atoms-->molecules-->macromolecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organs-->sys

tems-->organism
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
-Movement
-Change in posistion of the body or of a body part; notion of an
internal organ
-Responsiveness
-Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
-Growth
-Increase in body size without change in shape
-Reproduction
-Production of new organisms and new cells
-Respiration
-Obtaining O2, removing CO2, and releasing energy from food(some
forms of life do not use O2)
-Digestion
-Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be abs
orbed and used
-Absorption
-Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
-Circulation
-Movement of substances in body fluid
-Assimilation
-Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
-Excretion
-Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
BODY CAVITIES
-Axial Skeleton
-Head
-Neck
-Trunk
-Appendicular Skeleton
-Upper and lower limbs
-Dorsal Cavity
-Central Nervous System
-Vertebral Cavity
-Cranial Cavity
-Cranial Cavity
-Oral Cavity
-Teeth
-Tongue
-Nasal Cavity
-Divided by nasal septum
-Sinuses
-Frontal
-Sphenoidal
-Middle Ear Cavity
-Malleus
-Incus
-Stapes
-Brain
-Vertebral Canal
-Vertebrae
-Spinal cord (inside sections of vertebrae)
-Thoracic Cavity
-Chest cavity
-Contain viscera (organs)
-Above Diaphragm
 -Left and right lungs
-Mediastinum
-Divides thoracic cavity into 2 compartments
-Contains other thoracic viscera
-Heart
-Esophagus
-Trachea
-Thymus
-Abdominopelvic Cavity
-Below Diaphragm
-Includes abdomen and pelvic viscera
-Abdominal Cavity
-Stomach
-Liver
-Spleen
-Gallbladder
-Kidneys
-Most of small and large intestines
-Pelvic Cavity
-Enclosed by hip bones
-Terminal portion of large intestine
-Urinary bladder
-Internal reproductive organs
MEMBRANES
-Thoracic
-Parietal pleura
-Lines thoracic cavity
-Visceral pleura
-Lines lungs
-Pleural cavity
-Potential space between parietal and pleural membranes
-Pericardial membrane
-Visceral pericardium membrane
-Covers heart
-Thin
-Parietal pericardium membrane
-Thicker
-Pericardial cavity
-Space between visceral pericardium and parietal pericar
dium
-Abdominopelvic
-Peritoneal membranes
-Parietal peritoneum
-Lines the wall
-Visceral peritoneum
-covers each organ
-Peritoneal cavity
-Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneu
m
ORGAN SYSTEMS
-Integumentary System
-Functions
-Protection
-Temperature regulation
-Sensory receptors
-Synthesizing
-Organs
-Hair
-Nails
-Sweat glands
 -Sebaceous glands
-Skeletal System
-Functions
-Provide framework
-Protection for soft tissues
-Attatchments for muscles
-Movement
-Organs
-206 Bones in adults
-208 if sternum is devided
-(manubrium, sternum body, and xiphoid p
rocess)
-300-350 as an infant
-Muscular System
-Functions
-Movement
-Posture
-Main source of body heat
-Organs
-Muscles
-Between 656-850
-Nervous System
-Functions
-Maintain homeostasis
-Adjust various organ functions
-Organs
-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves
-Sense organs
-Endocrine System
-Functions
-Hormone secretion
-Maintain homeostasis
-Organs
-Hypothalamus
-Part of the brain
-Pituitary gland
-Growth
-Thyroid
-Produces thyroxin
-Parathyroid
-Adrenal gland
-Pancreas
-Ovaries
-In females
-Testes
-In males
-Pineal gland
-Thymus
-Cardiovascular System
-Functions
-Transportation
-Gases
-Nutrients
-Hormones
-Wastes
-Organs
-Heart
-Arteries
 -Veins
-Capillaries
-Blood
-Lymphatic System
-Functions
-Transportation
-Tissue fluid
-Certain fatty substances
-Defense
-Lymphocytes
-Organs
-Lymphatic vessels
-Lymph fluid
-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Digestive System
-Functions
-Absorbtion
-Oxygen
-Nutrients
-Excretion
-Various wastes
-Organs
-Mouth
-Tongue
-Teeth
-Salivary glands
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
-Small intestine
-Large intestine
-Respiratory System
-Functions
-Gas exchange
-O2 (in lungs) ---> blood
-CO2 (in blood) ---> air
-Organs
-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Lungs
-Urinary System
-Functions
-Waste removal
-Maintain homeostasis
-Organs
-Kidneys
-Remove waste from blood
-Maintain body's water and electrolyte concentra
tions
-Produces urine
-Ureters
 -Urinary bladder
-Stores urine until excretion
-Urethra
-Reproductive System
-Functions
-Progeny
-Producing offspring
-Male
-Produce and maintain spermatozoa
-sperm cells
-Transfer sperm into female reproductive tract
-Female
-Produce and maintain oocytes
-egg cells
-Transport oocytes
-Recieve spermatozoa
-Develop embryos
-Carries fetuses
-Functions in birth process
-Organs
-Male
-Scrotum
-Testes
-Epididymides
-Ductus deferentia
-Seminal vesicles
-Prostate gland
-Bulbourethral glands
-Penis
-Urethra
-Female
-Ovaries
-Uterine tubes
-Uterus
-Vagina
-Clitoris
-Vulva
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
-Relative posistioning
-Superior
-Above
-Closer to the head
-Inferior
-Below
-Toward the feet
-Anterior
-Toward the front
-Posterior
-Toward the back
-Medial
-Closer to the imaginary midline
-Lateral
-Away from the imaginary midline
-Bilateral
-Paired structures on each side
-EX:lungs
-Ipsilateral
-Structures on the same side
-EX:right lung and kidney
-Contralateral
 -Structures on opposite sides
-EX:right leg and left arm
-Proximal
-Closer to a point of attatchment to the trunk
-Distal
-Farther from a point of attatchment to the trunk
-Superficial
-Situated near the surface
-Deep
-More internal than supeficial parts
Body sections
-Saggital
-Midsaggital
-Divides body