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Equipment Required:-
Theory:-
Inverse square law, radiation:-As one of the fields which obey the general inverse
square law, a point radiation source can be characterized by the relationship below
whether you are talking about Roentgens, rads or rems. All measures of exposure will
drop off by inverse square law.
Inverse square law, electric: - As one of the fields which obey the general inverse
square law, the electric field of charge can be put in the form shown below where
point charge Q is the source of field. The electric force in Coulomb’s law follows the
inverse square law.
Inverse square law, general: - Any point source which spreads its influence equally
in all directions without a limit to its range will obey the inverse square law. The
intensity of the influence at any given point r is the source strength divided by the area
of sphere. Being strictly geometric in its origin, the inverse square law applies to
diverse phenomenon point source of gravitational force, electric field light, sound or
radiations obey the inverse square law.
Procedure:-
1. Keep both tripods at a minimal distance of 0.5 from each other, centre to centre
using measuring tape.
2. The minimal distance ensures that we are testing the antennas in far field
region.
7. Readings can be distorted if the Yagi(4el) captures signal from its behind due
to wall or ceiling.
Objective:-
Equipment Required:-
R1/R2=R2/R3=R3/R4………….Rn/Rn+1 = τ = L1/L2=L2/L3=…………=Ln/Ln+1
Or Rn/Rn+1=Ln/Ln+1= τ
Procedure:-
1. Connect the dipole antenna to the tripod & set the RX frequency to
600MHz.Keep the antenna in horizontal direction.
Equipment Required:-
Theory:-
Since all the practical antennas have at least same directional properties i.e.
directivity & hence there is no such thing an isotropic or electron energy. However in
acoustic we have & a point source of sound is an example of isotropic radiator.
Radiation pattern of antenna is nothing but a graph which shows the variation
in actual field strength of EM field at all points which are at equal distance from the
antenna. Obviously the graph of radiation pattern will be 3-D & hence cannot
completely be represented on plain paper. In order to draw the radiation pattern of
antenna field strength are measured at every point which lies on the surface of an
imaginary sphere of fixed radius treating antenna as centre & then a 3-D solid figure is
constructed from the reading so obtained. In this case distance from the centre to the
surface of sphere represents the field strength in that direction. In order that the
radiation pattern of an antenna is represented on plain paper, the 3-D solid figure so
obtained is cut by a plane passing through the fixed point & the figure now obtained
are used to represent the radiation pattern in a usual way. The radiation patterns are
different for different antennas & are affected by the location of antenna w.r.t ground.
In case of an antenna,
Gain is a relative term in which the actual antenna is compared with a reference
antenna. The reference antenna normally used in hypothetical lossless isotropic
radiator or antenna. The gain of the antenna may be defined in any of the following
ways:-
(1) Gain of the antenna without involving the antenna efficiency is defined as”the
ratio of maximum radiation intensity in gain direction to the maximum
radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction
with same power input.
(2) When reference antenna is taken as isotropic antenna, the gain of subjective
antenna is G0
G0 = Φm’/Φ0
Procedure:-
1. Connect the dipole antenna to the transmitter tripod, set the length of the
antenna elements to λ/4 or 12cm each from centre of the beam. Keep the
antenna in horizontal direction.
2. Now connect the yagi antenna to the receiver graduated disc/stepper motor
tripod & set the receiver to 600MHz.
3. Set the distance between antennas to be around1m. Remove any stray object
from around the antennas, especially in the line of sight. Avoid any
unnecessary moment while taking the readings.
4. Now rotate the yagi antenna around its axis in steps & note down.
6. Now replace the yagi (4el) or Cartesian plane & find whether they are
directional antennas or not.
Result: -
The plot shall form the major lobe in bore sight direction & smaller side lobes
in other direction on polar plane in azimuth. On Cartesian plane the response shall
form a big hump & several smaller ones around it. Similar to the one shown in fig.
below. Thus a yagi antenna is highly directional antenna.
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Equipment Required:-
Theory:-
The reciprocity theorem is the most powerful theorem in circuit & field
theories both.
(OR)
Assumptions:-
It is assumed that:-
(2) Medium between two antennas are linear, passive & isotropic.
(3) Generator producing emf & the ammeter for measuring the current have zero
impedance & or if not, then both generator & ammeter impedance are equal.
Explanation:-
ZT = Z12 = E1/ I2
Thus, from the reciprocity, it folllows that the two ratios i.e two
impedances are equal i.e
Z12 = Z21
Therefore,
E12/ I2 = E21/ I1
Limitations:-
(2) It holds good for all practical radio work but for long distance communication
through ionosphere however still it is expected to apply results overaged over a
reasonable interval of time in which case it cannot be expected to be exactly
correct at every given time.
Procedure:-