20 dog owners brought their dogs for registration , most of

them on the dog immunization day held in barangay Compra which was hosted by the

department of agriculture and provincial veterinary office. By the post 2 exam, a total of

23 dogs had been registered with the department of agriculture.

 Evaluation of the dog owners’ practices by actual observation before the

intervention, revealed that more than half the number of dogs they own were left astray

which is 15 o( 53.6% )out of the 28 dogs. Eleven 11 (39.2%) were leashed and 4 (14.2%)

were caged by the respondents as means of securing their dogs. None of the dogs were

collared.

Table 5 shows the gradual increase in the number of dogs either caged, leashed or

both, in the post 1 and post 2 evaluation of practices. By the end of the study, all 28

dog owners did not leave their dogs out untied.

Table 5- means of securing dogs

Pre intervention Post test 1 Post test 2

Caged 4 2 5
11 19 19
Leashed
Both 0 5 4
Total 15 26 28

Based from the data gathered, 3 dog owners claimed to have had their dogs vaccinated at the department of agriculture

previously. After the flm viewing, a total of 24 dogs were brought for immunization on the Nov 10. 2006 dog vaccination day.

Hence 75% of the respondents responded to the call to get their dogs vaccinated from rabies.

This part of the study is quasi-experimental, as a control group was also involved in the evaluation for turn out of dogs brought

for immunization. Table 6 shows that in brgy Silucap, 7 or 24% of the 29 owned dogs were vaccinated on the same day. This

group was not subjected to film viewing, however invitations to the free rabies vaccines in barangay Silucap were distributed

with those for barangay Compra simultaneously a week before and were again reminded of the said activity 3 days prior to the

vaccination (dog immunization day). This was courtesy of the team from the Provincial Vetererinary (PRO-VET) office in

Dipolog city, who went to the 2 barangays to deliver and administer the vaccines.
 Before the intervention, the dogs( stray and owned) were manually counted on 2

different days in both barangays. This was done with the help of 2 research assistants

who covered both areas by means of habal-habal.

Table 6 - comparison of dog population in barangay compra and silucap

COMPRA SILUCAP
Experimental group Control group
61 42
No. of stray dogs
No. of owned dogs in the 32 29
barangay
No.of dogs vaccinated 24 (75%) 7 (24%)

It was found that Compra had a larger population of dogs (owned and stray) as

compared to Silucap. Nonetheless, the turn out was still good in Compra. This may be

attributed to the film viewing on rabies that was shown about 2 weeks before the dog

vaccination day. A question that was added in the post exams was if they wanted to get

their dogs immunized again the following year. All 24 responded in the affirmative.
 CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

This study was to see the effect of a 20 minute DOH film on rabies on the

knowledge, attitude and practices of barangay Compra.

The contents of the film had everything there was to know about dog bites and

rabies, including etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment , prevention as

well as ways on how to be a responsible dog owner. It showed real life cases of rabies in

humans and dogs.

About one hundred residents attended the film viewing but not all of them

were included in the study as only one member per household was chosen. Nonetheless

they watched keenly and even requested for the film to be replayed as they missed certain

portions. They expressed that they realized how deadly a rabies infection can be and how

easily it can be prevented if they responsibly took charge of their pet dogs. Some even

announced that if they had not watched, they would have continued to depend on

tandoks and mananambals. After watching the portion on ways to prevent rabies, they

expressed relief that vaccines did not cost a single centavo, contrary to what they

previously believed. Even the viewers below 18 sat through the whole video, since it was

only for 20 minutes, it captured their full attention and also the film contained colorful

and animated instructions on what to do upon being bitten by a dog and what happens if

no measure is taken. Due to the the comprehensiveness of the film, there was little to add

or clarify after the film show and most respondents were able to understand it after

viewing it twice.
 At the end of the intervention, it can be seen that there was a significant

increase in the knowledge of the respondents regarding rabies and dog bites. Five( 5) had

a perfect score of 14 in the post 1 test, and 2 of them maintained it in the post 2 test. A

similar significant improvement was also noted in Miss Velasquez’ research which she

partly attributed to the same 20 minute DOH film.

Similarly in the attitude questions, there was a significant improvement with a P

value of 0.000 in all 5 items. Post intervention, some of them reverted back to their initial

attitude, but this was not significant.

The study on evaluation of practices regarding dog bites and rabies was quasi-

experimental as a control group was involved and invited to avail of the free rabies

vaccines for their dogs but were not subjected to the intervention: film viewing. The turn

out was good in barangay Compra as 75% of the dog owners brought their dogs for

immunization and registration. The ones who could not make it said, it was hard for them

to transport their dogs to the immunization site as they lived in the farthest part of the

barangay. In the control group however, only 7 dogs were immunized or 24% of the

known owned dogs were vaccinated despite the invitations and reminders. This may be

attributed to the fact that they were not able to see the film and it was not a common

practice among the 2 groups to bring their dogs for immunization as they were not very

aware of the dangers of acquiring rabies. Hence film viewing brought home the message

that rabies indeed is fatal, dog bites need to be immediately attended to and referred to

the nearest health care facility and that rabies can be prevented.
 The study of miss Velasquez in 2005 also yielded a good turnout as 44% or 33 out

of 75 dogs were brought for vaccination in her community. Considering the higher

population and larger area assigned to her, it was still a good outcome. By the end of her

study , all but one of the dog-owner respondents expressed their desire for their dogs to

be vaccinated still.

It was also noted that most of the dogs in barangay Compra were not

registered with the Department of Agriculture. The respondents expressed that they were

not aware about the necessity of registering their dogs. Giving of colored collars to the

immunized dogs was initially part of the plan to secure and identify the dogs, but there

was no supply available in the offices concerned at the time.

Results also show that the intervention brought about a responsible dog

ownership in the respondents as all of them were convinced to tie up and secure their

dogs instead of allowing them to roam the streets untied.

Therefore health education in the form of film viewing indeed had a

beneficial and significant effect on the knowledge, attitude and practice on barangay

Compra, regarding dog ownership, dog bites and rabies.

 CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Results and assessment of the study show a general increase in the knowledge

and change in attitude and practices of the respondents. The film viewing on rabies and

the mass dog immunization indeed made a significant impact in the community in

creating awareness as it even convinced the barangay to work on arranging a yearly

vaccination of dogs within the community in coordination with the Provincial veterinary

team from Dipolog city. Hence film viewing is an effective alternative to the

conventional lecture type as an educational tool in creating awareness among residents of

barangay Compra.

Recommendation

The researcher recommends the following:

1. Copies of the DOH film on rabies should be distributed and used as a means of

health education in other barangays in the district to aid in the awarensess of

rabies, reduction of stray dogs and encourage responsible dog ownership.

2. House to house dog vaccination should be done to ensure maximum coverage of

dogs as most owners have difficulty bringing their dogs to the vaccination site.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Committee News.2005 Anti-Rabies Program to be Instituted. A Publication of the
Committee Affairs Department. Vol 13. No 24. 10 January 2005.

Divisions of Media Relations 2005. Center for Disease Control

Griffin,L 2005“using video in the classroom” library video company.

Hanlon, Cathleen A. and Corey, Lawrence 2005. Rabies Virus and other Rhabdoviruses.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 16th Ed. 2005 McGraw-hill.

Miranda M.E. Research Institute of Tropical Medicine. Rabies Research Program

2005 (www.ritm.gov.ph/program/rabies.htm).

Nessia, R., 2005 Rabies Still a Public Health Concern. PIA Press Release.

Tobia. 1996 “the uses of film in education and communication” www.google.com

Velasquez, LM MD. 2006 “ the effect of a comprehensive anti-rabies campaign on

the KAP of the residents in brgy Poblacion, Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur” ADZU
School of Medicine

Wallerstein, C. 1999, “Rabies Cases Increase in the Philippines,” BMJ Journal, 15 May
1999.

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control. 2005. National Association of

State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc.

“Dog bite victims receive anti-Rabies Vaccination,” MindaNews, 28 August 2005.

Field Health Service Information System. 2006 www.doh.gov.ph

WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies 2004: First Report WHO Technical Report series
931. Geneva Switzerland. October 2004.

WHO Media Center. Fact Sheet N 99. Rabies. June 2001.

 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Name: address:
Age: educational attainment
Sex: occupation:

QUESTIONNAIRE
I. multiple choice. Pls encircle the correct answer.
KNOWLEDGE:
1. What is rabies?
a. a deadly infection of the brain*
b. a mild disease
c. an infection
d. a curable disease
2. what causes rabies?
a. virus from an animal bitep
b. bacteria from any kind of wound
c. worms which have been ingested
d. virus from an insect bite
3. how is rabies transmitted?
a. through bite from an infected dog and cat
b. through dog licking of mucus membrane or scratches,
open/healing wounds, abrasions etc
c. eating a well-cooked dog meat
d. a & b*
4. who can have rabies?
a. children only
b. anyone*
c. adults only
d. sick people only
5. what are the early signs of rabies in an individual bitten by a dog?
a. abdominal pain & vomiting
b. blurring of vision and dizziness
c. increased salivation, fear of drinking fluids, paralysis*
d. b only
6. how long does it take to manifest signs of rabies after a dog bite
a. 1 to 2 days after the dog bite
b. 7 days to as long as 7 years after the dog bite*
c. 3 days to 1 week
d. a few months to 30 years
7. which of these animals commonly transmits rabies?
a. dogs only
b. cats only
c. rats only
 d. dogs and cats*
8. what will happen to someone who is bitten by a rabid dog?
a. he will remain healthy even without intervention
b. he is at risk of having rabies infection
c. he will die of rabies if without intervention*
d. he will not die but remain sickly for the rest of his life
9. which of the following will make dogs free from rabies?
a. if they are tied/ caged/ leashed at home
b. if they received vaccine once in 3 years
c. when they are given antibiotics
d. if they receive vaccine yearly*
10. which of the following is true regarding dog vaccination?
a. dogs who have been vaccinated once several years prior, cannot
transmit the virus to a person they bite
b. dogs will require vaccination yearly*
c. a person can get rabies within a span of 1 year from the dog’s
vaccination shot.
d. The person bitten will not require a post-exposure prophylaxis
after getting one, many years ago
11.which of the following is true regarding treatment of dog bites?
a. oral antibiotics is an effective treatment of rabies
b. cleaning/ washing of the wound is enough
c. observation of the dog is needed before complete vaccination
of the person bitten
d. Post exposure prophylaxis is needed for all dog bite case*
12.which of the following are signs of rabies in the dog?
a. sudden change in behavior, drooling, hoarse howl
b. paralysis, inability to sleep. Restlessness
c. attacking objects within range, running aimlessly, biting anything on
its way
d. all of the above*
13. how do you prevent rabies in dogs?
a. feeding dogs with commercial dog food
b. having dogs immunized/ vaccinated*
c. giving vitamins to the dogs
d. keeping one’s body healthy
14. after sustaining a dog bite, the first best thing to do is
a. wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water*
b. apply antibacterial ointment/ cream immediately over the wound
c. washing the wound thoroughly with water will do
d. go to the hospital or doctor immediately since washing the wound will
not help

II. ATTITUDES
 Pls answer with a. strongly agree
b. agree
c. disagree
d. strongly disagree

1. since I don’t own a dog, I don’t need to learn about rabies.

2. I believe that a tandok can cure me from rabies.
3. It is inhuman to impound stray dogs.
4. I believe that dog vaccination is expensive, that is why I don’t
bother to get my dogs vaccinated.
5. I am not afraid of dog bites because they are not fatal.

III. PRACTICES
1. do you own dogs? _____yes, _____ no
2. are they registered with the department of agricuture?
______ yes all of them
______ yes, some
______ no
3. do you secure your dogs? ____yes, ____no
4. how?
______caged
______ leashed
5. do you get your dogs vaccinated?
______ yes all of them
______ yes, some of them
______ no
6. if yes, how often?
______ every 6 months
______ every year
______ every 2 years
______ every 4 years
______ every 5 years

(post intervention 1 and 2)

7. were you able to avail of the free vaccines on dog vaccination
day on November 10, 2006 in Compra barangay hall?
______yes
______no
8. would you like to get your dog immunized again?
______yes
______no

Ngalan: pinuy-anan:
Edad: grado:
Sex: trabaho:

PANGUTANA:
palihog lingini ang hustong tubag:

kahibalo:
unsa man ang RABIES?
makuyaw nga impeksyon sa utok?*
Gamay na nga sakit
Impeksyon
Sakit nga adunay kaayuhan.
unsa man ang hinungdan anan sa rabies?
virus nga naggumikan sa pinaakan sa mga mananap*
kagaw nga naggumikan sa nagkalainlaing klase sa samad
bitok/ulod nga nakasulod sa atong lawas
virus nga naggumikan sa pinuukan sa mga insekto
giunsa pagtakod o pagbalhin sa rabies?
pinaagi sa pagpaak gikan sa naay impeksyon nga iro ug iring
pinaagi sa pagtilap sa iro ngadto sa mga samad, kinawrasan ug mga samad
nga abli ug padung na mayo.
Pagkaon sa maayong pgkaluto nga karneng iro
a ug b*
kinsa man ang matakboyan ug rabies?
mga kabataan lamang
bisan kinsa*
mga dagko/ hamtong nga tawo
mga masakiton lamang
unsa man ang sayo nga mga timailhan sa tawo nga napaakan ug iro nga adunay
rabies?
sakit ang tiyan ug pagsuka
hanap na panun-aw ug pagpanglipong
kanunay nga paglaway, mahadlok moinom ug tubig ug
pangpanghiwi/pugpanggahi*
letra nga b lamang
hangtod kanus-a nato Makita nga ang tawo nga gikan napaakan ug iro aduna nay mga
timailhan ug rabies?
hangtad 2 ka adlaw gikan napaakan ug iro
7 ka adlaw hangtod 7 ka tuig gikan napaakan ug iro*
3 ka adlaw hangtod usa ka semana
mga pila ka bulan hangtod 30 ka tuig
hain man ining mga mananapa ang kalagmitan makatakod ug rabies?
iro lamang
iring lamang
ilaga lamang
iro ug iring*
unsa man ang mahitabo ni bisan kinsa nga mapaakan ug irong buang?
magpabilin siya nga himsoy bisan walay gihimo nga panagang
anaa siya sa kapeligro nga magkaimpeksyon ug rabies
mahimo siya nga mamatay ug rabies kon walay gihimong pagpanangang*
dili siya mamatay apan magmasakiton sa tibuok niya nga kinabuhi
asa man ning mga mosundo ang makahimo sa atong mga iro nga libre batok sa
rabies?
kon sila gihiktan, gitangkal, gikadenahan sa balay
kon sila gihatagan ug bakuna kausa sa kada 3 ka tuig
kon sila gihatagan ug mga antibiotics
kon sila gihatagan ug bakuna kada tuig*
asa man ning mosunod ang husto mahitungdo sa pagpamakuna sa mga iro?
ang mga iro nga nabakunahan kausa sa daghan nang mga katuigan ang
miagi dili na makatakod ug virus ngadto sa tawa nga ilang napaakan
ang mga iro gikinahanglan pabakuna kada tuig*
ang tawo makakuha ug rabies sulod sa gidugayon nga usa tuig gikan nga
ang iro nabakunahan
ang tawo nga napaakan ug iro ug nahatagan ug panagang sa daghang na
milabay na tuig, dili na kinahanglan pa dugang pa nga panagang batok
sa rabies.
asa man ning mosunod ang husto mahitungod sa pagtambal sa pinaakan ug iro?
pag-inom ug antibiotics epektibo nga tambal ug rabies.
Paglimpyo ug paghugas sa samad sa pinaakan insakto na
Pagobserban sa iro nga nakapaak gikinahanglan una pa ikompleto ang
pagbakuna ngadto sa tawo nga napaakan
Dugang nga pagpanagang o pagbakuna gikinahanglan gayod sa tanang
kaso sa mga napaakan ug iro*
asa man ning mosunod ang mga timailhan ug rabies ngato sa iro?
dali nga kausaban sa kinaiya sa iro, nagngolob ug pugaw nga paghot
pagpanggahi
pag atake sa mga butang nga haduol, pagpadayan ug way tumong,
pagpamaakpaak sa bisan unsa maagian
tanan nga nahisgotan sa unaahan*
unsaon nimopagsumpo sa rabies?
pagpakaon sa mga iro uban sa mga baligya nga pagkaon alang sa iro
pagpaimmunize o pagpabakuna sa mga iro*
paghatag ug mga bitamina ngadto sa mga iro
pagpadayon sa kahimsog sa kada lawas
human mapaakan sa iro, unsa man ang una natong angay nga buhatan?
ayohon paghugas ang samad uban sa sabon ug tubig*
pagbutang ug mga ointment/ cream dihadto dayon ngadto sa samad
paghugas sa samad ug tubig lamang
pag-adto sa hospital o doctor dihadiha daun kay kon ang paghugas lamang
sa samad walay ikatabang

naandan nga kinaiya

palihog tubaga uban sa
dakong uyon
uyon
dili uyon
dakong dili uyon
1. wala koy iro, dili ra na ko kinahanglan maibau-an bahin sa rabies.
2. motuo ko, ang tandok makapag-paayo ug rabies.
3. dili makatawo nga ang iro higtan na naa lang sa kalye
4. motuo ko na ang bakuna sa iro mahal, pureso dili nako pabakunahan an iro.
5. dili ko mahadlok paakan ug iro, kay dili ra makamatay.
 ginabuhat
1. aduna ka bay buhi n iro? ______yes, ________no
2. rehistrado ba kini sa departmento sa agrikultura?
_____oo, tanan
_____oo, dili tanan
_____dili
3. gitangkil ba ninyo ang inyong iro?____yes, ________no
4. paunsa
_____balay sa iro
_____hiniktan
5. imo bang gipabakunahan ang imong nga iro?
_____oo, tanan
_____oo, dili tanan
_____dili
6. kon gibakunahan, kapila
_____kada unom ka bulan
_____kada tuig
_____ka duha ka tuig
_____kada lima ka tuig

(post 1, 2 intervention)
7. nakadawat ba ug libreng bakuna ang inyong iro katung nobyembre 10 sa
compra barangay hall?
_____oo
_____dili
8. gusto pa ba nimu nga mabakunahan ang inyong iro laban sa rabies
_____oo
_____dili
CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Sharifa Aini A Hashim

Sex: Female
Address: Blue Gate, Buena Gatas rd, Boalan,
Zamboanga City
Date of Birth: December 12. 1981
Place of Birth: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Mother: Palak Ajijul Hashim
Father: Habib Mudjahab A. Hashim

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College
Degree BS. Pharmacy
Name of School Universidad de Zamboanga
Year 1998-2002
High school
Name of School Islamabad International School,
Pakistan
Year 1993-1997

elementary
Name of School Islamabad International School.
Pakistan
Year 1987-1993