Solar Photovoltaic Systems

The Basic Solar PV System

This article gives an overview of what makes up a typical solar PV system. A solar PV system is made
up of several component s, typically the PV module makes up 30-50% of the system with the Balance
of System (BOS), which represents all the non-PV components of the system, making up the rest.

PV Components

The module is the smallest component of the PV system. This is a connected set of solar cells which
have been sealed to protect themselves from the environment. A group of modules attached
together is known as a panel. Groups of panels are then put together to make a sub-array, which is
the part of an array assembly that can be considered a unit and delivers some fraction of the total
system output. An array, is an assembly of subarray, panels or modules (or a combination of these)
which includes a support structure but no non-pv components. The array-field is a collection of all
the arrays in the system.

Modules

The module is a collection of solar PV cells connected in series and sealed for protection against the
environment. They are generally sold in any size (5-150W). Typically the cells sit in an encapsulant
(EVA) sandwiched between the front cover and the back protection. Moisture proof backing is
generally used. There is also a terminal box where the cables to connect the module are found.

Array Field

The modules are connected into series strings to provide the correct voltage. Modules in a string are
matched in terms of current as the module with the lowest current determines the string current. By
pass diodes are also used across the modules to limit any damage due to mismatch (hotspots).

The strings are then matched in terms of total voltage and connected in parallel to provide the
required system current. A blocking diode is connected in series with each string to prevent battery
discharge at night.

Balance of System Components (BOS)

The BOS components, non-PV components, contribute significantly to the system. They are
separated into electrical and mechanical components. The electrical components include the
following:

Battery, cables, fuses, earthing, inverters, Maximum Power Point tracker, protection against
lightning, charge regulation.

The mechanical components include the mountings which can be fixed or track the sun. Systems
which track the sun need to do this automatically so add to the complexity of the system. Array racks
can be stand alone or integrated into building structures. This requires consideration of the roof and
wall materials.

System Configurations
PV Systems can be stand-alone, with storage / backup (battery) and grid connected (ie. Deliver
power to the electricity grid). Storage / Backup is needed if the system is to deliver continuous
power. Grid connected systems can be made to supply all power to the grid and also just to use the
grid as a backup.

System Performance

The performance of a PV system is measured by the performance ratio. This is the ratio of actual
energy obtained over a period to the ratio of theoretical energy possible over the same period. Good
systems have PR’s of over 80% with anything under 60% needing investigation.