Nucleus- The nucleus is a very common organelle enclosed by a double membrane called nuclear envelope.

But the
only the cells of advanced organisms have a nucleus, which is known as eukaryotes. Most of the living things have one
nucleus per cell, but some cells have 2 or more. Just like Siphonales (a group of algae). But some simpler one-celled
organisms, which are called prokaryotes, such as bacteria, don’t have any nucleus. Also nucleus has a large amount of
protein and contains the most of cell’s genetic material. There is some spherical nucleus in the cell, which typically
occupies about 10 percent of eukaryotic cell’s volume and because of it; it became one of the most prominent
features! The function of the nuclear envelope is to separate the nucleus from the cellular cytoplasm (a thick liquid
stretching between the cell membrane holding organelles, but except for the nucleus) . There’re holes riddled on the
envelope is called nuclear pores that allow specific types of molecules to pass back and forth between the nucleus
and cytoplasm, giving the nucleus enough information. It’s also attacked to the tubes and sacs called the endoplasmic
reticulum and that’s where the synthesis of protein occurs. The function of nucleus is to help maintain the genes and
to control the activity of the cell, therefore, the nucleus is the control centre, such as humans’ brains of the cell.

Nucleolus- There’s a very special structure in nucleus called the nucleolus. It specifically helps to maintain the
synthesis of the protein, which moves out and around where the rough endoplasmic is. The nucleolus is a membrane-
less organelle that shows a dark shape in the nucleus through the microscope. It manufactures a substance called the
ribosomes. (The functions of the ribosomes are making proteins from all amino acids.) A nucleolus may have up to 4
nucleoli, but with any living species, the number of nucleoli won’t move and they always stay up the same. Of course
there will be a cell division. During the cell division, the nucleolus will disappear. But after the cell divides, the
nucleolus will be formed again when the chromosomes are brought together. (A chromosome is an organized
structure formation of DNA and protein, which is found in cells.)

Cytoplasm- There is a fluid and sticky part of the cell called cytoplasm, which can also be called as cytosol. This
part lies outside of the organelles and other insoluble components of the cytoplasm. This portion contains water, a
large amount of proteins and a variety of other substances. The most prominent part of this part of cell is it’s highly
organized at the molecular level. This liquid part takes the place in the cell importantly. It is where a major part of
metabolism of the cell takes place. The proteins within cytosol play an important role too. It serves as an
intracellular receptor and form part of ribosomes, and starting to use the protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, all the
chemical reaction takes place in the cytosol. The cytosol forms the environments of the surroundings of organelles.
The amount of cytosol is reduced that’s due to the large central vacuole that takes up most of the cell’s interior
volume in plants.

Centrosome/ Centrioles- The centrosome of a cell is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing
center of the animal cell. Pus at the same time, it’s as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. Fungi and plants
use other microtubule organizing center to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has an important
role for the efficient division in animal cells, but it’s not necessary. During the animal cell division the centrioles acts
like a photocopier, which makes new copy of them when the centrosome divides. There would be 2 centrioles appear
and each goes to the opposite ends of the nucleus. From the centrosome, those microtubules turned into a spindle
and then replicate the centrosome into 2 smaller cells.

Golgi- In most of the cells, you can find the apparatus or complex, Golgi. It works as same as the endoplasmic
reticulum to pack organelle. (Endoplasmic is a eukaryotic organelle that works much alike as internet hardware. It
connects the network of tubules and vesicles within cells.) The function of Golgi is to gather simple molecules and
combines them to make to make the molecules more complex. Then it packages those big molecules into vesicles,
either store them for later use or sends them out of the cell. So it’s a very important role in cells. In plant, Golgi may
also create complex sugar and sent them out to use. The Under the microscope, you could see that there’re series of
membranes shaped like pancakes, they’re Golgi. They look kind like cell membrane in that it has 2 layers. This
membrane surrounds an area of fluid where there’re plenty of proteins, sugars and enzymes are stored and changed.
Also, you will find ribosomes in those membranes. This system works closely with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
because when the protein has being made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, it will float through the cytoplasm to
the Golgi’s “territory”.
Lysosomes- Nearly in every animal eukaryotic cell, you can find organelles that are called lysosomes. They’re quite
small and stoic looking inside the cells, but they are very important to the entire cell. The purposes of the lysosomes
are to digest things like food and break down the cell when they have died. A lysosome is a specialized vesicle that
holds a variety of enzymes. But actually those lysosomes are come from the enzymes. Because the enzyme proteins
are created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and then they’re packaged and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi
apparatus does the final work and creates the specific vesicle by digesting the enzymes and pinch off a small portion
of the enzyme. Those little vesicles will float in the cytoplasm until they’re needed.

Peroxisomes- In the cells, you can also a system that are really similar to lysosome with only 1 single membrane,
which contains enzymes for digesting and breaking down the toxic materials in the cell. They were called
Peroxisomes. But they still have some different things from lysosomes. The enzymes they hold are different. The
Peroxisomes enzymes include oxygen, which are oxidative enzymes, but Lysosomes have the enzymes that work in the
areas where there’s only a little oxygen. The Peroxisomes plays more roles in the cell than just digesting food. They
absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired. They’re known for digesting fatty acids and they also digest alcohol.
They also play a role in cholesterol synthesis. Just because they do these jobs, you will be very healthy if your liver
has more of them!

Secretory vesicles- In almost all human cells, scientists could find the Secretory vesicles. But why these
substances are so important to the cells? This kind of substance will produce a process called secretion. It’s the
process if elaborating, releasing and producing a kind of chemical that’s good for the cell. It may seem similar to
excretion, but it’s actually opposite of it. There is a certain function for the Secretory vesicles then being only a
waste product. Secretion would transport the proteins and enzymes from across the interior where the cytoplasm or
cytosol is to its exterior. It actually holds a very important function to the cell. It functions and operates the
natural surroundings and environment for adaption and survival. So without this function, the whole cell would be
dead in a very quick period of time.

Cell membrane- How did you see the cells in the living organisms under the microscope? It’s because the cells (in
plants) seemed like those tiny square shaped jelly while the cells (in animals) seemed like a random squat jell-o. You
could see them because those cells are isolated with the outside environment by the cell membrane. The cell
membrane is like a fence, with cytosol, nucleus and everything inside. The cell membrane is selectively- permeable to
ions and organic molecules. It also controls the movement of the substances in and out of the cell. It’s formed with
the substance called phospholipid bilayer and embedded with protein. And cell membranes are also involved with a lot
of cellular process, so it plays a key role in the process of the cell.

Mitochondrion- Mitochondrion is another very important substance in the cell. It’s a double membrane enclosed
organelle found in eukaryotic cells. These organelles are as small as bacteria, from 0.5 to 10 micrometers. Its one of
the double membranes is smooth (The outside rank). But the inside membrane is very rough, and create folds in the
cross-section. These are called cristae. These cristae can increase the space of the mitochondrion greatly. Also on
these cristae, it contained sugar, combined with oxygen produce primary energy for the cell.

Vacuole- You almost can find a vacuole in all kinds on plant cells, maybe some animal cells and bacterial cells. It’s
because the plants greatly need a vacuole to survive, without the vacuole, the plant will just wilt. These vacuoles are
membrane bounded organelles, which has made these vacuoles to be isolated with the outside world. There is a huge
(in plant cells) opening compartment in the middle of the vacuole, which contains water, inorganic, organic molecules
that include enzymes in solution. But in animal cells, the vacuole is a very small organelle. Vacuoles are formed by the
mixture of a multiple of membrane vesicles. This organelle doesn’t have a fixed shape in the cells. It works
importantly for the cells. It contains a plenty of waste product and a large amount of nutrients. It also has a large
amount of water, and helping increase the size of the growth. It also works with digestion! (Kind works like lysosomes
in the animal cell). Also it isolates materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Cell wall- You will definitely see a cell wall in the plant cell under a microscope. But however, you will never find the
cell wall in animal cells, it because animals don’t need the protection of the cell wall. The cell wall is made of
polysaccharides (sugar) and it is always tough, often flexible, but sometimes, there may be some fairly rigid layers,
which surrounds some types of cells. It’s always located outside of the cell membrane and this cell wall will do the
job of protection for the plants, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. But the biggest function of the cell wall is to
act like a pressure vessel and expand when the water enter the cell (water is a very important part for the plants).
There are also cell walls in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and some archaea (a kind of fungi). But the cell walls differ
from the species. In plants, the strongest component of the complex cell wall is a carbohydrate called cellulose,
which is a polymer of glucose.

Chloroplast- There will definitely be chloroplast in plant cells too, but not in animals. The chloroplast contains
chlorophyll, which can give the plant a green color. Also the chloroplast has a double membrane. It can make through
a complex process called the photosynthesis (turning carbon dioxide + sun into food).

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - In both animal and plants cells, you may see an organelle, which
shaped like a coral. That’s the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (such a long name = =). The major function of this
organelle is the metabolic processes. It includes lipids and steroids synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates,
regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attaching the receptors on cell membrane proteins and
steroid metabolism. It is also connected to the nuclear envelope. It contains enzyme, which changes to glucose. Also
SER allows to storage the key enzymes and the products of these enzymes in the increased surface area.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Under the microscope, you could see the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but also
the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In their names, you may see they all have 2 same letters, but they do their own jobs. The
smooth endoplasmic does the metabolic processes of lipids and steroids, while the rough endoplasmic reticulum does the
metabolic processes of proteins. This organelle appeared (under the microscope) to have a plenty of ribosome on its
surface. It can synthesize these ribosomes and send them out through out the cell.

Ribosome- You can see those little dots on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those are ribosomes. Ribosomes are
the packages of the cells that make proteins from all the amino acids. The DNA is used to make RNA ( Ribonucleic
acid), which, in turn is used to make protein. Then the DNA sequence in genes and act as a photocopier to copy the
message in to RNA. Then the ribosomes receive the information, transform the information into proteins.

Cytoskeleton-