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NATIONAL ADVISORYCOMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS
Lmlq
TECHNICAL copy
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Washington
January 1957
. . -,
-48’7
G
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
*-
. TECHNICAL NOTE 3911
“-
.
A METHOD FOR PREDICTING LIFT INCREMENTS DUE TO FLAP
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
SHY
INTRODUCTION
●.X
8-’
,. , ..
2 NAC!ATN 3911
SYMBOIS
“w
.
A aspect ratio
-b wing span
bf flap span
cL5 = ZJ(constant a)
c wing chord
Cf flap chord
M Mach number
““
6 flap deflection normal to hinge line, deg
A taper ratio
Subscript:
eff effective
*..
DEVEH3PMENT OF METHOD
..
A&l
multiplying the right-hand side of equation (1) by
Cza (%)CZ5
gives
(2)
4 NACA TN 3911
(a51CL
where ~ is the aerodynamic induction factor, — is the flap-
(a~)cl
(AC!L)partial span
chord factor K&, and & is the flap-span factor,
(ACL) ftil S-
Section-Lift-CoefficientIncrements
“=++tik ?,-
...
NACA TN 3911 5
~..
.
Dividing both sides of this equation by Cla gives the following expres-
-“ sion for the aerodynamic-inductionfactor:
c~
cla
–= $ +d(?f
+ (cosi+)’
(3)
~ CL
If both sides of equation (3) are divided by A, the e~ressi.on .—~~a
A
()
A
is a unique function of for a given value of ao, and the
cos Ac 2
/
relationship is shown in figure 1 for the case where an = 2Yf. For esti-
mations of ACL normally required, this curve should p~ovide the value
CL
of —; if a. differs appreciably from 2x, the term should be com-
ch
puted from equation (3) by using the most appropriate value of a.
0.. available. The choice of A=/2 rather than the more commonly used
&/J+ as the sweep angle for use in equation (3) is discussed in detail
in-the appendix. A nomograph for converting quarter-chord sweep angles
.,. to half-chord sweep angles is given in figure 2 for wings of various
aspect ratio snd taper ratio. An extension of the expression for c~
to account for compressibility is given in the appendix.
Flap-Span Effect
(AC!L)partialspan
‘b = (ACL)fu~ Span
-.%
““
‘Si+il
‘b=+wFF 1- J
(4)
6 NACA TN 3911
., -
#
Examination of the results of references 5 and 6 and results obtained
by using the 10-step method of reference 7 indicated that more accurate
values can be obtained by using the empirical variations of Kb with ‘“
bf
— for the three taper ratios O, 0.5, and 1.0 given in figure 3 than
b/2
c-w be obtained from the single curve of equation (4). The following
table gives the variation that canbe expected when the curves of fig-
ure 3 are used.
For flaps other than inboard, the values are obtained by superposi-
tion of the flaps. T!hisprocedure is shown schematically in figure 4
for a midspan flap, and a similar method is used for outboard flaps,
Three-DimensionalFlap-EffectivenessParameter
of calculations for wings with a taper ratio of 1.0 and with flaps of
constant cf/c (ref. 4) were also used to obtain values of the factor
~ for wings of small aspect ratio. When the values from reference 4
and the limiting value for zero aspect ratio from reference 3 ((qj)c~ = 1
for all values of cf/c) were used, curves were established to provide
the values of & as a function of aspect ratio for a range of values .
f.
of (~~)cza These curves are presented in figure 5, together with a plot
showing {he variation of (a~)cl with cf/c. Because & is dependent
“..
NACA TN 3911 7
~..
upon the type of chordwise loading, it might be expected to be more depend-
ent upon Cf c or upon the center of pressure than upon ~ ~~. How-
I ()
.“
ever, the data available at the present time indicate a better’correlation
with (LX5)CZ.
(5)
. ,.
Kt),outboard
[1
1
(a~)czeff =Kb,outboard - Kb,inboard I Kb,inboard
(U~)=zdKb (6)
where the values of Kb are obtained from figure 3. When the values of
(a~)cl are plotted against the values of Kb for all points along the
flap span, then the area under the curve is equal,to Kb a~)cz eff.
[1
For most configurations, however, an average value of (a~~cz will
:*
provide sufficient accuracy in the estimation of ACL.
8 NACA TN 3911
.,*
For convenience, an e~erimentsl correlation of (@)cz for various
flap chords is given in figure 7 for deflections of ~lOO. The experimen-
“.
tal data were obtained from airfoils having trailing-edge angles of
approximately 10° and includes both gap open and gap sealed conditions.
Experimental Verification
CONCLUDING
IUMIlW8
APPENDIX
.’
SIMPLDIED METHOD OF ESTIMATING C% THROUGHOUT
‘IEl!
SUBSONIC SPEED RANGE
(Al)
--
“==’)
. .-
This equation, which is a modification of the Helmbo~d equation (ref. 10)
to account for sweep and Mach number, was derived by the junior author,
who originally presented it at a seminar (Ohio State University - Wright
Patterson Air Force Base Graduate Center) in 1950. This expression is
somewhat more accurate at low aspect ratios than the method presented in
reference 110 An expression which gives identical results is derived in
reference 12.
-.,
.-
10 NACATN 3911
..=
Applying the three-dimensional Prandtl-Glauert transformation to account
for compressibilitygives
‘.
“’)”%-’)
(A’)
where AM is defined as
‘“AM==
—A
~=A2(~-M2)
COS2 AM
(
~+ 1
cos2A(l -l@)
—=1
- 1-M’ )( ) cos A
- (AM)2
‘,.
(ALL)
ad
c&M= (A5)
() ()
~+
J(*Y + (*)2 - (AM,’ *
This equation differs from that for the incompressible case (eq. (A2))
by only the term (AM]2. The same result can be obtained by correcting
the section lift-curve slope a. in eqwtion (A2) for compressibility
by using the Mach number normal to the leading edge. Substituting
ao
~1- M? COS2A
“’’”’’m(k)
Effect of !lkperRatio
.’
It will be noted that no term for wing-taper-ratio effects appears
in equation (Al). me effects of taper ratio, however, can be essentially
eliminated if the half-chord line is used for the sweep reference line.
This fact is illustrated in figure 9 where the incompressible lift-curve
slope, as determined by the Weissinger 15-point method (refs. 5 snd 6),
is plotted as a function of the sweep of the quarter-chord line and the
sweep of the half-chord line for various taper ratios. The results for
an aspect ratio of 1.5 are presented in figure 9(a), and those for an
aspect ratio of 3.0 are presented in figure 9(b). The results indicate
that, when the usual procedure of referencing the sweep angle to the
quarter-chord line is used, the effects of taper ratio on the lift-
curve slope are rather large. However, when the half-chord line is used,
the effect of taper is eliminated to a large extent. The fact that
rather large effects of taper ratio occur for wings having the same sweep
of the quarter-chord line (see left part of figs. 9(a) and 9(b)) can be
explained to some extent at least by the reversibility theorem (ref. 13),
which states that the lift-curve slope of a wing is the same in forward
as in reversed flow. This theorem implies that if the sweep is referenced
+-
to a line other than the half-chord line, only the lift-curve slopes of
the untapered wings (X= 1.0) will be symmetrical about zero sweep. It
therefore is impossible for the lift-curve slopes of tapered wings to
.. coincide with those of’untapered wings throughout the sweep range, and
at least an apparent taper-ratio effect must exist. The reversibility
theorem itself, of course, does not exclude an actual taper-ratio effect;
however, figure 9 shows that when the curves are made symmetrical by use
of the half-chord line for the sweep reference, relatively little dis-
placement due to taper ratio occurs. Also, in the modified lifting-line
methods such as the Weissinger method, taper effects are dependent upon
the sweep and the relative position of both the quarter-chord line
(bound-vortex location) and the three-quarter-chord line (boundary-
condition location). This fact suggests the possibility that wirigs
having the ssme sweep of the intermediate or half-chord line might be
less affected by taper than those having some other common sweep line.
Accuracy of Method
.. .
“- ‘
12 NACATN 3911
Design charts
.,
1. Lowry, John G., and Schneiter, Ieslie E.: Estimation of’Effective-
ness of Flap-Type Controls on Sweptback Wings. NACA TN 1674, 1948.
9. Dods, Jules B., Jr., and Tinling, Bruce E.: Summary of Results of a
Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Nine Related Horizontal Tails. NACA
TN 3497, 1955.
11. pOfiamUS, Edward Co: A Simple Method of Estimating the Subsonic Lift
and Dsmping in Roll of Sweptback Wings. NACA TN 1862, 1949.
:. 12. Diederich, Franklin W.: A Plan-Form Parameter for Correlating Certain
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Swept Wings. NACATN 2335, 1951.
.-‘
14 NACA TN 3911
13. Brown, Clinton E.: The Reversibility Theorem for Thin Airfoils in
Subsonic and Supersonic Flow. NACA Rep. 986, 1950. (Supersedes ..
NAC!ATN 1944.)
14. Krienes, Klaus: The Elliptic Wing Based on the Potential Theory.
NACA TM971, 1941.
0 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0
A/cos AC,=
~()
cLa
Figure 1.- Variation of aerodynamic induction factor — —
A cla
with
A
Cos &/Z”
ao=Zh; M=O.
0!
78
Sweep of half-chord line, deg
Aspect rath, A
Figure 2.- Nomograph for converting quarter-cho~d sweep angles to half-chord sweep angles.
. , .“
i ., “,
NACA TN 3911
.2 4 .6 .8 Lo
Figure 3.- Variation of span factor Kb with flap span for inboard flaps.
-.
*,
Lo
~/2
F%mre 4.. Spm factor for flaps other tk inbood
flaps ●
f!
.
‘ b.
NACA TN 3911 19
-.,
.,.*
0 .2 .6 .8
. ‘“
2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9-/0
A
Figure 5.- Variation of flap-chord factor with (%)CZ smd aspect ratio.
-,
..
.,-
20 NACA TN 3911
‘,
.
.8C
I From fig 5
I( (@’&L= Kc @’&t
)
*;.
“.
.6C ,
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
A
,,
“..
●
✎ ✎✌
.7
F
s’
!3
.6
,5
.3
.2
./
o
0 .04 .08 ./2 ./6 .20 .24 .28 .32 ,36 go
Cf
T
Figure 7.- Variation of flap-effectiveness psrameter with control-chord ratio. Average trailing- N
r
edge angle approximately 10°; M S 0.2; flap deflection, ~lOO.
22 NACA TN 3911
.*=
af A ~g A A .:
7.
-.
‘.
o .2 4 .6 .8 /.0
Es fimufed A CL
1’
Figure 8.- Correlation of experimental and estimated ValUeS of ML.
—
u= OO; M <0.4. “**
●✌ . ,..
) .(
‘; “ .’
——– /4=!5
A=Lo
—- /l=o
.-
.0.5
.04
I ——
.—~ —
./ ~—1’ \
.03 - \
,02 -
.0/ -
I I I I I i i
I 1
0 a J
(a) A = 1.5.
.(25-
I
.05 -
/ /
04 -
.03 -
.02 -
.0/ -
0 A I I
-60 -W -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Sweep of quarter-chord /inel deg Sweep of ha/f-chord line, deg
(b) A = 3.o.
,t, . .- ,
●“ ,.
.< .
/4 l% Method Ret
0° Krienes /4
27° Fa/kner /5
4/” Falkner /5
.020 - .3/ 55° Falher /6
95 43” M/Hhopp 17
.0/6 -
A 0° Falkner /5
_/
45° Fi71kffer /5
.0/2 - Eq@ v
v
.008 -
.c04 -
0 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1
0/23456 789/0///2
A/cos Avp
.
%a A
Figure 10.- Variation of — with as determined by several methods. a. = 2x; M = O.
A Cos A@
.032
n)
(h
.028
024
.020
c~a .0/6
A
.0/2
.008
,004
0
o / 234567 8 9 /0 // /2
Akos Aq2
c% A
Figure H. - Variation of ~ with in incompressible flow.
Cos &/2
–, —
. .4
,
; .* b“
NACA TN 3911
-, .
.
..
.
(cL.)M
(%=)M=O
“y
-’
o /0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sweep, of half-chord Iine, cfeg
L
.
w.’
‘.
.
2.5
w’
4
24
2.3
22
2./
20
/,9
*,* 18
(%)M /.7
- *’
(CL=)M=O
16
/5
/4
13
L2
1./
/,
o 10 20 30 40 50 GO 70 BO 90’
Sweep of half-chord line, deg