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Name Morphology Weapons Disease Lab Tx Misc

COCCI
Staphylococc Gram + “grape” facultative anaerobe, Catalase +
us
aureus Gray or golden Some +Capsule/slime Cutaneous – (acne Smear Penicillin Handwash
yellow colonies Superweapon/antigen etc),SSSS(bullous exfoliative Culture Cloxacillin and proper
Coagulase +, 1. Exfoliative dermatitis) BAP Nafcillin hygiene
mannitol +, 2. TSST1 TSS – tampon Biochem Vancomycin Can prevent
Novobiocin s, Gastroenteritis(food disease
Yellow pigment + poisoning)
Beta Hemolysis + Endocarditis
Bones, Joints
Pneumonia,empyema
epidermidis Gray to white, Most common isolate in Aminoglycosi Normal flora
Coagulase -,M-,N s, infections with artificial des etc. of skin,
Y-, H- cardiac valves, prosthetic oppurtunistic
joints (THR) and CNS shunts
saprophyticus Only one which is Causes UTI in sexually active
novobiocin young females
resistant, Coagulase
-
Streptococcus Gram +, in chains or pairs, catalase -
pneumonia Alpha Hemolytic, IgA protease – colonization Bacterial pneumonia (most Pen-G Prevented by
Optochin (S),bile Teichoic acid – attachment common on >65y/o) pneumovacc.
soluble, lancet Polysaccharide capsule – Adult meningitis (most
shaped diplococcic major, inhib phago common cause)
found in URT Pneumolysin O – damage Otitis media and sinusitis
respi epithelium (rusty (most common in children)
sputum) Septicemia
viridians Alpha Hemolytic, Dextran (biofilm) Dental caries – S. mutans Pen-G with Penicillin
Optochin (r), bile Growth in vegetation Infective endocarditis aminoglycosi
resistant (S. sanguis, (protects from immune) des for IE
S. mutans, S.
salivarius), normal
flora of human
oropharynx
Pyogenes Beta Hemolytic, Hyaluronic acid Capsule Acute/suppurative Rapid Pen-g – DOC Penicillin
(group A) Bacitracin (s), PYR + (antiphago) 1. Pharyngitis antigen Erythro – 2nd
M CHON – deadly virulence 2. Scarlet fever – sandpaper test
fx, used to type GABS rash, strawberry tongue, Throat
M12 strain – AGN circumoral pallor, palms swab
Streptolysin O – and soles spared ASO titer
immunogenic 3. Pyoderma/Impetigo – for RF
Streptolysin S – non- honey crusted lesions (>200)
immunogenic 4. Cellulitis/Necrotizing
Streptokinase – fibrin clot fasciitis – flesh eating
breakdown bacteria
Stretococcal DNAse – liq. Non-suppurative sequalae
Pus and extension of lesion 1. RF seq of Pharyngitis
Hyaluronidase – spread in 2. AGN(m12 serotype) seq of
cellulitis cutaneous and pharyngitis
Exotoxin A-C – pyrogenic or
erythrogenic, assoc to Misc: puerperal fever,
scarlet fever, activate Th pneumonia, TSS like
cells and MHC class 2 syndrome
Agalactiae Beta Hemolytic, Capsule Neonatal Septicemia Ampicillin Treat mother
(group B) Bacitracin (r), Beta hemolysin Meningitis Cefotaxime prior to
Hippuric acid, CAMP CAMP fx with genta delivery
+, reservoir in
human vagina,
transmitted in child
birth, PROM
increases risk
Enterococcus Gamma Hemolytic, able to live in bowel, colon, UTI and Biliary tract Vancomycin Penicillin and
faecalis 6.5%NaCl(+), group urethra and gallbladder infections gentamycin
D due to bile/salt tolerance SBE through hematogenous
route
bovis Gamma Hemolytic,
6.5%NaCl(-), group
D
Neisserriae Medium of Choice: BAP, Selective Media: Grows on Thayer Martin (Vancomycin, Colistin and Nystatin), Martin Lewis, New York,
very sensitive to adverse env’t and cold, gram –, catalase +, oxidase +
gonorrhea Gram – , acquired Pili – attach, antiphago, Genital Gonorrhea – Gram stain Ceftriaxone +
through sexual POR-antiphago, Opa – symptomatic in males, of urethral Doxycycline
contact and birth attach to eukaryotes, Rmp- cervicitis with purulent smear, for
canal against antibody, -Ferrin, discharge and intermenstrual Proceed to Chlamydia
LOS –endotoxin,mimicry, bleeding in females culture for Resistant to
IgA1 protease, B-lactamase Rectal, Pharyngeal, females, penicillin
Meningitis, Ophthalmia molecular (PPNG)
neonatorum, PID, probe
Disseminated gonococcal
infection
Meningitides Colonizes Capsule, LOS, IgA1 Meningitis Gram stain: Pen-G Vaccine:
nd
nasopharyx, 2 protease Septicemia Culture: Alter: A,B,C,Y and
most common CA Waterhouse Friedrichsen acid prdxn Chloram w135 most
meningitis in adults’ syndrome (hemorrhage of with 3rd gen Ceph: important to
people with adrenals) glu,mal Cef- humans,
complement (MAC) Pneumonia, arthritis, Capsular groups a and
deficiencies, respi urethritis polysacch: c cause
droplet serogroup epidemics,
B- prev by
nonimuuno Rifampin and
genic minoclycline
Moraxella Nomal flora, does Bronchitis, pneumonia,
catarrhalis not utilize sinusitis, otitis media and
carbohydrate(asacc conjunctivitis
harolytic)
B-lactamase (+)
RODS
Gram + bacilli, spore formers
Clostridium Obligate anaerobe, terminal spores
botulinum Motile, Botulinum toxin – heat Botulism – floppy baby Clinical Polyvalent Proper
soil/dust/animal labile, flaccid paralysis, syndrome, flaccid paralysis, Toxin in Antitoxin canning and
feces, non-acidic blocks release of Acth eye sx like blurring, NV, stool/seru (ABE) no honey for
and anaerobic (tae) diarrhea, dizziness, weakness m Amoxicillin infants
Respiratory
No GI symptoms for wounds Support
debridement
Perfringens Invasive, soil and Spores germinate in tissue Gas gangrene (myonecrosis) Culture – Penicillin and
Self-limiting
human colon, Alpha toxin – licithinase – – crepitus, tense tissue, double clindamycin infection for
encapsulated, non tissue destruction, hepatic contaminated from soil or hemolysis food
motile, double toxicity feces, systemic symptoms on BAP Debridement poisoning so
hemolysis Enterotoxin Chopped , Hyperbaric give
meat – gas chamber supportive
care
tetani Motile, localized, Tetanospasmin – blocks Tetanus – trismus, risus Clinical Penicillin or DPT,
soil, feces of horses Glycine and GABA (inhib sardonicus, opisthotonus Metro + Penicillin, TIG,
and other animals NTA) Immune Proper wound
globulin for cleaning for
toxin, prevention,
-zepam for linear less
than 6h old
wounds
vaccine only,
otherwise add
TIG
difficile Reservoir is human Toxin A – enterotoxin Pseudomembranous colitis Endoscopy, Metro-, DC
colon, antibiotic damaging mucosa Toxins in antibiotics
associated Toxin B – cytotoxic stool
(clindamycin,
cepha-, amox,
ampi), invasive
Bacillus
anthracis Zoonotic, Capsule – polypeptide Anthrax – eschar, papule & Culture Cipro, Doxy Autoclave,
encapsulated, non- Anthrax toxin – PA - entry, pustules, often with regional and Vaccine
motile, from wool LF(lethal) EF(edema) lymphadenopathy Serology
and animal hair (cutaneous)
Wool sorter’s
disease(pulmonary) GI(rare)
cereus Motile, morile, Emetic toxin - Emetic – diarrhea and
non-encapsulated, Diarrheal toxin – meats, vomiting (1-6 hours)
B-hemolytic sauces diarrheal - watery diarrhea
(e.coli like, 18 hours)
subtilis Lab contaminant
Ground glass
colonies
Gram + Bacilli, non-spore formers
Listeria Facultative intracellular, tumbling motility
monocytogen Cold growth: soft Listeriolysin O – B Listeriosis – peaks in summer, Ampi and Food
es cheeses, deli meats, hemolysin, helps organism symptomatic in pregnant genta precaution
cabbages, found in escape or jump when women
non-pasteurized lysosome tries to dump
milk, across contents into phagosome, Neonates – granulomatosis
placenta, during lethal to decreased infantiseptica, in utero early
delivery immune onset, meningitis with
septicemia in late onset due
to fecal exposure

meningitis Renal transplants


and Ca – meningitis
most commonly due
to Listera meningitis
Actinomyces Anaerobic, Actinomycosis – abscesses Microscopy Ampi or
israelii branching rods, with “sulfur” granules, very or culture of PenG and
gingival and female invasive but not painful, in sulfur drainage
GT, endogenous tissues with low oxygenation granules
transmission, Lumpy jaw – dental trauma,
invasive poor hygiene
CNS, thoracic, Abdominal,
Pelvic
Nocardia Partially acid fast, Nocardiosis – Sulfonamid
asteroides found in soil or bronchopulmonary but may es or TMSZ
dust, airborne or spread to brain
trauma hematogenously
Cutaneous – from trauma,
subcutaneous abscesses with
granules(mycetoma)
ErysipelothrixCatalase, oxidase Erysipelod/sea finger/whale PenG
rhusopathiae and indole (-); finger- raised lesion
+H2S(black), violaceous color (+)pain and
land/sea animals, swelling
direct inoculation
Corynebacteri Club shaped rods in K antigens – heat labile, Diphtheriae toxin – Gram stain Antitoxin + DPT <7y/o
um V or L shapes in type specific, major pseudomembrane(dead cells, or PenG or TD >7y/o
diphtheriae tellurite medium, fibrin, pigments), Methylene Erythro
Palisades or Chinese O antigen – cross reactive lymphadeno, a.way Blue
characters, to nocardia and mycobac obstruction Culture -
lysogenic C. Membrane formation on (Loeffler
diphtheria. 4 Diptheria toxin – inhib infected wound that fails to Slant,
biotypes: belfanti, Chon synth by inactivating heal Tellurite
intermedius, gravis, EF-2, fragment A, fragment plate)
mitis. Reservoir:RT, B for transpo Elek plate
wounds, skin test –
precipitin
lines at zone
of
equivalence
SCHICK test
Mycobacteriu Acid fast, sensitive to UV, unique mycolic acid cell wall resistant to dessication and to many chemicals
m
avium & Potentially pathogenic, former non-chromogen(-dark/-light) and latter photochromogen(-dark/+light), found in surface waters,
kasasii soil, animals
scrofulaceum Scotochromogen(+dark/+light), found in surface waters, soil, animals
fortuitum and chelonae Rapid growers
gordonae, flavescens, fallax, gastri Saprophytic, rarely cause
disease
tuberculosis Auramine- Sulfatides – inhibits Tuberculosis Microscopy – RIPE 2 BCG to
rhodamine phagosome-lysosome sputum, months prevent
staining(sensitive fusion organ intensive
than Kinyoun or Cord factor – serpentine affected phase
Nielsen), produces growth inhibiting leukocyte NaOH – RI for 4
NIACIN, heat migration, disrupts decontam months
sensitive catalase, mitochondria N- maintenan
malachite green for Tuberculin + mycolic acid – aceylcysteine ce phase
selective growth, cell mediated immunity, – -mycin -
albumin to detoxify damage done by immune liquefaction injectables
media, doubling system Culture
time is 18 hours Chest X-ray
PPD skin test
10mm+
Leprae Cold lover, obligate Tuberculoid – damage Tuberculoid – Strong cell Punch Dapsone Dapsone
intracellular, cannot from immune response mediated immunity, beningn Biopsy, Nasal and
be grown in-vitro, killing cells, granuloma and course and low # of scrapings, Rifampin,
found in human skin loss of sensation organisms, few macular Gram stain add
or in armadillos, Lepromatous – nerve lesions, paresthesia Lepromin clofazamin
transmitted via damage from bacterial Lepromatous – weak cell test e for
nasal discharge from overgrowth mediated immunity, (+)tuberculoi lepromato
lepromatous leprosy progressive course and high # d us form
pt’s of organisms, numerous (-)lepromato
nodular lesions, leonine us
facies
No cultures
Gram negative bacilli
Enterobactericeae – all oxidase (-), all ferment glucose, facultative anaerobes, most are motile except Shigella, Klebsiella and Yersinia(SKY),
serologic tests useful to Salmonella, Escherichia and Shigella (SES), EKE – lactose fermenters
Klebsiella- Klebsiella K. pneumoniae & oxytoca–
Enterobacter- pneumoniae(friedla lobar pneumonia with
Serratia nder’s bacillus) ‘currant jelly’ sputum,
IMVC --++, urease alcoholics and comp. pulmo
(+) with capsule function
Enterobacter IMVC K. ozaenae – chronic atopic
--++, urease (-) no rhinitis
capsule K. rhinoscleromatis –
Serratia marcescens granulomatous disease of the
– with prodigiosin nose
(red) K. granulomatis –
donovanosis(granuloma
inguinale)
Enterobacter – UTI
Proteeae Proteus vulgaris, UTI – alkalinazation of urine
mirabilis causing precipitation of Ca
Morganella and Mg salts causing caliculi
morgani, formation
Providencia rettgeri, -damage to renal epithelium,
stuarti, alkalifaciens most common is P. mirabilis
Urease positive
Citrobacter UTI and neonatal infections
Escherichia Most abundant Adhesins, Exotoxins, heat- Neonatal meningitis – K Specimen as Antibacteri
coli aerobic flora of stable toxins (STa and STb), antigen indicated by als e.g.
colon, index for heat labile (LT-I and LT-II), UTI – most common, the sulfonamid
fecal pollution of hemolysin, P fimbriae, K uncomplicated cystitis – localization es,
water, high infective antigen hemolysin of the ampicillinm
dose, most virulent Complicated pyelonephritis – disease cephalospo
p. fimbrae, non process rins,
uropathogenic strains fluoroquin
olones and
aminoglyco
sides
EPEC Disruption of normal Infant diarrhea in
(pathogenic) microvilli underdeveloped countries,
malabsorption and non
bloody diarrhea
ETEC Production of enterotoxin Travelers’ diarrhea in
(toxigenic) (heat stab and labile) developed countries, watery
leading to hyper secretion diarrhea
of fluids and electrolytes
EHEC Production of shiga toxin Grossly bloody diarrhea 0157:h7 is Do not use Thoroughly
(hemorrhagic (Stx 1 and Stx 2) leading to (hemorrhagic colitis) may the most antibiotics, cooking
) destruction of microvillus lead to hemolytic uremic common, rehydrate ground beef
structure syndrome (HUS) with the use sorbitol (-) only, may
of antibiotics. No fever since on develop
no invasion. McConkey HUS
agar, assay
for shiga
toxin, no
leukocytosis
in stool but
(+) for RBC
EIEC Invasion and destruction of Scanty, bloody diarrhea
(invasive) epithelial cells lining the (dysentery)
colon Disease in underdeveloped
countries, presents with
fever
EAEC Adherence of rods (stacked Infant diarrhea, travelers’
(aggregative) bricks) leading to diarrhea, dehydration, low
decreased fluid absorption grade fever
and shortening of microvilli
Shigella Does not infect Invasive – ulcerates Painful passage of bloody Rectal swab
dysenteriae- animals, infection terminal ileum and colon, mucoid stools with cramping – best
grpA usually localized to rarely penetrates (dysentery), fever, Non-lactose
flexneri-grpB GIT, transmitted by Shiga toxin – enterotoxic, convulsions fermenter
boydii-grpC 4f’s, very low cytotoxic, neurotoxic Confirmed
sonnei-grpD infective dose, least by
virulent, TSI: K/A serotyping
Salmonella Fecal – oral, most Enterocolitis – typhimurum, Culture from Ceftriaxone Vaccine for
enterica serotypes – animal, gut only blood/bone or Cipro prevention
typhi and paratyphi Septicemia – occurs in marrow is IM – polysacc
– human, TSI: K/A chronic disease or pt with the best capsule
no gas, with H2S enterocolitis, positive for 1st-2nd week – Oral – live
seeding blood attenuated
Enteric fever – typhoid and After 2nd –
paratyphoid, (intestine- stool/urine
blood-intestine) Widal
Chronic carrier state: Typhi Dot –
gallbladder IgG and IgM
Yersinia Safety pin Coagulase Bubonic plague – flea bites, Serologic Strep with Animal
pestis appearance Endotoxin fever, regional buboes, tetra control
Facultative Two antigens (v and w) conjunctivitis, septicemia, Quarantine Killed vaccine
intracellular, Envelope antigen (f-1) – DIC and death for 72
coagulase (+), found inhibits phagocytosis Pneumonic plague – hours
in rodents, PAI (pathogenecity island) - inhalation, contagious
transmitted by iron
rodent flea
bite(sylvatic plague),
respi droplets
enterocolitica Zoonotic, majority Yersioniosis, bloody diarrhea Culture
come from northern mimics appendicitis requires cold
Europe (cold), enrichment
person to person or
feces of animals
Gram (–) eubacteria with cell walls, oxidase (+) Vibrio, Capylobacter, Helicobacter
Vibrio
cholera Alkaliphilic, most Flagellar H antigen Attach to microvilli -> cholera 1. Gram (-) Fluid and Increased
common bacteria in O1 antigen – no capsule enterotoxin, mucinase, comma electrolyte susceptibility
surface waters, O139 antigen - similar to endotoxin, not invasive -> shaped replaceme when
polar flagellum. 01 el tor , with ogawa, prolonged hypersecretion of curved nt decreased
Convex, smooth inaba and hikojima for water and electrolytes -> bacilli, dark- Doxy or stomach
round colonies, does further typing diarrhea 20-30L/day, rice field or Tetra acidity
not ferment watery stool -> hypovolemic phase Furazol –
arabinose, some are El tor -(+) hemolysin,(+)VP shock -> death contrast for Endemic in
halophilic and polymyxin(r) 2.Culture pregnant India and SEA
3. Slide TMSZ - Pandemic in
transmitted person- agglutination children Africa
person, oral using anti-O
ingestion, flies group
4. serology –
oxidase (+)
parahaemoly Halophilic, seafood No enterotoxin Watery bloody diarrhea 1.Culture –
ticus (raw fish or shellfish) green
colonies
2.Oxidase (+)
on BAP
vulnificus Free-living, oysters Can cause severe wound 1.Culture – Tetra DOC
infections, gastroenteritis blue green,
and bacterimia then death sucrose
(-)colonies
Campylobact Most common widespread causes of infection
er
jejuni & coli Gull wing shaped, Lipopolysaccharides with Multiply in SI->invades- 1.Culture – Erythromyc
motile with single endotoxic activity >inflammation-> blood in the Skirrow’s, in – DOC
flagellum, oxidase Some have extracellular stool Butzler’s,
(+), catalase (+), and enterotoxins Campy - Fluids and
microaerophilic and Enteritis – tissue invasion gray/colorles electrolyte
thermophilic Resembles shigella s with s
Bacteremia -> enteric vancomycin,
fever(typhoid) polymixin B
and
trimethopri
m
2.
Microscopy-
darting
motility
3. urease(+),
H2S(+)
fetus S-Chon – forms a capsule Diarrhea, organism enters
like structure on organism through GI , can cause
structure preventing bacteremia and systemic
phagocytosis infections in IC patients
Helicobacter Spiral shaped, Protease – modifies gastric PUD – crampy abdominal 1.Biopsy Metro + Deep in
pylori multiple flagella at mucus pain, N/V, fever, colonization 2.Skirrow&C Bismuth + mucous layer
one pole, urease (+), may persist for years or AP – Amox or Overlies
oxidase (+), catalase Urease – buffers acids lifetime colorless tetra or gastric type
(+) Toxins and LPS – damages 3.Microscopy clary + Associated
cells – Giemsia or omeprazol with
silver e PUD,Gastric
4. Serum Ab (MBAO) Ulcer,
5.antigen AdenoCA of
test(stool stomach,
specimen) MALT B-cell
6.Urea lymphomas
breath test
7. Serology
Aeromonas Fresh and brackish Hemolysin, some with Gastroenteritis and wound Cipro,
hydrophilia, water, facultative enterotoxin infection (with or without Gentamyci
caviae, anaerobic, stool bacteremia) n,
veronii biovar specimen, large Amikacin,
sobria zone of hemolysis, TMSZ
non-halophilic
Plesiomonas Gram (-) rod with Similar antigen with diarrhea
shigelloides polar flagellum, shigella sonnei
tropical or
subtropical areas,
from freshwater fish
and anials,
oxidase(+) DNase (+)
<-aeromonas (-)
Gram (-) bacilli non-fermentative, oxidase (+)
Pseudomonas Obligate aerobe, Capsule, pili, LPS Breach of barriers, Combinatio
aeruginosa sweet/taco odor, (endotoxic), Pyocyanin – compromised defense n of
mucoid colonies – impair ciliary function, mechanisms Antibiotics
alginate capsule, inflamm, oxygen radicals Nosocomial, burns, wound Aminoglyc
motile with single Exotoxin A – Chon (ecthyma gangrenosum), oside + B
polar flagella synthesis, tissue damage, swimmer’s ear, contact lens, lactam
immunosuppressive cystic fibrosis
Exotoxin S – Chon
synthesis, tissue damage
Cytotoxin(leukocidin)
Burkholderia Bipolar safety-pin Meliodosis – pulmonary Tetra,
pseudomallei staining on meth infection similar to TB TMSZ,
blue or wright stain, Chloram at
wrinkled colony, MOT – inhalation, ingestion, least 8
lopotrichous contam skin infection weeks,
6mo-1yr
mallei Small, non-motile, Pneumonia when inhaled Tetra +
non-pigmented, aminoglyco
disease of horses, side
mules and donkeys
cepacia Grows in
environment, most
media, colistin +
media, CF patients
vulnerable
Stenotropho Oxidase negative, Use of indwelling plastic IV
monas motile lopotrichous catheters
maltophilia Lavender green or
gray
O-F (glucose,
maltose)
Uncommon Gram (-) bacteria
Eiknella Non-fermentative, Human bites Ampicillin
corrodens oxidase+, small and
fastidious sulbactam
capnophilic,
gram(-)rods, normal
flora of the gingival
crevices and bowels
in 40-70% of
humans
Acinetobacter Oxidase(-), UTI, wound, diarrhea
catalase(+), non-
motile, mistaken as
Neisseria, iwoffi
(non-oxidizer)
anitratus (oxidizer)
Alkaligenes Oxidase(+) catalase UTI, wound, diarrhea
faecalis (+) peritrichous
flagella,
asacchorylitic, apple
or fruity odor
Moraxella Oxidase(+) catalase Blepharoconjunctivitis
(+)
Non-motile, non
fermentative,
assacharolytic,
MacConkey (-)
mistaken as
Neisseria
Chryseobac. Yellow colonies Neonatal meningitis
Meningosepti
cum
Kingela Hemolytic, pits SBE (HACEK group)
agar, normal oral
flora
Parvobacteria - Small gram(-) bacteria
Haemophilus
influenza Capsulated: group 1 Polysaccharide capsule – Meningitis – HIB Antigen Ceph + Actively
(a,b,c,d,e,f) type b capsule is polyribitol Otitis media – NTHI screen on Rifampin if prevented by
Unencapsulated: phosphate, a,c,d,f – Bronchitis CSF – latex still conjugate
group 2 (NTHI) teichoic acid ; e- Pneumonia – infants, particle colonized capsular
“satellite polysaccharide; most smokers agglutination polysacch
phenomenon” with important virulence fx Epiglottitis- major causative Chon vaccine
S. aureus agents in unvaccinated Passive by Ig
Requires X&V on IgA protease – mucosal toddlers
CAP colonizing fx
aegypticus Koch-weeks bacillus, Purulent conjunctivitis Sulfonamid
biotype III, failure to Brazilian purpuric fever es
produce indole and
ferment xylose
ducreyi Growth: X(+), V(-) on STD, chancroid, slow to heal DNA Ceft, Co-tri,
CAP without treatment, open probe/cultur Erythro
lesions increase transmission e
of HIV
Bordetella Small, gram(-), encapsulated, non-motile, strict aerobes, human pathogen only
pertussis Fastidious growth, Mucosal surface pathogen Pertussis (whooping cough) Blood count: Supportive
source of culture – Filamentous hemagglutinin Incubation - 7-10 days lymphocytosi Erythro
saline nasal wash, Adenylate cyclase toxin – Catarrhal – 1-2 weeks flu-like, s
direct cough plate, edema and impaired highest for culture Direct
medium – Regan leukocytosis Paroxysmal – 2-4 weeks immunofluor
lowe Tracheal cytotoxin – whoop, vomiting, escence –
impairs cilia leukocytosis naso swab
Pertussis toxin – ADP Convalescence – diminished PCR
ribosylation of G, cough, secondary
lymphocytosis, complications
hypoglycemia(insulin),
increases histamine
parapertussis Silent copy of pertussis similar
toxin
bronchiseptic RT of dogs Chronic RTI
a
Pasteurella Small, encapsulated, Endotoxin, capsule Cellulitis with lymhadenitis Rarely PenG
multocida gram(-), facultative cultured Amox/clav
anaerobe, bipolar u for most
staining, found in bites as
dog and cat mouths, prophylaxis
transmitted via bites and tx
Francisella Gram(-), facultative Facultative intracellular in Syndromes of Tularemia serological Strep or Avoidance
tularensis intracellular, wild RES, granulomatous Ulceroglandular, pneumonic, Genta and
animals, skinning response oculogladndular, glandular, Tetra immunization
rabbits- oropharyngeal, typhoidal B-lactam
ulceroglandular resistant
disease, aerosols –
pneumonia,
ingestion of meat –
typhoidal
Brucella Gram(-), facultative Endotoxin, Facultative Brucellosis(undulant fever, serological Teta, Vaccinate
intracellular, intracellular in RES, malta fever) genta, animals,
zoonotic, aerobic, granulomatous response Acute septicemia – fever, flu- ampicillin, pasteurize
oxidase(+), like, sweating, hepatomegaly streptomyc milk
catalase(+), Undulant – milder, in, rifampin
domestic, dairy incomplete tx
products, Chronic – depression and
bioterrorism sweating, ocular
complications
SPIROCHETES Thin, helical, gram(-)
Treponema
pallidum Humans only host, OMP – adherence Syphilis Darkfield, PenG,
pallidum sexually Hyaluronidase – Direct tetracyclin
transmitted, birth perivascular infiltration fluorescence e, erythro,
canal, contaminated Fibronectin coat- Non- chloram
blood phagocytosis treponemal
Immune response – tissue tests: VDRL,
destruction RPR
Treponemal
Tests: FTA-
ABS, MHA-TP
pallidum Use of Bejel (endemic syphilis) – + VDRL, PenG,
endemicum contaminated eating oral lesions, papules and +treponemal tetracyclin
utensils mucosal patches tests e, erythro,
late: gumma chloram
pallidum Yaws – granulomatous + VDRL, PenG,
pertenue disease, destructive lesions +treponemal tetracyclin
on skin, LN and bones tests e, erythro,
chloram
carateum Direct contact with Yaws/Pinta – small pruritic Darkfield PenG,
infected lesion papules on the skin surface microscopy tetracyclin
that enlarge and present for Serologic e, erythro,
months or years test – late chloram
infection
+ VDRL,
+treponemal
tests
Borrelia Gram(-) with Borreliosis: RF – RF: Tetra,
periplasmic cylinder Relapsing fever giemsa/wrig Doxy –
and outer envelope, (epidemic/louse born) ht stain jarisch-
twisting motility, human reservoir, body louse during herxheimer
microaerophilic vector febrile rxn
Bite from Relapsing fever (endemic/tick period
arthropods born) Lyme disease Lyme –
Rodent,tick reservoir, soft – Doxy,
shelled tick vector Immunofluor Amox,
Lyme disease – rodent, hard /ELISA, Erythro
shelled tick, domestic pet western blot
reservoir, hard shelled tick – to confirm
vector ELISA
+treponemal
tests
-VDRL
Leptospira Thin coiled with Anicteric Leptospirosis – Culture Tetra, Doxy Doxy to
interrogans hook at one or both leptospires present in blood, through prevent
and biflexia ends, entry through csf, urine Fletcher’s
break in the skin in -3-7 days septicemic with Blood- 1st
urine-contam water body pains, conjunctival week
suffusion, fever CSF – 2nd
-0-1 month immune stage week
with meningitis, uveitis, rash, Urine – after
fever 1st week
Serology –
Weil’s disease(icteric) – no only after 2
leptospires in CSF weeks but
-3-7 days similar sensitive and
10-30 days – immune stage specific
with jaundice, hemorrhage, peaks after
renal failure, myocarditis 5-6 weeks
Chlamydiaceae and Mycoplasmataceae
Smallest and simplest forms
Chlamydia Obligate intracellular “energy parasites” gram(-), peptidoglycan layer – no muramic acid, with an elementary body(infectious
form) and reticulate body(reproductive form); divide by binary fission
trachomatis Iodine staining, Two human biovars: Chlamydia trachomatis – Cytology – Tetra,
Susceptible to Trachoma – A,B,Ba,C – A,B,Ba,C,;chronic follicular Iodine stain Eythro,
sulfonamides infects conjunctiva, D-K - conjunctivitis, blindness due Culture – Sulfisoxazo
UG tract to chronic corneal abrasion most le
LGV – L1,L2,L2a,L3 – A-C and D-K; adult or acute specific,
inguinal lymph nodes follicular conjunctivitis, McCoy
(lymphogranuloma preceded by genital infection medium
venereum) with mucopurulent Ag detection
Intracellular replication – discharge, keratitis, corneal – direct IF,
prevents phago-lyso fusion infiltrates ELISA, Probe,
Neonatal conjunctivitis – (d- PCR
K), from birth canal, purulent
discharge, may lead to
pneumonia with distinct
staccato sound, afebrile

UG infection, females –
asymptomatic, males – most
common case of non
gonococcal infection, dual
infection with gonorrhea,
associated with Reiters
syndrome

LGV – primary lesion – papule


or ulcer often overlooked,
heals rapidly.
Secondary stage – Inguinal
LN – most often involved,
painful Buboes
Systemic – body pains,
menigismus, fever, chills,
anorexia
Untreated – elephantiasis
Chlamydophil Inhalation of dried Psittacosis(parrot fever), Serology: CF, Tetra and
a psittaci bird excrement, Ornithosis MIF Erythro
urine or respi Atypical pneumonia, CNS
secretions involvement is common, GIT
pneumonia TWAR agent (TW- Bronchitis, atypical CF, MIF Tetra and
183 and AR-39) pneumonia, sinusitis, most erythro
lethal species of common in adults; may lead
psittaci or Taiwan to atherosclerosis
acute respiratory
agent; human
pathogen, bronchitis
Mycoplasmataceae
Smallest and simplest of self replicating prokaryotes, polymorphic (lack cell wall) requires cholesterol for growth, only invades mucous
membrane; fried egg appearance of colonies
pneumoniae Mulberry shaped P1 – adhesion Chon – Mild URTI CF, ELISA, Tetra and
colonies, children 5- attaches to respi Severe LRTI – cold erythro
15y/o worldwide, epithelium tracheobronchitis and agglutinins
inhalation of respi atypical pneumonia(walking but non
droplets pneumonia) specific (+) in
other
diseases
EBV, CMV
genitalum NGU Urealyticum
and resistant to
U.urealyticu tetra
m
hominis Pyelonephritis, PID, Resistant to
postpartum fever erythromycin

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