BASIC PHARMACOKINETICS - CHAPTER 7: Oral Dosing

CHAPTER 7 Oral Dosing
Author: Michael Makoid and John Cobby

Reviewer: Phillip Vuchetich
OBJECTIVES
After successfully completing this chapter, the student shall be able to
1. Given patient drug concentration and/or amount vs. Time profiles, the student will
calculate (III) the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters ( V d , K, k m , k r , k a , AUC ,
Clearance, MRT, MAT) available from oral data.
calculate (III) the K from the terminal portion of the curve.
calculate (III) the k a from either the curve stripping Moment techniques.
calculate (III) the Absolute Bioavailability from comparing IV and oral (or
some other process which involves absorption) data.
calculate (III) the Comparative Bioavailability from comparing the generic to the
inovator product.
qualitatively evaluate (IV) bioequivalence as determined by rate of absorption
(peak time) and extent of absorption (Area Under the Curve - AUC, and ( Cp ) max ).
evaluate (IV) bioequivalence data.
lucidly discuss (IV) bioequivalence and recommend (V) to another competant
professional if s/he believes products to be equivalent.
Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-1

Copyright © 1996-1999 Michael C. Makoid All Rights Reserved http://kiwi.creighton.edu/pkinbook/
Oral Dosing
9. The student shall be able to properly use vocabulary relative to bioequivalence.

Oral Dosing
7.1 Oral dosing
7.1.1 VALID EQUATIONS: ( ORAL DOSING, PLASMA)
ka –k t
C p = fD
– Kt
------ ⋅ --------------
- ⋅ (e – e a ) (EQ 5-18)
Vd k a – K
AUC ( oral ) ⁄ Dose ( oral )

f = -------------------------------------------------------------- (EQ 5-19)
AUC ( iv ) ⁄ Dose ( iv )
AUC ( generic ) ⁄ Dose ( generic ) -

CB = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (EQ 5-20)
AUC ( inovator ) ⁄ Dose ( inovator )
ln ( k a ⁄ K )
t p = ----------------------- (EQ 5-21)
( ka – K )
X
-----a- = K ⋅ AUC ∞ – ( C p + K ⋅ AUC t ) (EQ 5-22)
v
where CB = the comparative bioavailability
f = the absolute bioavailabilty; the fraction of dose which ultimately reaches sys-
temic circulation (which is made up of the fraction of the dose which is absorbed
times the fraction which gets past the liver (first pass effect))
ka = absorption rate constant.
7.1.2 UTILIZATION

Oral Dosing
Ampicillin (Problem 5 - 17)
The following information is available for ampicillin: 90% is excreted unchanged and a 250 mg IV bolus dose yields an
AUC of 11 mic/mL*hr. The following blood level profile has been reported for two brands of ampicillin which were
given as 500 mg oral capsules.
TABLE 4-7
µg
MEAN SERUM LEVEL --------
Time (hr) mL
LEDERLE BRISTOL
0.5 0.37 0.38
1.0 1.97 1.91
1.5 2.83 2.49
2.0 3.15 3.11
3.0 2.73 2.79
4.0 1.86 1.95
6.0 0.43 0.49
Find the following:.

a. k for both products.
b. k a for both products.
c. k u for both products.
d. AUC for both products.

e. f for both products.
f. t max for both products.
g. Cl
h. Vd
i Cp 0 for a 250 mg IV dose.
j. Cp max
k. Are these two products bioequivalent? Why or why not?

l. What infusion rate would be necessary to maintain a serum

Oral Dosing
plasma concentration of 2mcg/mL
The data was plotted as above with the best fit line drawn. From the graph the fol-
lowing parameters were derived:
TABLE 4-8 Comparison of Ampicillin
Lederle Bristol Ratio (L/B)

–1 0.688 0.635
K ( hr )
–1 0.858 0.831
K a ( hr )
T max ( hr ) 1.74 1.8 0.97
( C p ) max ( µg ⁄ mL ) 3 2.9 1.03
AUC (trapaziodal) 11.4 11.6 0.98
2) In a clinical study (DiSanto & DeSante, JPS 64:100,1975) prednisone was

administered to 22 adult healthy volunteres (average weight 64.5 kg) either as one
50 mg tablet (product A) or as ten 5 mg tablets (product B). The following data
was observed:
Time (hours) Concentration (mic/100ml plasma)
A B

Oral Dosing
0.5 40.8 57.3
1 70.0 77.1
2 79.5 82.3
3 80.7 69.4
4 68.6 60.6
6 49.4 48.0
8 35.0 33.7
12 15.3 17.4
24 2.1 3.0
Find ka's for both products.
Calculate peak time and Cp max and AUC for both products.
Can you conclude that these products are bioequivalent ?
(Reasons should include discussion of rate and extent of absorption)
Answer:

Oral Dosing
Product A Product B Ratio (A/B)
Ka (hr^-1) 1.19 1.8
Tmax (hr) 2 1.52 1.31
Cmax (mcg/100mL)83.2 82.8 1.00
AUC (trapazoidal)676.52 688.81 0.976
Can you conclude that these products are bioequivalent ?
No, Time to peak (Tmax) is outside guidelines.
3) Wilkenstein et al.(Gastroenterology 74:360,1978) tested 12 normal healthy

volunteers in a four way crossover design of four dosage forms containing 300 mg
of cimetadine. The following data was obtained:

Oral Dosing
A B C D
A.U.C. (mic/ml x hr)------ 5.2 5.4
% recovered in urine intact77.177.147.149.0
Peak serum conc.(mic/ml)------ 1.53 1.44
Onset (hr) 0 0.34 0.65
Duration (hr) 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.4
Time to peak (hr)0 1.0 2.0
A = IV bolus B = IM inj. C = Oral Liq. D = Oral Tab.
The plasma concentration - time profile for product A is as follows:
time(hrs) (ug/ml) time(hrs) (ug/ml)
1 1.79 6 0.45
2 1.36 12 0.08
4 0.78
a} Using linear regression, find K & Cp0.
b} What is the absolute bioavailability (f) of the liquid.
c} How does that correlate with % recovered intact in the urine?
d} Would you consider the oral forms bioequivalent?
Why/Why not?

Oral Dosing
f} What infusion rate would you suggest to maintain a plasma concentration of

0.75 mic/ml ?
g} How long would it take that infusion rate to attain a therapeutic plasma con-
centration of 0.5 mic/ml ?
Answer:
IV Bolus Parameters:
Cp max2.4 mic/mL
AUC 8.5
K 0.283 hr^-1

Oral Dosing
a} Using linear regression, find K & Cp0. (graph)
5/2/8.5 = 0.61
Very well. Only 61% (f) of liquid gets in and you would expect only 77% of that to
show up in the urine because only 77% of the IV dose shows up in the urine
(.61*.77=.47).
d} Would you consider the oral forms bioequivalent? (No)
Why/Why not? Ratio of peak times ouside guidelines.
e} What infusion rate would you suggest to maintain a plasma concentration of

0.75 mic/ml ?
Q = Cpss * K * V = 0.75 mg/L * 0.283 hr^-1 * 125 L = 26.54 mg/hr
f} How long would it take that infusion to attain a therapeutic plasma concentra-
tion of 0.5 mic/ml ?
Cp = Q/(K*V)(1-exp(-K*T) = 0.5 = 26.54/(0.283*125)*(1-exp(-0.283*T)) --> 3.9

hr
4) LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) was given to human volunteers at

the dose of 150 mic orally. (Impregnated blotter dosage form.) The following data
was obtained:

Oral Dosing
Time Cp (ng/ml) Time Cp (ng/ml)
0.25 1.75 2.0 4.6
0.5 2.9 3.0 4.1
0.75 3.7 4.0 3.3
1.0 4.2 6.0 2.1
1.5 4.6 8.0 1.4
a) Find ka
b) An IV dose of 100 mic resulted in an AUC of 20.4 ng/ml*hr. Find f.
c) The volunteers ability to concentrate as measured by their ability to do standard

tasks was also monitored. (100% control means no drug interference.) The fol-
lowing data was obtained:
Cp (ng/ml) % Control Cp (ng/ml) % Control
5.5 33 1.5 65
4.1 40 1.1 80
2.9 52
If 100 mic dose were given by IV bolus, how long would it be before the volunteer
would regain 80% of his control?
Answwer:

Oral Dosing
Evaluation of the graph of Concentration vs. time yields:
Cpmax 4.63 ng/mL
T max 1.7 hr
AUC (trap)30.07
K 0.225 hr^-1

Oral Dosing
m (-K) -0.225 hr^-1
Ka 1.22 hr^-1
f (AUCoral/Doseoral)/(AUCiv/Doseiv) = .98
Evaluation of the graph of response vs ln(concentration) yields:
dR/dln(c) = 27.86
Multiplying dR/dln(c) * dln(c)/dt (m of the previous graph) yields dR/dt = 27.86 *

-0.225 = 6.26%/hr
100 mic dose IV yields Cp0 of (Cp0 =AUC * K = 20.4 * 0.225) 4.59ng/mL.
The response of a 100 mic dose is (R = 27.86*ln(4.59)+19.9) 62.3%
Response = Response at t=0 - dR/dt * t
20% = 62.3% - 6.26%/hr * t hours
T = 6.76 hours
5. The following data was collected from a double blind cross over study between
500 mg dose of cloxacillin made by Bristol (Tegopen@) and a generic product
which you might want to put in your store.
Time (Conc. mic/ml) Time (Conc. mic/ml)
TEGOPEN GENERIC TEGOPEN GENERIC

Oral Dosing
0.25 .41 0.1 1.5 6.93 7.75
0.5 8.56 6.39 2 4.95 5.16
0.75 11.97 11.44 3 2.19 2.29
1 11.28 11.42 4 1.48 1.30
1.25 9.57 9.64
Calculate the comparative bioavailability.
Would you consider these products bioequivalent? Why/Why not?
Answer:

Oral Dosing
Evaluation of the above graphs yields:
Tegopen GenericRatio (G/T)
Cpmax (mic/mL)10.8 9.94 0.92
T max (hr) 0.74 0.89 1.20
AUC (trap) 21.7 21.06 0.97
K (hr^-1) 0.72 0.8
ka (hr^-1) 4.3 2.69
Actual evaluation of ka and peak time is dificult because of the pucity of data at
early time points however all relavent parameters meet guidlines.
7. The F.D.A. reported the following data submitted to be consideration regarding

the equivalence of Mylan Pharmaceuticals' Tetracycline with that of Lederle and
an intervenous bolus dose. (Dose 250 mg).
Time(hrs) Conc.(mcg/ml) Time(hrs) Conc.(mcg/ml)
Lederle Mylan I.V. Lederle Mylan I.V.
0.5 0.55 0.20 5.2 4 2.70 2.60 2.9
1 1.80 1.35 4.8 6 2.20 1.80 2.1
1.5 2.11 1.75 4.4 9 1.35 1.25 1.26
2 2.35 2.10 4.0 12 0.83 0.74 0.76

Oral Dosing
3 2.65 2.25 3.4 15 0.50 0.45 0.46
Would you consider Mylan to be bioequivalent to the Lederle product ?
Calculate the absolute bioavailability of Lederle Tetracycline.(.77)
f) Calculate the volume of distribution of tetracycline. (44.3 L)
g) Tetracycline has a pKa of 9.7. Tetracyclines tend to localize in the dentin and
enamel of developing teeth causing hypoplasia and permanent discoloration of
teeth. Would you recomend tetracyline for a 110 pound lactating mother ?
Support your argument with the dose of the child. (Child's weight 11 lbs. and he
eats 2 oz of milk every 2 hours. Mom's average plasma concentration is main-
tained at 3 mic/ml by taking 250 qid. pH of the milk is 6.1, pH of blood is 7.4)
Answer:

Oral Dosing
Pharmacokinetic parameters:
Lederle Mylan IV
Cpmax (mic/mL)2.75 2.42 5.65
Tmax (hr) 3.04 3.08 0
AUC 26.4 23.3 31.4
k (hr^-1) 0.165 0.161 0.167
Ka (hr^-1) 0.684 0.729
Ratio of bioequivalence parameters (Cpmax, Tmax and AUC) are all within guide-
lines. So, the would be considered bioequivalent.
Absolute bioavailability f (= (AUCoral/DOSEoral)/(AUCiv/DOSEiv) = (26.4/

250)/(31.4/250) is 0.84.

Oral Dosing
Volume of Distribution (Dose/Cp0 = 250 mg/ 5.65 mg/mL) is 44.2 L
The ratio of milk to blood is about 200.
r(m/b) = (10^(pKa-pH) + 1)milk / (10^(pKa-pH) + 1)blood
= (10^(9.7-6.1)+1)/(10^(7.4-6.1)+1) = 10^3.6/10^1.3 = 10^2.3 = 200
Dose the kid gets is mom's plasma concentration * Ratio(M/b) * volume of milk /
day = 3 mic/mL * 200 * 60cc * 12 feedings = 432 mg.day
Mom gets 1000 mg/day
Ratio of dose on a mg/kg basis (kid/mom) = (432/5)/1000/50) = 4.32 - Kid's get-

ting more than mom.
Fifty miligrams of ketameperidine was given by IV bolus. The following urinary

profile was obtained for the only metabolite N-methyl-ketameperidine:
Collection period (hr) Mean urinary excretion rate (mg/hr)
0.0 - 0.5 2.26
0.5 - 1.5 5.83
1.5 - 2.5 5.43
2.5 - 3.5 4.60
3.5 - 5.0 2.36

Oral Dosing
5.0 - 7.0 1.47
7.0 -10.0 0.96
10.0 -18.0 0.44
Calculate K, km and ku.
What Percent of ketameperidine was metabolized?
Answer:
With only one data point in the early time points, the larger rate constant is in ques-
tion. The terminal slope is assumed to be K. The AUC will yield the amount of
ketameperidine which was metabolized (dXmu/dt * t = Xmu).
K (hours^-1) 0.216
AUC (mg)30.3
30.3 mg showed up as metabolite = 60.6% of 50 mg dose.
km = 60.6% * K = 0.131 hours^-1

Oral Dosing
kr = K - km = 0.085 hours^-1
Aminophylline consists of THEOPHYLLINE (85% W/W) & Ethylene diamine

(15% W/W)
THEOPHYLLINE is the active compound measured in blood.
THEOPHYLLINE has a volume of distribution of 0.45 l/kg.
THEOPHYLLINE is 10% excreted unchanged and 90% metabolized to inactive

metabolites.
THEOPHYLLINE has a therapeutic range between 20 and 10 mg/l.
AUC FROM 0 to infinity for THEOPHYLLINE (given as 400 mg AMINPHYL-

LINE) is 120 mg/l x hr.
The average plasma concentration of THEOPHYLLINE given as 400 mg of AMI-

NOPHYLLINE is as follows:
time conc. time conc.
(hrs) (mg/L) (hrs) (mg/L)
0.5 7.24 4.0 8.06
1.0 9.56 6.0 6.89
2.0 10.00 8.0 5.57
3.0 8.84 10.0 4.53
Find f, K, ka, Vd,total body clearance.
Find the infusion rate necessary to maintain a plasma concentration of 15 mg/l.

Oral Dosing
Answer:
AUC (mg/L)*hr117.8
K (hr^-1) 0.096
ka (hr^-1) 2.11
f = (AUCoral/DOSEoral)/(AUCiv/DOSEiv) =
= (117.8 / 400 )/(120 / 400 ) = 0.98
Vd
AUC * K = Cp0iv
120 * 0.096 = 11.52 mg/L
Vd = Dose/Cp0 = (400mg*0.85)/11.52 = 29.5 L
TBC = K * Vd = 0.096/hr * 26.5L = 2.83 L/hr

Oral Dosing
Infusion rate = Q = Cpss * TBC = 15 mg/L * 2.83 L/hr = 42.45 mg/hr Theophyl-
line = 42.45/.85 = 50 mg/hr Aminophylline
Abbott labs has provided the following data conserning their ORETIC tablets
(hydrochlorthiazide tablets U.S.P.) Dose given was 50 mg.
time conc. time conc.
(hrs) (mg/L) (hrs) (mg/L)
0.5 0.05 3.0 0.31
1.0 0.21 4.5 0.23
1.5 0.27 6.0 0.18
2.0 0.31 8.0 0.12
a Find K, ka, Cmax,
Answer:

Oral Dosing
The data is plotted both without (first figure) and with (second figure) a lag-time
which is associated with the release of the drug from the delivery system. Note
that the addition of the lag-time improves the fit.
The parameters obtained from each fit are:
WithoutWith
Cpmax (mg/L)0.22 0.31
Tmax (hr) 3.45 2.28
AUC (mg/L*hr)2.2 2.26
K (hr^-1) 0.216 0.201
ka (hr^-1) 0.380 1.10
t lag (hr) 0.0 0.393

Oral Dosing
It takes the tablet about 20 minutes to release the drug!
Wilkenstein et al.(Gastroenterology 74:360,1978) tested 12 normal healthy volun-

teers in a four way crossover design of four dosage forms containing 300 mg of
cimetadine. The following data was obtained: A B C D
AUC(mic/ml x hr) --- --- 5.2 5.4
recovered in urine intact77.177.1 54.9 55.8
Peak serum conc.(mic/ml)--- --- 1.53 1.44
Onset (hr) 0 0.34 0.65
Duration (hr) 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.4
Time to peak (hr) 0 1.0 2.0
A = IV Bolus B=IM injection C = Oral liquid D= Oral tablet
The plasma concentration vs. time profile for product A is as follows:
time (hrs) conc.(ug/ml)
1 1.79
2 1.36
4 0.78
6 0.45
12 0.08
a} find K, Cp0.
Both can be found from the graph. K = .283/hr Cp0 = 2.36 mic/ml

Oral Dosing
5.2/8.5 = 0.61
Very well. Only 61% (f) of liquid gets in and you would expect only 77% of that
to show up in the urine because only 77% of the IV dose shows up in the urine
(0.61 * .77 = .47).
d} How can you explain the variation in % recovered intact in the urine?
e} Would you consider the oral forms bioequivalent ? Why/Why not?
No. The ratio of peak times is outside the guidelines.
f} What infusion rate would you suggest to maintain a plasma concentration of

0.75 mic/ml?
Q = Cpss * K * V = 0.75 mg/L * 0.283/hr * 125L = 26.54 mg/hr
g} How long would it take that infusion rate to attain a therapeutic plasma concen-
tration of 0.5 mic/ml ?
Cp = Q/(K * V)(1-exp(-K*T) = 0.5 = 26.54/(0.283 *125)*(1-exp(-0.283 * T)) -

> 3.9 hr
Roxane labs of Columbus, Ohio offers the following data for your review of their
Quinidine Sulfate tablets (Dose 200 mg). It is compared against the reference
standard by Ely Lilly and company at the same dose.

Oral Dosing
Time (hours)Concentration (mcg/ml)
Roxane Lilly
1 .42 .58
2 .73 .77
3 .71 .74
4 .61 .66
6 .45 .52
8 .32 .34
12 .20 .22
a) Calculate the comparative bioavailability.
b) Would you consider Roxane Quinidine Sulfate to be bioequivalent to the Lilly

product ?
Answers

Oral Dosing

Oral Dosing
Roxane labsEli Lilly
w/o w w/o w Rw/o(R/L)Rw(R/L)
Cpmax (mcg/mL)0.650.740.740.76 0.88 0.97
AUC (mcg/mL*hr)6.086.236.756.84 0.90 0.91
Tmax (hr) 2.69 2.05 2.33 2.10 1.15 0.98
T lag (hr) 0.0 0.70 0.0 0.36
Yes. Ratios are within guidelines.
Shand et al. offers the following data for propranolol : Answers:
Time Concentration (ng/ml)
(hours) 10 mg I.V. 80 mg oral
0.5 -- 50
1 -- 77
1.5 -- 100
2 29 100
3 24 90
4 18 78
5 15 59
6 11 45
7 9 32

Oral Dosing
a) find ka
b) Calculate the absolute bioavailability of propranolol.
c) Calculate TBC

Oral Dosing
IV data Oral Data
w/o w
AUC (ng/mL*hr)201.3562.8 540
Cpmax (ng/mL) 47.7 97.8 99.7
Tmax (hr) 0 2.0 2.1
K (hr^-1) 0.239 0.324 0.421
ka (hr^-1) --- 0.715 0.548
T lag 0.0 0.02
Absolute bioabailability = (AUCoral/DOSEoral)/(AUCiv/DOSEiv)
= (562.8/80) /(201.3/10) = 0.35 or using lag time data
(540 / 80) /(210.3/10) = 0.335
TBC = Dose / AUC = 10,000 mic/ 201.3 mic/L*hr = 50 L/hr or
0.35*80,000mic /562.8 mic/L*hr = 50 L/hr
Niazi et al. offers the following data for meperadine :
Meperidine : is 95% metabolized
has an absolute bioavailability of 0.4
has a hepatic plasma extraction ratio of 0.6
has a volume of distribution of 100 L.
has a half life of 3.5 hours.

Oral Dosing
a) Calculate TBC
TBC = K * V = (0.198/hr)(100L) = 19.8 L/hr
b) Calculate the intrinsic hepatic plasma clearance of meperidine.
19.8 L/hr * .95 = 18.8 L/hr
c) Calculate the effect on total body clearance in a patient with viral hepititis (FI =
0.3).
Clh*/Clh = (.3)(1)/1 + .6(.3 - 1) = .3/.58 = .517
(.517)(18.8) = 9.72
TBC = 1 + 9.72 = 10.72
d) Calculate the effect on total body clearance in a patient with stenosis (FR = 0.3).
Clr*/Clr = (1)(.3)/.3 + .6(1 - .3) = .3/.72 = .417
TBC = 18.8 + .417 = 19.22
e) Comment on which patient might need modification in therapy and why.
The patient with viral hepatitis would need modification in therapy. Because
of the decrease in TBC, we can see that the drug is staying the body much
longer than normal, therefore the dosage regimen should be decreased.
Chlorthalidone is used to treat high blood pressure. The following information is

offered regarding a generic
and a brand name chlorthalidone 50 mg tablet:
Time Conc. (mcg/ml)

Oral Dosing
(hours) Hygroton@Generic
.5 0.14 0.15
1 0.51 0.64
2 1.23 1.67
3 1.94 2.48
4 2.20 2.91
6 2.64 3.49
8 2.86 3.52
12 3.43 3.82
24 3.22 3.38
48 2.45 2.74
72 1.53 1.91
96 1.20 1.40
120 0.76 0.77
Pharmacokinetic parameters
Cpmax (mg) 3.73 4.62
Time to peak (hr) 13.810.8
AUC (0 to Inf)293 336
Xu inf (mg)18.3 22.1
Ka (hr^-1)0.168 0.253
Ke (hr^-1)0.019 0.019

Oral Dosing
Average mean83.1 84.5
blood presure
a) Calculate the comparative bioavailability.
(336/50mg)/(293/50mg) = 1.15
b) Would you consider the generic product to be bioequivalent to the USV

(Hygroton@) product? Prepare a short statement that you would tell a patient
regarding why you would or would not make a generic substitution for this drug.
No. The maximum concentration the generic is too much greater than that of
the brand name product.
They are not considered to be bioequivalent.
R(G/H)
Cpmax (mg) 1.23 outside
Time to peak (hr)0.78outside
AUC (0 to inf)115 ok
Buspirone is a new anxiolytic agent that has been found to be effective for the
treatment of generalized anxiety disorder at a mean dose of approximately 20 mg/
day orally in divided doses. Buspirone is metabolized almost entirely. Less than
0.1% is found intact in the urine. The following data has been presented by Gam-
mans (Am J Med:80(supp 3b),41-51;1986):
Time (hours)Concentration (ng/ml)
(hours) 1 mg I.V.20 mg oral

Oral Dosing
0.25 -- 1.07
0.50 4.33 1.76
1.0 3.75 2.45
2 2.80 2.51
3 2.10 2.05
4 1.57 1.60
6 0.8 0.91
a) find ka
b) Find Oral Peak Time and Oral Cmax.
c) Calculate the absolute bioavailability of buspirone.
answer:

Oral Dosing
IV Oral
Cpmax (ng/mL) 5.0 2.6
AUC (0 to inf)17.4 13.9
Tmax (hr) 0 1.5
K (hr^-1) 0.290 0.289
ka (hr^-1) 1.3
Absolute bioavailability, f, = (AUCoral/DOSEoral)/(AUCiv/DOSEiv)
= ( 13.9 / 20) /( 17.4/ 1 )
= 0.04
Valproate is a carboxylic acid anticonvulsant. Its activity may be related, at least

in part, to increase concentrations of the neurotransmitter inhibitor gamma ami-
nobutyric acid in the brain. It is used alone or in combination with other anticon-
vulsants. in the prophylactic management of petit mal. It appears to be almost
entirely cleared by liver function with negligible amounts excreted into the urine
unchanged. It comes as soft gelatin capsules of 250 mg and enteric coated tablets
250 and 500 mg as well as oral syrup of 250 mg / 5 cc. Two different formula-
tions of Valproate (250 mg) were prepared by Abbott and compared. The data is as
follows:

Oral Dosing
Time(Hr.)Formulation BFormulation A
0.5 3.4 AUC = 287 mg/L * hr
1.0 6.0 Ka = 0.7 hr^-1
1.5 7.9 Ke = 0.065 hr^-1
2.0 9.3
2.5 10.3
3.0 10.9
4.0 11.6
6.0 11.4
8.0 10.5
12.0 8.3
18.0 5.7
24.0 3.8
1) find ka for formulation B.
2) Five hundred mg of valproate was administered by IV bolus. The AUC for that
route was 574 mg/L * hr. Calculate f for formulation A. Calculate Cp0 for the IV
dose.
3) Find Peak Time and Cmax for formulation A.
4) Calculate the comparative bioavailability of formulation B.
5) Would you consider formulation B to be bioequivalent to Formulation A ? Pre-

pare a short statement in which you would substantiate that stand that you might

Oral Dosing
need to respond to another health professional who asked you to stock that formu-
lation for his patients.
6) Calculate the Total Body Clearance (TBC) of valproate.
Answers:
Formulation B R(A/B)
AUC = 243.3 mg/L * hr 1.18
Cpmax = 11.7 mg/L1.12
Tp max = 4.70 hr0.79
ka = 0.493 hr^-1
K = 0.0655
Tmax(A) = ln(ka/K)/(ka-K)= 3.75 hr
cpmax =
(ka/(ka-k))*(fX0/Vd)*(exp(-k*tmax)-exp(-ka*tmax)
13.3 mg/L
Absolute bioavailability, f,=(AUCoral/DOSEoral)/(AUCiv/DOSEiv)
= (287/250)/(574/500)
= 1.0

Oral Dosing
Comparative bioavailability =(AUCb/DOSEb)/(AUCa/DOSEa) = 243.3/287 =

0.85
TBC = Dose / AUC = 500 mg / 574 mg /L * hr
The following data was made available by Lederle Labs regarding its generic
Procainamide HCl. (Dose 250mg).
Procainamide is a base (pka =9.1). As the hydrochloride salt it is 87% Procaina-

mide.
Time (hrs)Conc.(mcg/ml) Procainamide Base
Lederle Squibb I.V.
0.33 0.68 0.26
0.5 0.82 0.67
0.66 1.17 0.93
1 1.23 1.12 1.45
1.33 1.31 1.19 1.35
2 1.39 1.12 1.18
3 0.93 0.96 0.95
4 0.74 0.74 0.77
6 0.51 0.51 0.51
8 0.32 0.30 0.33
12 0.11 0.09 0.14

Oral Dosing
a) find ka of the Squibb product
b) ka of the Lederle product.
c) Calculate the comparative bioavailability.
d) Would you consider Lederle to be bioequivalent to the Squibb product ?
e) Calculate the absolute bioavailability of Lederle Procainamide.
f) Calculate the volume of distribution of procainamide.
g) Would you recommend your patient breast feed her newborn? Prepare a short
consult for her physician. Support your argument with the dose of the child.
(Child's weight 11 lbs. and he eats 2 oz of milk every 2 hours. Mom's average
plasma concentration is maintained at 4 mic/ml from a 1 g dose ever 6 hours. pH of
the milk is 6.3, pH of blood is 7.4)
Procainamide is cleared about 60% by liver and 40% by kidney function. 20 % of

cardiac output (70 ml/min/kg) goes to liver, 25% goes to the kidney. Mom's
weight is 130 lb. Assuming her plasma vs time profile to be similar to the Lederle
product (i.e. pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from this information can be
used):
h) Calculate Total body clearance
i) Calculate the intrinsic hepatic plasma clearance of procainamide.
j) Calculate the effect on her total body clearance if she were to contract viral hep-
atitis which effect liver function (FI = 0.4). Prepare a short consult for her physi-
cian as to whether you would recommend a change in therapy. d) Calculate the
effect on her total body clearance stenosis of the liver (FR = 0.4). Prepare a short
consult for her physician as to whether you would recommend a change in therapy.
Answers:

Oral Dosing
IV LederleSquibb R(L/S)
AUC (0 to inf)8.577.46.8 1.09
Cpmax 1.8 1.28 1.25 1.02
Tmax 0 1.43 1.45 0.99
K 0.212 0.247 0.256
ka --- 1.51 1.93
t lag 0 0 0.24
= 7.4 / 8.57

Oral Dosing
= 0.86
Vd = Dose/Cp0 = 0.87*250mg/1.8mg/L= 120.8 L
Ratio of milk to blood = (10^(9.1-6.3)+1)/(10^(9.1-7.4)+1)= 12.4
Kid's dose = 4 mic/mL * 12.4 * 60 mL/feeding * 12 feedings/day * 1 mg/1000 mic

= 36 mg/day
Ratio of kid's daily dose/# to Mother's daily dose/# = (36mg/11#)/(1000mg*4/

130#) = 0.42. The kid gets about half of the mother's dose!
Nifedipine (Procardia @) is a calcium channel blocker which specifically inhibits

potential-dependent channels not receptor-operated channels, preventing calcium
influx of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle (coronary, cerebral). Calcium
channel blockers reduce myocardial contractility and A-V node conduction by
reducing the slow inward calcium current. They are indicated in angina, cardiac
dysrhythmias, and hypertension among others. Nifedipine appears to be metabo-
lized entirely into an inactive metabolite, an acid and subsequently further metab-
olized to a lactone. Both the acid and the lactone are excreted into the urine and
the feces.
Echizen and Eichelbaum (Clin Pkin 1986; 11:425-49) and Kleinbloesem et al (Clin
Pcol Therap 1986; 40: 21-8) Reviewed the pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine. While
the drug is not routinely given by IV bolus and does not strictly conform to a one
compartment model, lets treat the data as if those problems can be ignored. The
following data is offered for evaluation:
25mg IV 10 mg oral tablet
Formula AFormula B
Time Cp Cp Cp

Oral Dosing
(hr.) (mic/l) (mic/l) (mic/l)
0.5 29.3 33.1
1 42.1 43.7
1.5 45.7 43.7
2 139 44.4 39.8
3 36.2 25.5
4 65.6 27 20.7
6 31.1 13.6 9.9
8 14.6 6.5 4.7
12 1.5 1.0
a} Find ka's of the two products.
b} Calculate peak time and Cp max for both products.
d} Can you conclude that these products are bioequivalent ? (you must support you
argument)
e) Calculate the absolute bioavailability of product A.
f} What infusion rate would you suggest to maintain a plasma concentration of 30

mic/L ?
Answers:

Oral Dosing
IV A B R(A/B)
Cpmax (mic/L)294.25 45.7 44.01.04
Tmax (hr) 0 1.57 1.18 1.33
AUC(0 to inf)785219.7182.7 1.20
ka (hr^-1)--- 1.0 1.6
K (hr^-1) 0.375 0.374 0.375
No,Tmax is outside the guidelines.

Oral Dosing
=(219.7/10)/(785/25)
=0.7
Q = Cpss * K * V = 0.955 mg/hr
Tetracycline HCl has a pKa of 9.7. Tetracyclines tend to localize in the dentin and
enamel of developing teeth causing hypoplasia and permanent discoloration of
teeth. Would you recommend tetracycline for a lactating mother ? Support your
argument with the dose of the child. (Child's weight 11 lbs. and he eats 2 oz of
milk every 2 hours. Mom's average plasma concentration is maintained at 4 mic/
ml she is taking 250 mg T.I.D. ( Milk pH = 6.1, Blood pH = 7.4)
Tm/Tb = 109.7 - 6.1/109.7 - 7.4 = 20/1
The concentrarion of tetracycline in the mother's milk is 80 mic/ml
The child takes in 720 ml of milk per day
80 mic/ml * 720 ml = 57600 mic = 57.6 mg
57.6mg/5kg = 11.52mg/kg = dose that the child is getting from the mother's
milk.
I would not recomend tetracycline for a lactating mother. The dose that a nurs-
ing child gets from the milk too high.
Oxazepam (acid, pKa 11.5) is an anxyolytic sedative with the usual adult dose 10
mg 3 times daily. If the circulating plasma concentration of oxazapam were 20

Oral Dosing
mic/ml for nursing 120 lb mother, would her 9 lb infant be getting a comparable
mg per kg daily dose if he consumes 2 oz of his mothers milk every 2 hours. Pre-
pare a short consult for her physician in which you might (or might not) recom-
mend the patient stop breast feeding while she is on this medication. Include
appropriate calculations.
Om/Ob = 1011.5 - 6.1/1011.5 - 7.4 = 20/1
The concentration of the mother's milk would then be 400 mic/ml
400 mic/ml * 720 ml = 288000 mic given to baby = 288mg
288mg / 4.1kg = 70 mg/kg = dose/kg given to baby
This dose is much greater then that given to the mother. The mother should
discontinue breast feeding while taking Oxazepam.
Bioequivalence studies are sometimes done within the same company to check if
the tablets of the same drug, but different strengths (with the strength normalized)
could be considered equivalent (i.e. could two 5 mg tablets be considered equal to
one 10 mg tablet). While not strictly kosher (products are not pharmaceutical
equivalents because of different strengths), it is done. Here is the results of such a
study in which Zomax 100 and 200 mg tablets were compared. (Yes, I know that
Zomax was removed from the market after a short life of only 6 months.)
Zomax 100 mg tablet 200 mg tablet 50 mg IV bolus
Time Conc AUC Conc AUC Conc.
(hr) (mg/L) (0->t) (mg/L) (0->t) (mg/L)
0.25 1.41 0.18 4.03 0.50
0.5 1.98 0.60 5.13 1.65
0.75 2.15 1.12 5.18 2.94
1 2.12 1.65 4.89 4.20 1.14

Oral Dosing
2 1.56 3.49 3.37 8.33 0.764
3 1.05 4.80 2.26 11.14 0.512
4 0.707 5.67 1.51 13.03 0.343
6 0.318 6.70 0.68 15.22 0.154
8 0.143 7.16 0.306 16.20 0.069
1) What is the elimination rate constant for zomax (hr) ?
A) 0.2 B) 0.3 *C) 0.4 D) 0.5 E) 0.6
2) What is the volume of distribution of zomax given by IV bolus (L) ?
A) 43.85 B) 33.3 *C) 29.4 D) 25.9 E) 0.034
AUC = D/(Vd * K)
Vd = D/(AUC * K)
= 50mg/(4.25 * 0.4)
= 29.4 L
3) What is the volume of distribution of zomax given by 100 mg oral tablet ?
A) 43.85 *B) 33.3 C) 29.4 D) 25.9 E) 0.034
Vd = 100mg/(7.48 * 0.4)
= 33.4 L

Oral Dosing
4) What is the AUC(0->infinity_ for the IV bolus dose ?
A) 2.68 B) 2.85 C) 3.55 D) 4.08 *E) 4.25
5) What is the AUC(0->infinity) for the 100 mg tablet ?
A) 7.16 *B) 7.5 C) 16.20 D) 17 E) 37.38
6) What is the absolute bioavailability of the 100 mg tablet ?
A) 0.84 *B) 0.88 C) 1 D) 1.14 E) 1.19
(7.48/100)/(4.25/50) = 0.88
7) What is the AUC(0->infinity) for the 200 mg tablet ?
A) 7.16 B) 7.5 C) 16.20 *D) 17 E) 73.98
8) What is the absolute bioavailability of the 200 mg tablet ?
A) 0.84 B) 0.88 *C) 1 D) 1.14 E) 1.19
(16.9/200)/(4.25/50) = 1
9) What is K * AUC (0->infinity) for the 100 mg tablet (mic/ml) ?
A) 2.9 *B) 3.0 C) 6.5 D) 6.8 E) 14.95
7.48 * 0.4 = 2.99

Oral Dosing
10) What is the absorption rate constant for the 100 mg tablet ?
A) 1.7 B) 2.2 *C) 2.6 D) 3.2 E) 3.7
11) What is the intercept of the extrapolated line for the 200 mg tablet ?
A) 3.5 B) 4.1 C) 5.6 D) 6.1 *E) 7.6
12) What is the absorption rate constant for the 200 mg tablet ?
A) 1.7 B) 2.2 C) 2.6 D) 3.2 *E) 4.01
13) What is the Tmax for the 100 mg tablet ?
A) 0.5 B) 0.67 C) 0.75 *D) 0.85 E) 0.95
14) What is the Tmax for the 200 mg tablet ?
A) 0.5 *B) 0.67 C) 0.75 D) 0.85 E) 0.95
15) Would you consider these two tablets bioequivalent (given normalization for
dose) (consider all ratios to be the 100 mg / 200 mg parameter normalized as to
dose where applicable)?
A) Yes
B) No, because the ratio of the ka's is 0.70
C) No, because the ratio of the AUCs is 0.44

Oral Dosing
D) No, because the ratio of the Cmaxs is 0.41
*E) No, because the ratio of the Tmaxs is 1.27
16) What infusion rate would you recommend to maintain an average plasma con-
centration of 1 mic/ml ?
A) 17.5 B) 13.3 *C) 11.8 D) 10.4 E) 9.0
Vd = D/Cp0 = 50mg/1.7mg/L = 29.4
Q = Cpss * K * V = 1mg/L * 0.4/hr * 29.4L = 11.8
17) What would be the concentration (mg/L) 2 hrs after discontinuing the infu-
sion assuming you reached steady state ?
A) 0.67 B) 0.55 *C) 0.45 D) 0.37 E) 0.30
Cpss = Cp0 * e-Kt
= 1mg/L * e(-0.4 * 2)
= 0.44
A 110 pound mother breast feeds her 11 pound infant while on morphine sulfate
(base, pKa = 9.85). Mother's average circulating plasma levels are 0.5 ug/ml fol-
lowing a 10 mg IV dose q4h. (pH Milk = 6.1, pH blood = 7.4)
18) What is the Ratio of morphine concentration in the milk as compared to the
blood ?
A) 0.05 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) 2 *E) 20

Oral Dosing
Mm/Mb = 10(9.85 - 6.1)/10(9.85 - 7.4)
= 20
19) How much (mg) morphine is contained in 120 cc of breast milk (the child con-
sumes 2 ounces every 2 hours) *A) 1.2 B) 0.12 C) 0.06 D) 0.03 E) 0.003
Mother's blood conc. is 0.5mic/ml therefore her milk conc. is 10 mic/ml.
10mg/L * 0.12L = 1.2 mg
20) In your professional judgment, will the child's dose cause a problem ?
A) No, morphine does not concentrate in the milk and thus the milk is ok to drink.
B) No, the dose is too small. The ratio of the child's dose to the mother's dose is
0.12.
C) Yes, even though the dose is small, we don't want any drug to get to the child.
*D) Yes, the dose is comparable to the mother's dose. The ratio of the child's to the
mother's dose is 1.2.
E) Not my job. I only give what the doctor orders.
Answers:

Oral Dosing
IV Tablet Tablet
50 mg 100 mg200 mgR(100/200)
AUC(0 to inf)4.257.4816.9 0.89
Cpmax 1.7 2.15 5.23 0.82
Tmax 0 0.82 0.64 1.28
K 0.4 0.4 -.4
ka --- 2.76 4.01
Tmax ratio is ouside guidelines.

Oral Dosing
Answers are rounded off. When you pick a foil, use that number in subsequent cal-
culations when needed.
Rifampin (unionized free base pKa 7.9) is a drug used to treat TB. The following
data was collected following a 600 mg oral tablet from the inovator (Treatment A),
and a 600 mg oral tablet from a generic (treatment B), and a 400 mg IV dose
(Treatment C).
Concentration (mic/mL)AUC(0->t)
TreatmentA B C B
Time (hours)
0.5 5.3 4.8 1.2
1 10.3 8.6 7.8 4.55
1.5 10.2 9.8 9.15
2 9.4 9.8 6.1 14.05
2.5 8.9 9.2 18.8
3 7.5 8.4 4.7
4 5.9 6.7 3.7
6 3.6 4.1 2.2
8 2.2 2.5 1.3
10 1.3 1.5 0.8
12 0.8 0.92 0.5
AUC(0->inf)53.957.7

Oral Dosing
(mic/mL*hr)
Lag time (min)18.610.5
Cp max10.6 9.9
Ka (hr^-1)2.66
1) What is the Cp0 for C (mg/L)? a) 0 b) 7.8 *c) 10 d) 12 e) 15
Cp0 = AUC * K
= 39.8 * 0.25
= 9.95
2) What is the volume of distribution of Rifampin (L)? a) 60 b) 51.3 *c) 40

d) 33.3 e) 26.7
Vd = D/Cp0
= 400mg/(9.95mg/L)
= 40.2 L
3) What is the half life for rifampin (hr)? *a) 2.8 b) 2.3 c) 2.0 d) 1.75 e)
1.5
t1/2 = .693/0.25
= 2.77

Oral Dosing
4) What is the elimination rate constant for rifampin (hr^-1)? *a) 0.25 b) 0.3 c)
0.35 d) 0.4 e) 0.45
5) Calculate the AUC (0->1hr) for C (mic/mL*hr). a) 1.95 *b) 3.9 c) 7.8 b)
8.9 e) 17.8
6) Calculate the AUC (12hr->inf.) for C (mic/mL*hr). *a) 2 b) 1.67 c) 1.43

d) 1.25 e) 1.11
0.5/0.25 = 2
7) Calculate the AUC (0->inf) for C (mic/mL*hr). a) 16 b) 26.85 c) 35 *d)

40 e) 60
8) Calculate the absolute bioavailability for the generic product. a) 0.70 *b)
0.95 c) 1 d) 1.05 e) 1.43
(57.7/600)/(39.8/400) = 0.966
9) Calulate the comparative bioavailability for the generic product. a) 0.70 b)

0.95 c) 1 *d) 1.05
e) 1.43
(57.7/600)/(53.9/600) = 1.07
10) Using Wagner-Nelson method, calculate the Ka for the generic product (hr^-
1). a) 0.45 b) 1 c) 1.55 d) 2 e) 2.45

Oral Dosing
11) Calculate the peak time for the generic product (min). a) 37 b) 67 c) 86 d)
91 e) 105
tp = [ln(Ka/K)]/(Ka - K)
= [ln(1.37/0.25)]/(1.37 - 0.25)
= 1.52 hr = 91 min
12) Calculate the peak time for the brand name product (min). a) 37 *b) 59 c)
86 d) 95 e) 105
tp = [ln(2.66/0.25)]/(2.66 - 0.25)
= 0.98 hr = 59 min
13) Are the two products bioequivalent?
a) yes, all federal requirements are met.
*b) no, the ratio of the peak times are out side federal requirements.
c) no, the ratio of the lag times are out side federal requirements.
d) no, the ratio of the Kas are out side federal requirements.
e) no, the ratio of the comparative bioavailabilities are out side federal require-
ments.
14) What is the ratio of the concentration of milk (pH 6.1) to blood (pH 7.4)? a)
0.05 b) 0.05 c) 1 d) 15.4 *e) 20
Rm/Rm = 10(7.9 - 6.1)/10(7.9 - 7.4)

Oral Dosing
= 20
15) The average plasma concentration for the mother (110#) is 2.5 mg/L from a
600 mg once a day dosing regimen. If the baby (11#) drinks 780 mL of milk a day
(2 - 2.5 ounces every 2 hours), what is his daily dose (mg)?
a) 0.1 b) 0.13 c) 2 d) 30 *e) 39
Mother's blood average blood conc. is 2.5 mg/L therefore her milk conc. is 50
mg/L.
If the baby drinks 780 ml of milk he/she will get 39 mg of the drug.
16) Would you recommend mom stop breast feeding? (What % of the mom's daily
dose (mg/kg) is the baby's daily dose (mg/kg)?)
a) No, the child's dose is less than 1% of the mother's dose on a mg/kg/day basis.
b) No, the child's dose is about 5% of the mother's dose on a mg/kg/day basis.
c) Maybe, the child's dose is about 10% of the mother's dose on a mg/kg/day basis.
*d) Yes, the child's dose is about 50% of the mother's dose on a mg/kg/day basis.
e) Yes, the child's dose is about the same as the mother's dose on a mg/kg/day
basis.
17) While Rifampin is not administered by IV infusion, what would be the infu-
sion rate necessary to maintain an average plasma concentration of 2.5 mg/L (mg/
hr)? *a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 150 e) 200
Vd = D/Cp0
= 400/10.02
= 39.9 L

Oral Dosing
Q = Cpss * K * Vd
= 2.5 * 0.25 * 39.9
= 25 mg/hr
18) While Rifampin is not administered by IV bolus, what would be the loading
dose necessary to obtain a plasma concentration of 2.5 mg/L (mg)? a) 25 b) 50
*c) 100 d) 150 e) 200
Loading Dose = Cpss * Vd
= 2.5 * 39.9
= 100mg
19) While Rifampin is not administered by IV infusion, what would be the infu-
sion rate necessary to obtain a plasma concentration of 2.5 mg/L in about 2.5 to 3
hours (mg/hr)? a) 25 *b) 50 c) 100 d) 150 e) 200
Cp = [Q/(K * Vd)] * (1 - e-kt)
Q = (Cp * K * Vd)/(1 - e-kt)
= (2.5mg/L * 0.25 * 39.9L)/[1 - e(-0.25 * 2.75)]
= 50 mg/hr
20) Rifampin is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B, an antibiotic derived

from Streptomyces mediterranei. The minimum inhibitory concentration for N.
menengitidis is 0.1 - 1 mic/mL. It is distributed well into bodily fluids. About 30%
shows up in the urine as free drug and active metabolite while 60% shows up in the
feces as metabolite. The secretary is hounding me to finish the exam, so the
answer to 20 is a. Also, rifampin is 85% protien bound at physiological concen-
trations. *a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 150 e) 200
Answers:

Oral Dosing
A B IV
Tmax 1.27 1.7 0
K 0.25 0.25 0.25
ka 2.66 1.37 ---
AUC 53.9 57.7 39.8

Oral Dosing
Cpmax 10.6 9.9 10.02
PHARMACOKINETICS SECOND HOUR PRACTICE EXAM #2
(1) Succinctly define, stating rigorously the meaning of any symbols used and the
dimensions of measurement:
a}Cpss b}feathering c}Wagner-Nelson method d}clearance e}f
(2) For each of the following pairs of variables (ordinate against abscissa), draw
a graph illustrating the qualitative profile of their relationship. Where appropri-
ate, indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless your
specifically indicate on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write "S-
L"), it will be assumed that rectilinear paper is being considered. Graphs are for a
drug given by oral route where applicable.

Oral Dosing
a} total amount of drug collected minus the amount collected at the time in the
urine vs time
b} Plasma concentration of a drug given by oral route vs time
c} Plasma concentration of metabolite of a drug given by IV bolus vs time
d} Steady state plasma concentration vs infusion rate
e} Steaty state plasma consentration vs clearance
SECTION I
(1) Succinctly define, stating rigorously the meaning of any symbols used and the
dimensions of measurement:)
a}Cpss b}f c}Absolute Bioavailability d}Comparative Bioavailability
(2) Compare and contrast:a}Wagner-Nelson and feathering methods b} Treat-

ment of plasma and urine data using Wagner-Nelson
(3) For each of the following pairs of variables (ordinate against abscissa), draw
a graph illustrating the qualitative profile of their relationship. Where appropri-
ate, indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless your
specifically indicate on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write "S-
L"), it will be assumed that rectilinear paper is being considered. Graphs are for a
drug given by oral route where applicable.
dXu/dt vs t for a drug given orally.

Oral Dosing
dXmu/dt vs t for a drug given by IV bolus.
Steady state plasma concentration vs infusion rate
Steady state plasma concentration vs elimination rate constant
SECTION I
1. Succinctly define, stating rigorously the meaning of any symbols used and the
a) clearance b)f c) absolute bioavailability d) comparative bioavailability e)

AUC
2. By means of an annotated phase diagram explain how freeze-dried pharmaceuti-

cal injectables are made.
3. For each of the following pairs of variables (ordinate against abscissa) draw a
graph illustrating the qualitative profile of their relationship. Where appropriate,
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless you specifi-
cally indicate on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write "SL"), it
will be assumed that rectilinear paper is being considered.
Pharmacological Response vs time
Peak time vs ka for oral dose
Fractional change in total body clearance vs. renal clearance

Oral Dosing
AUC vs ka
AUC vs ke
SECTION I
a) first pass effect b) f c) Intrinsic clearance
d) comparative bioavailability e) Extraction ratio
2. By means of an annotated phase diagram explain how a metastable polymorph

can be formed and how these polymorphs might effect the bioavailability of the
drug.
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless your specif-
ically indicate on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write "S-L"),
it will be assumed that rectilinear paper is being considered
fractional change in total body clearance vs plasma flow for drugs having a large
extraction ratio.
Peak time vs ka for oral dose
Fractional change in total body clearance vs. hepatic clearance.
AUC vs ka

Oral Dosing
AUC vs clearance
SECTION I
Henderson-Hasselbach relationship
Therapeutic alternatives
Therapeutic equivalents
comparative bioavailability
Extraction ratio
Briefly discuss generic substitution by the pharmacist. Include such topics as when
it might be admissable and the liabilities involved.
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless you specif-
a) fractional change in total body clearance vs fractional change in plasma

flow for drugs having a small extraction ratio.

Oral Dosing
b) Peak time vs dose for oral dose
c) Fractional change in total body clearance vs. fractional change in hepatic

clearance for drugs having a large extration ratio.
d) Ratio of milk to blood for basic drugs vs pKa.
e) Ratio of milk to blood for acidic drugs vs pKa.
SECTION I
a) Bioequivalance
b) Intrinsic Clearance
c) first pass effect
d) Henderson - Hasselbach equation
e) f
2.Compare and contrast absolute and relative bioavailability.
3.For each of the following pairs of variables (ordinate against abscissa) draw a
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless you specif-

Oral Dosing
a) Cpmax vs f for a drug given orally.
b) Cpmax vs dose for a drug given orally.
c) Cpmax vs Vd for a drug given orally.
d) TBC vs Fi(H) for a drug with a high extraction ratio in the liver.
e) TBC vs Fr(H) for a drug with a high extraction ratio in the liver
SECTION I
a) Henderson-Hasselbach relationship
b) Therapeutic alternatives
c) Therapeutic equivalents
d) Comparative bioavailability
e) Extraction ratio
2. Briefly discuss generic substitution by the pharmacist. Include such topics as

when it might be admissible and the liabilities involved.
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless you specifi-
cally indicate on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write "SL"), it
will be assumed that rectilinear paper is being considered
a) fractional change in total body clearance vs fractional change in plasma

flow for drugs having a small extraction ratio.

Oral Dosing
b) Peak time vs dose for oral dose.
c) Fractional change in total body clearance vs. fractional change in intrinsic

hepatic clearance for drugs having a large extraction ratio.
d) Ratio of blood to milk concentrations for basic drugs vs pKa.
e) Ratio of blood to milk concentrations for acidic drugs vs pKa.
PHARMACOKINETICS SECOND HOUR PRACTICE EXAM # 10
SECTION I
a) Henderson-Hasselbach relationship
b) Therapeutic alternatives
c) Therapeutic equivalents
d) Comparative bioavailability
e) Absolute bioavailability
f) Bioequivalents
2. Compare and Contrast: Feathering and Wagner-Nelson method.
3. For each of the following pairs of variables (ordinate against abscissa), draw a
indicate the nature of important slopes, intercepts, and values. Unless you indicate
on your plot that semi-log paper is being considered (write SL), it will be assumed
that rectilinear paper is being considered. Graphs are for a drug given by an oral
delivery system where applicable.
a) Cpss vs. K
b) Cp vs. ka

Oral Dosing
c) Ratio of Milk to Blood for acidic drugs vs. pKa
Pharmacokinetics practice exam #11
Pharmaceutical alternatives may have different:
I. therapeutic moieties
II. dosage forms or strengths
III. salt or ester forms of the same therapeutic moiety
2) Pharmaceutical equivalents must have the same:
I. active ingredients and strength
II. dosage form and route of administration
III. rate and extent of absorption
3) Bioequivalent drug products must have the same:
I. active ingredients and strength
II. dosage form and route of administration
III. rate and extent of absorption
4) Therapeutic equivalents are:

Oral Dosing
I. pharmaceutical alternatives
II. pharmaceutical equivalents
III. bioequivalents
5) The Wagner-Nelson method
I. uses curve stripping or feathering techniques
II. can be used to find ku and km
III. uses AUC calculations
6) The Federal guidelines for for bioequivalence require that the following phar-
macokinetic parameters be within + 20 % of
the innovator's product:
I. AUC, Peak time, Cpmax
II. Ka, Ke
III. Vd
7) The steady state plasma concentration of a drug given by intravenous infusion is

dependent on:
I. length of time of of infusion
II. volume of distribution
III. elimination rate constant, K.
8) The peak time of a drug given by the oral route is dependent on:

Oral Dosing
I. the absorption rate constant
II. the metabolism rate constant
III. the excretion rate constant
9) The slope of the terminal portion of the graph of the metabolite of a drug which
(the drug, not the metabolite) was given
by intravenous bolus injection could be:
I. - the elimination rate constant of the metabolite
II. - the elimination rate constant of the drug
III. - the absorption rate constant of the metabolite
10) Comparative bioavailability includes calculations of the ratio(s) of the fol-

lowing pharmacokinetic parameters of two
oral products (generic / Innovator) normalized for dose :
I. AUC (0 to Inf)
II. Peak time
III. Cpmax
Pharmacokinetics practice second hour exam #12

Oral Dosing
Where the are only three foils (possible quesses), please use K type system:
(NOTE: if foils are equivalent, all must be selected)
A) I ONLY
B) III ONLY
C) I AND II ONLY
D) II AND III ONLY
E) I, II, AND III
1) Steady state plasma concentration obtained by continuous infusion is inversely

proportional to:
I Infusion rate
II elimination rate constant
III volume of distribution
2) Steady state plasma concentration obtained by continuous infusion is directly

proportional to:
I Infusion rate
II time
III volume of distribution
3) When calculating the AUC for an oral product using the trapezoidal rule, con-
centrations necessary to calculate the
first trapezoid are:

Oral Dosing
I the intercept of the extrapolated line of the plasma vs. time profile.
II the concentration at time zero, Cp0
III the concentration at the first time point
4) When calculating the AUC for an IV product using the trapezoidal rule, con-
centrations necessary to calculate the
first trapezoid are:
I the intercept of the extrapolated line of the plasma vs. time profile.
II the concentration at time zero, Cp0
III the concentration at the first time point
5) Absolute bioavailability is a calculation which
I must be between .80 and 1.20
II compares an oral product to an IV bolus dose.
III is the ratio of the normalized AUCs of the products tested.
6) Comparative bioavailability is a calculation which
I is the ratio of the normalized AUCs of the products tested.
II must be between .80 and 1.20
III compares an oral product to an IV bolus dose.
7) When plotting the Wagner-Nelson function vs. time, a plot which proceeds hor-
izontally for a measurable time and then
declines:

Oral Dosing
I is because of poor data in the early part of the data set.
II only the declining portion should be used to calculate ka.
III is an indication of a delay in release of the drug from the delivery system, a lag
time.
8) When considering ion trapping, comparing a drug which forms sulfate salts
distributing between mother's milk and
blood, the ratio of total drug in milk to total drug in blood (Rm/b) can be
I greater than one.
II one.
III less than one.
9) When considering ion trapping, comparing a drug which forms sodium salts
distributing between mother's milk and
blood, the ratio of total drug in milk to total drug in blood (Rm/b) can be
I greater than one.
II one.
III less than one.
10) When using dry starch as a tablet disintegrating agent,
I tablet hardness is directly proportional to starch content.
II starch acts by allowing the water to wick into the tablet.
III a threshold minimum amount of starch is necessary before any disintegration

action is apparent.

Oral Dosing
Cyclosporine A (Problem 8 - 6)
Quigano, R., et al., "Effect of atropine of gastrointestinal motility and the bioavailability of cyclosporine A in rats", Drug Metabo-
lism and Disposition, Vol. 21, No. 1, (1993), p. 141 - 143.
In this study rats with an average weight of 300 g were given either an IV bolus dose of cyclosporine A (CyA)
or an oral dose of CyA. Subsequently, doses of atropine were given; however, the data below is that which was gath-
ered prior to atropine administration. A summary of the some of data obtained from this experiment is given below.
From the preceding data, please calculate the following:
Parameter IV Oral Solution Brand Tablet Generic Tablet Bioequivalence

Dose (mg/kg)
AUC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr
 mL 
AUMC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr 2
 mL 
MRT (hr)
MAT (hr)
ke (hr-1)
ka (hr-1)
Cp0  --------
ug
 mL
Vd (L)
Cp at 1 hour  -------
ug-
 mL
Cpmax  --------
ug
 mL
Tmax (hr)
Relative Bioavailability
Generic Equivalent (Yes / No)
1. MRT iv
2. k e , the elimination rate constant
3. t1 ⁄ 2

Oral Dosing
4. Cp 0
5. Vd
6. The plasma concentration ( Cp ) of cyclosporine A at 1 hour after the iv dose was given.
7. AUC 0 – 1 hour for the iv dose
8. f , the absolute bioavailability of oral cyclosporine A.

9 MRT oral .
10. MAT oral
11. k a , the apparent absorption rate constant.
12. t peak for the oral dose.
13. Cp max , the maximum concentration of the oral dosage form given as a single dose.

Oral Dosing
Fosinopril (Problem 8 - 7)
Gehr, T., et al., "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fosinopril in haemodialysis patients", European Journal of Clin-
ical Pharmacology, Vol. 45, No. 5, (1993), p. 431 - 436.
Fosinopril (MW 562.6) is a new Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor used in the treatment of
hypertension. Following oral administration, fosinopril is rapidly and almost completely hydrolyzed to its pharmaco-
logically active metabolite, fosinoprilate (MW 435.2). About 50% of the drug is excreted unchanged through the kid-
neys. In this study, patients received either 7.5 mg of fosinoprilat administered intravenously or 10 mg of fosinopril
administered orally. A summary of the some of data obtained from this experiment is given below.

Dose (mg/kg)
AUC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr
 mL 
AUMC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr 2
 mL 
MRT (hr)
MAT (hr)
ke (hr-1)
ka (hr-1)
Cp0  -------
ug-
 mL
Vd (L)
Cp at 1 hour  --------
ug
 mL
Cpmax  --------
ug
 mL
Tmax (hr)
1. MRT iv

Oral Dosing
3. t1 ⁄ 2
4. Cp 0
5. Vd
6. The plasma concentration ( Cp ) of fosinopril at 1 hour after the iv dose was given.
8. f , the absolute bioavailability of oral fosinopril.

9 MRT oral .
10. MAT oral

Oral Dosing
Verapamil (Problem 8 - 8)
Rutledge, D., Pieper, J., and Mirvis, D., "Effects of chronic phenobarbital on verapamil disposition in humans", The Journal of
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 246, No. 1, (1988), p. 7 - 13.
This study focused on the effects of phenobarbital, a hepatic-enzyme inducer, on verapamil. Seven healthy
male volunteers with an average weight of 78.8 kg participated in the study. The patients received either an single oral
verapamil dose of 80 mg or a single intravenous verapamil dose of 0.15 mg/kg over 3 minutes. A summary of the some
of data obtained from this experiment is given below.

Dose (mg/kg)
AUC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr
 mL 
AUMC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr 2
 mL 
MRT (hr)
MAT (hr)
ke (hr-1)
ka (hr-1)
Cp0  --------
ug
 mL
Vd (L)
Cp at 1 hour  -------
ug-
 mL
Cpmax  --------
ug
 mL
Tmax (hr)
1. MRT iv
3. t1 ⁄ 2

Oral Dosing
4. Cp 0
5. Vd
6. The plasma concentration ( Cp ) of verapamil at 1 hour after the iv dose was given.
8. f , the absolute bioavailability of oral verapamil.

Oral Dosing
Zidovudine (Problem 8 - 9)
Trang, J., et al., "Zidovudine bioavailability and linear pharmacokinetics in female B6C3F1 mice", Drug Metabolism and Disposi-
tion Vol, 21 (1993), p.189 - 193.
Zidovudine (AZT) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 during viral replication. It has been approved for the treat-
ment of AIDS. In this study a 30 mg/kg dose of AZT was given to mice either iv or orally. :A summary of the some
of data obtained from this experiment is given below.

Dose (mg/kg)
AUC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr
 mL 
AUMC  -------
ug- ⋅ hr 2
 mL 
MRT (hr)
MAT (hr)
ke (hr-1)
ka (hr-1)
Cp0  --------
ug
 mL
Vd (L)
Cp at 1 hour  -------
ug-
 mL
Cpmax  --------
ug
 mL
Tmax (hr)
1. MRT iv
3. t1 ⁄ 2
4. Cp 0

Oral Dosing
5. Vd
6. The plasma concentration ( Cp ) of zidovudine at 1 hour after the iv dose was given.
8. f , the absolute bioavailability of oral zidovudine.

9 MRT oral .
10. MAT oral


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BASIC PHARMACOKINETICS - CHAPTER 7: Oral Dosing

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CHAPTER 7 Oral Dosing

Author: Michael Makoid and John Cobby

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-1

9. The student shall be able to properly use vocabulary relative to bioequivalence.

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-2

7.1 Oral dosing

7.1.1 VALID EQUATIONS: ( ORAL DOSING, PLASMA)

AUC ( oral ) ⁄ Dose ( oral )

AUC ( generic ) ⁄ Dose ( generic ) -

where CB = the comparative bioavailability

ka = absorption rate constant.

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-3

Ampicillin (Problem 5 - 17)

Find the following:.

c. k u for both products.

d. AUC for both products.

f. t max for both products.

i Cp 0 for a 250 mg IV dose.

k. Are these two products bioequivalent? Why or why not?

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-4

plasma concentration of 2mcg/mL

TABLE 4-8 Comparison of Ampicillin

Lederle Bristol Ratio (L/B)

T max ( hr ) 1.74 1.8 0.97

( C p ) max ( µg ⁄ mL ) 3 2.9 1.03

AUC (trapaziodal) 11.4 11.6 0.98

2) In a clinical study (DiSanto & DeSante, JPS 64:100,1975) prednisone was

Time (hours) Concentration (mic/100ml plasma)

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-5

0.5 40.8 57.3

Find ka's for both products.

Can you conclude that these products are bioequivalent ?

(Reasons should include discussion of rate and extent of absorption)

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-6

Product A Product B Ratio (A/B)

Ka (hr^-1) 1.19 1.8

Tmax (hr) 2 1.52 1.31

Cmax (mcg/100mL)83.2 82.8 1.00

AUC (trapazoidal)676.52 688.81 0.976

Can you conclude that these products are bioequivalent ?

No, Time to peak (Tmax) is outside guidelines.

3) Wilkenstein et al.(Gastroenterology 74:360,1978) tested 12 normal healthy

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-7

A.U.C. (mic/ml x hr)------ 5.2 5.4

% recovered in urine intact77.177.147.149.0

Peak serum conc.(mic/ml)------ 1.53 1.44

Onset (hr) 0 0.34 0.65

Duration (hr) 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.4

Time to peak (hr)0 1.0 2.0

A = IV bolus B = IM inj. C = Oral Liq. D = Oral Tab.

The plasma concentration - time profile for product A is as follows:

time(hrs) (ug/ml) time(hrs) (ug/ml)

a} Using linear regression, find K & Cp0.

b} What is the absolute bioavailability (f) of the liquid.

c} How does that correlate with % recovered intact in the urine?

d} Would you consider the oral forms bioequivalent?

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-8

f} What infusion rate would you suggest to maintain a plasma concentration of

Basic Pharmacokinetics REV. 99.4.25 7-9

a} Using linear regression, find K & Cp0. (graph)

b} What is the absolute bioavailability (f) of the liquid.

c} How does that correlate with % recovered intact in the urine?

Cp = Q/(KV)(1-exp(-KT) = 0.5 = 26.54/(0.283125)(1-exp(-0.283*T)) --> 3.9