Aphile

GRAMMAR
Feelings  Love, Hate

Senses  See, Hear, Smell
Opinion Believe, Deny
States  Have, Be (Is, am, are)
Love Loved Loving
I am seeing my friend.
I am loving in a rain.
SENTENCE:
Definition: A group of words which gives sense or meaning is called sentence.
Construction:
Subject + Action verb + Object
Subject + State verb + Compliment
Subject + Verb + Adverbial
1- I am understanding you. (Wrong)

I understand you. (Right)
2- I teach you.
3- She knows you.
4- He works in a bank.
SUBJECT:
1- Doer of an action is called subject.

2- Who or what is talked about.
ACTION VERB
Definition: A verb which shows an action is called action verb.
INTRANSITIVE VERB Having no object in sentence

TRANSITIVE VERB  Having an object in sentence
OBJECT:
A receiver of action is called object.

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
I teach you. He wakes up early.

They defame us. He strolls at night.
1- They recover weapons.

2- They recover from malaria.
STATE VERB: (Be, Have)
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Is, Am, Are Was, Were Will,

Have, Has Had Will have
She is a doctor. She was a doctor. She will be a doctor.
She has you diary. She had you diary She will have your diary.
Have = Characteristics, events.
KINDS OF SENTENCES
1- Affirmative Sentences: It is used to give positive result.
2- Negative Sentences: It is used to give negative result. We usually use helping verb
with not.
3- Interrogative Sentence: It is used to ask question. Helping verb comes before

subject.
4- Negative Interrogative Sentence: It is used to ask question in negative way.

Helping verb comes before subject. “Not” comes after subject.
You have knowledge.

You don’t have knowledge.
Do you have knowledge?
Don’t you have knowledge?
They are sluggish.

They are not sluggish.
Are they sluggish?
Are they not sluggish?
Contractions:
Is not : Isn’t
Are not: Aren’t
Am not: Ain’t
Does not: Doesn’t
INFINITIVE:
Go: Goes, Went, Gone, Going

Forbid: Forbids, Forbade, Forbidden, Forbidding.
Definition: A base form of verb is called infinitive. We have three 3 types of

infinitive.
1- Bare infinitive: “To” doesn’t come before infinitive

2- To infinitive: “To” comes before infinitive
3- Split Infinitive: An adverb come between “To” and infinitive. According to
grammar it must be avoided.
1- She wants to cook food.

2- She will cook food.
3- She has to slowly reach office.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 1
Variation#1 (Be)
Definition: We use it for present state, condition, relationship, place, position and
profession of a subject.
Sentence Construction: Subject + Is/am/are + Compliment
Examples:
1- They are sluggish.
2- He is agile.
3- You are ill.
4- He is broke.
5- He is behind you
6- They are doctor.
7- I am a teacher.
8- He is your teacher.
9- Asif is your brother.
10- You are in Lahore.
11- They are at Anglophile.
12- He is extravagant.
13- You are frugal.
14- She is miser.
15- He is fallible.
16- You are scanty.
17- He is tyrant.
18- He is your crony.
19- Shahid is stubborn.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 2
Variation#2 (Be)
Definition: It is used for present place, position, relationship and profession of a

subject which is connected to future.
Sentence Construction: Subject + Is/am/are + Adjective/Noun + Time expression
Examples:
1- He is in Lahore for 3 days.
2- We are in Anglophile for 2 hours.
3- I am your teacher for 2 days.
4- They are partner for 5 years.
5- He is prime minister for 5 years.
Since: It is used for past to present or previous past to past specified timings.
For: It is used for present to future and past to present.
Until/Till: They are used for present to future specified timings.
1- He is in Lahore for 2 days/months/years.

2- She is in Lahore until Sunday/August/2009.
3- She has been in Lahore for 2 days.
4- She has been in Lahore since Wednesday/April/2005.
He has a car.
He has got a car.
I have a pen.
I have got a pen.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 3
Variation#3 (Have)
Definition: It is used for present possession, event and relationship of a subject

which are connected to future.
Sentence Construction: Subject + Have/Has + Compliment + Time expression
Examples:
1- She has you note book for 3 days.
2- You have a teacher until Friday.
3- He has a concert for 4 days.
Personal Pronouns:
Nominative Case:
Definition: Used instead of Subject/Noun
1st person: A person who is a speaker.
Singular Plural
I We
2nd person: A person who is a listener.
Singular Plural
You You
3rd person: Neither a listener nor a speaker
Singular Plural
You You
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 4
Variation#4 (Daily Routine)
Definition: We use it to say what subject does usually.
Sentence Construction: Subject + Verb 1st form + Object (Helping verb: Do/Does)
We use‘s’, ‘es’ or ‘ies’ with verb when subject is third person singular
Examples:
1- They get up early.
2- He reads newspaper.
3- He takes lunch with his friends.
4- I stroll after dinner.
5- He peeps at your home.
6- He frisks passengers.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 5
Variation#5 (Repeated Action)
Definition: It is used when action happens again and again. It has longer duration
than daily routine
Examples:
1- She goes for shopping twice a month.
2- We Muslim celebrate Eid twice a year.
3- After getting salary Zeeshan dines out with his friends.
4- They spend their summer vacation in Islamabad.
5- He meets his uncle twice a week.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 6
Variation#6 (Permanent Situation)
Definition: We use permanent situation in present tense. For temporary situation we

use present progressive.
Examples:
1- Whenever I come to your office, I wait for you but today I don’t have time so I
am waiting for you for 5 minutes.
2- Shahid lives in Karachi. He doesn’t have any problem to find place. Khalid is
living in Karachi. He faces lots of problems to find places.
3- He works in a bank but due to some financial problems he is working as a
teacher.
4- I live in Gulshan-e-Iqbal. There are some renovations at my home, so that now a
day I am living with my uncle.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 7
Variation#7 (Feelings)
Definition: It is used to ask feelings.

1- Want 2- Like 3- Feel like
WANT TO
It is used to show present desire of a subject
Sentence Construction:
Subject + Want to + Verb 1st form + Object (Helping verb: Do/Does)
Examples:
1- She wants to help us.
2- We want to have a ball in the rain.
3- Karim wants to write a story.
WANT SOME ONE TO

It is used for indirect desire of a subject.
Subject + Want someone to + Verb 1st form + Object (Helping verb: Do/Does)
Examples:
1- He wants you to speak English.
2- I want him to help us.
3- They want Shahid to drive their car.
4- Karim wants them to come early.
5- You want me to exonerate them.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 8
Variation#8 (Habit)
Definition: We use it to talk about what subject is habitual to.
Subject + Verb 1st form + Object (Helping verb: Do/Does)
Examples:
1- They take spicy food.
2- Shahid strolls at night.
3- You take tea a lot.
4- She reads moral stories.
5- We play cricket after coming from university.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 9
Variation#9 (Imperative)
Definition: We use imperative sentences to give order, suggestion, advice and

request. We don’t use subject usually. If the subject is used then it is not considered
3rd person singular.
Examples:
1- Listen to lecture.
2- Drive carefully.
3- Switch off your mobile.
4- Don’t touch this wire.
5- Zahid reads your book.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 10
Variation#10 (Truth)
Definition: We have two types of truth. General truth & Universal Truth
Examples:
General Truth:
1- America occupies Muslim States.
2- He drives carefully.
3- They wrangle with their friends.
4- She does not cook food.
Universal Truth
1- Earth revolves around the sun.
2- A child cuts teeth.
3- We inhale oxygen.
4- Temperature rises due to air pollution.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 11
Variation#11 (Running Commentary)
Definition: A commentator can use present simple tense during his commentary
especially when he gets excited, shocked and surprised.
Examples:
1- Army starts shooting on terrorist.
2- Adam Gilchrist hits six to score his century.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 12
Variation#12 (Breaking News)
Definition: It is used for recent happenings.

Examples:
1- Police recovers large cache of weapons.
PRESENT SIMPLE
Variations: 13
Variation#13 (Historical events)
Definition: Those events which have made an impact on a society, on a religion, on

continents can be called in present simple tense.
Examples:
1- In 1965 India fights against Pakistan.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Variations:
Definition: We use it when subject is in the middle of an action.

We use it for changing and developing.
We use it for temporary situation for future.
We use it for future planned action.
Construction: Subject+ Is/are/am+ Verb-ing + Object
Examples:
1- He is listening to music.
2- They are playing soccer.
3- She is cooking food.
4- I am watching TV.
5- He is not giving presentation.
6- Are they driving your car?
I am driving for three hours===I am driving== I have been driving for 3 hours
7- You are using my computer for 15 minutes.

8- She is gaining her weight.
9- Temperature is rising due to air pollution.
10- He is polishing his skills.
11- Population is increasing.
12- Our economy is progressing.
.
We use it when our action are arranged
1- He is going to Islamabad tomorrow.
2- We are attending a party this evening.
3- They are having a meeting next weekend.
4- President is arriving Karachi on Sunday
5- Our aunt is celebrating Eid with us this year.
Can also be used to order someone
Sentence Construction: Subject +Be to+ Verb+ Object
Examples:
1- I am to go.
2- She is to cook.
3- We are to win the contest.
4- They are to speak the truth.
5- You are not to smoke.
6- You are to give him red carpet treatment.
PRESENT PERFECT
Variations:
Variation #1
Definition: It is used when we connect present state, condition, place, position,

relationship of a subject to past.
Subject + Has/Have+ been+ Adjective/Noun Helping verb Have and has
Examples:
1- She has been a doctor for six years.
2- She has not been a doctor for six years.
3- Has she been a doctor for six years?
4- Has she not been a doctor for six years?
5- He has been your friend since childhood.
6- Amir has been peevish since 2002.
7- We have been friend for twenty years.
8- He has been a president f or seven years.
Be== Is/are/am==was/were==been
Have= have/has= had=== had
Variation # 02
Definition:
It is used when we connect present possession, illness, characteristic event and
relationship of a subject which are connected to past.
Subject+ Have/Has+ had + compliment
Examples:
1- He has your diary. (Present simple)
He has had your diary for two days.
He has not had your diary for two days.
Has he had your diary for two days?
2- She has had fever for two days.

3- I have had a car since 2002.
4- I have had 4 friends for ten years.
5- You have had a doctor for five months
6- You have had a gate keeper since December.
7- I have had this car for 10 years.
How Long
1- How long has he been your friend?

2- How long has he had four friends?
3- How long have you been ill?
4- How long have you had fever?
Variation#03
Definition:
We use present perfect tense when an action started in past and finished in past but
we have evidence. It is also used for recent past action.
Subect+ Have/Has+ Past participle+ Object
Examples:
1- She has cooked food.
2- We have forbidden him.
3- Your father has scolded you.
4- Amir has written a story.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Variations:
Variation#01
Definition:
It is used when an action started in past and still going on in present or any action
which finished in recent past.
Subject+ Have/Has+ been+ Verb-ing+ Object
Examples:
1- He has been giving lectures for 5 minutes.
2- Arif has been teasing you since he came.
3- Children have been playing cricket since afternoon.
4- Amir has been driving m car since morning.
5- Since he became a prime minister, he has been trying to eradicate poverty.
6- Since he came from office, he has been watching TV.
7- Since we joined Anglophile, we have trying to speak English.
PAST SIMPLE
Variations:
Variation#01
Definition:
It is used for past state, condition, place, position, relationship and profession of a
subject.
Subject+ Was/Were+ compliment
Examples:
1- She is your teacher. Present simple
She has been your teacher for six months.
She was your teacher.
Was she your teacher?
Was she not your teacher?
Variation#02
Definition:
It is used for past possession, illness, characteristic, event and relationship of a
subject.
Sentence construction:
Subject +Had+ Compliment (Helping Verb Did)
Examples:
1- She has fever. (Present simple)
She has had fever for three days. Present perfect
She had fever.
She did not have fever.
Did she have fever?
Variation#03
Definition:
It is used when an action started in past and finished in past and we don’t have
evidence in present.
Sub+ Verb-2nd form+ Object. (Helping verb: Did)
Examples:
1- They forbade you.
2- They did not forbid you.
3- Did they forbid you?
4- Did they not forbid you?
5- You scolded him.
6- She provoked her friends.
7- They stigmatized you.
8- We spoke English.
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Variations:
Variation#01
Definition:
1- It is used when subject was in the middle of an action.
2- Used also as a back ground of a past story or news.
3- When longer past action was interrupted by past shorter action, past progressive
is used for longer action and past simple is used for shorter action.
Subject + Was/Were + Verb-ing + Object
Examples:
1- When I switched on T.V. Pakistan was playing against India.
2- It was raining while we came out of office.
3- She was cooking food when we entered.
4- People were vandalizing when police arrived.
5- Atif was snooping in your diary when I saw him.
1- Fishermen’s families were migrating to other area, when storm hit costal area.
2- Crowd was applauding when Ricky Ponting scored a century.
3- It was raining when president visited Faisal Masjid.
4- Photographs were taking pictures when Shahrukh Khan entered into arena.
5- Reporters were asking question when Prime Minister gave news briefly
PAST PERFECT
Variations:
Variation#01
Definition:
It is used for past state, condition, place, position, relationship and profession of a
subject which are connected to previous past.
Sub+ Had been+ compliment+ time expression
Examples:
1- He had been a Prime Minister for six years.
2- Wasim Akram had been a cricketer since 984.
3- Amir had been sluggish since childhood.
4- You had been ill for two days.
5- Haris had not been my friend for five years.
6- Had you been at Anglophile for two hours?
7- How long had he been a cricketer?
8- When I woke up my father had gone office.

9- When I reached Anglophile, students had come.
Variation#02
Definition:
It is used to talk about past possession, illness, characteristic, event and relationship
of subject which are connected to previous past.
Sub+ Had+ Had+ Compliment +Time Expression
Examples:
1- She has fever. (Present Simple)
She has had fever since Sunday.
She had fever.
She had had fever since Sunday.
She had not had fever since Sunday.
2- He had had glasses for three months.
3- We had had a car since 1999.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Definition:
It is used when an action started in past and finished before past or going on in past.
Subject + Had +Been+ Verb-ing+ Object
Examples:
1- She had been listening to song since evening.
2- Tahir had been teasing us for 15 minutes.
3- We had been teaching for three weeks.
4- She had been provoking you since September.
Previous Past Past Present Future
You look tired. (For long period) Non-Progressive (LOOK)

You are looking tired. (For short period)
You are looking at a picture Progressive (Looking)
You are seeming tired. X
You seem tired. (Br English)

You seem to be tired. (AmE)
2ND LEVEL
Mode Auxiliary Verb
Definition:
Model auxiliary verbs are used in different ways. They are used to talk about
possibilities, suggestions, advice, or request for present, future, past logics & For
present and past abilities and also for permission.
Model auxiliary verbs are always followed by infinitives; they don’t need helping
verbs in a sentence.
They are should, must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, had better, used
to, dare, needn’t and ought to are also model auxiliary.
(1) Should: 4 variations

(2) Must: 5 Variations
(3) Can/Could: 7 Variations
(4) May/Might: 4 Variations
(5) Will: 5 Variations
(6) Would: 6 Variations
(7) Shall:
(8) Needn’t: 2 Variations
(9) Ought to: 4 Variations
(10) Dare:
(11) Was/Were able to/ Managed to
(12) Be allowed to
(13) Have to/ Have not to (Old English)
(14) Have to/ Do not have to (New English)
Tag Questions:
Relative Clause: Who/What/Which
SHOULD
1- Should+ Bare Infinitive

2- Should+ Progressive Infinitive
3- Should+ Perfect Infinitive
4- Should+ Perfect Progressive Infinitive
Should+ Bare Infinitive ( Variation#01)
Definition:
It is used to talk about present state, condition, place, position, relationship and
profession of a subject which are unpleasant.
It can be called present advice and suggestion.
Subject+ Be+ Compliment/Adverbial
Examples:
1- He is not credulous.
2- He should be credulous.
3- They are your friend.
4- They should not be your friend.
5- He should be shrewd.
6- They should be agile.
7- You should be lenient.
8- You should not be lenient.
9- Should you be lenient?
Should+ Bare Infinitive (Variation#02)
Subject + Should + Have + Compliment
Examples:
1- He does not have license. (Present simple)
He should have license.
2- They don’t have information.
3- They should have information.
4- She should have information.
5- She has fever.
She shouldn’t have fever.
Should+ Bare Infinitive (Variation#03)
Definition:
It is used to say to what is the best thing to do. We also call present suggestion and
advice.
Subject + Should+ Bare Infinitive+ Object
Examples:
1- He should abjure.
2- They should invite him.
3- We should go early.
4- Karim should seek help.
5- I am having to get used to speak English.
I have to get used to speaking English.
I had to get used to Speaking English.
6- You should get used to speaking English.
I used to get used to speaking English.
Should+ Progressive Infinitive
Definition:
It is used to talk about present progressive advice and suggestion.
Subject + Should+ Be+ Verb-ing + Object
1- They should be giving alms.

2- You should be enunciating your presentation.
3- Arif should be exhorting his son.
4- Amin should be exonerating.
Would Not
Definition:
It is used when some one or something was not willing to or refuse to do something
in the past.
Sub+ wouldn’t+ Bare Infinitive + Object
1- This morning my car wouldn’t start.

2- I kept knocking your door but you wouldn’t reply.
3- They were screaming for help but police wouldn’t come.
4- She tried to encourage him but he wouldn’t speak English.
Should + Perfect Infinitive (Variation#01)
Definition:
It is used to talk about past state, condition, relationship, place, position and
profession of subject which were unpleasant.
Sub+ should have+ Been+ compliment/Adverbial
Examples:
1- He wasn’t taciturn.
He should have been taciturn.
2- They were not honest.
They should have been honest.
3- She was at Tariq Road
She should not have been at Tariq Road.
Should+ Perfect Infinitive (Variation#02)
Definition:
It is used when we talk about possession, illness, characteristics, event and
relationship of a subject which are unpleasant.
Sub+ Should+ Have+ Had+ Compliment.
Examples:
1- She does not have license
She should have had license.
2- You did not have information.
You should have had information.
3- You should have had my cell phone number.
4- They should have had tickets.
5- She should not have had fever.
Should+ Perfect Infinitive (Variation#03)
Definition:
It is used to say what was the best to do in past. It can be called past suggestion and
advice.
Subject + Should + Have + Verb-3rd+ Object
1- You should have invited us.

2- She should have cooked Biryani.
3- He should have asked you.
4- Khalid should have abdicated his chair.
Should+ Perfect Progressive Infinitive
Definition:
It is used to talk about past progressive suggestion and advice.
Subject + should have been + verb-ing+ Object
Examples:
1- They should have been frisking passengers.
2- They should have been forbidding his son.
3- You should have been exhorting him.
4- Amir should have been informing us.
They should frisk passengers.

They should be frisking passengers.
They should have frisked passengers.
They should have been frisking passengers.
Must
1- Must+ Bare Infinitive: (Present Stronger advice & Suggestion.)
2- Must+ Bare Infinitive: (Present Logic or certain possibility)
3- Must+ Progressive Infinitive: (Present progressive logic or certain possibility)
4- Must+ Perfect Infinitive: (Past logic and certain possibility)
5- Must+ Perfect Progressive Infinitive :( Past progressive logic and certain
possibility)
Must + Bare Infinitive (Variation#01)
Definition:
It is used to talk about present stronger suggestion and advice.
Subject + Must + verb+ Object
Examples:
1- She does not speak English. She must take English language classes.
2- It is raining outside. You must take umbrella.
3- Your friends are here. You must prepare tea.
4- He is senior than you. You must follow his advice.
5- This is speed limit zone. You must not drive fast.
Tag Questions:
Interrogative
He is your friend.
Is he your friend? Isn’t he?
Negative Interrogative
He is not your friend.

Is he not your friend? Is he?
Isn’t he? When you are not sure or certain
Isn’t he? When you are certain or sure

Must+ Bare Infinitive (Variation#02)
Definition:
It is used when we come to conclusion of something happens in present based on
evidence. It is also called present logic.
Subject + Must + Bare Infinitive+ Object/Adverbial
Examples:
1- Your shirts are getting faded. You must buy shirts from flea market.
2- They are progressing with leaps and bounds. Their father must take bribe.
3- She has started speaking English. She must take English language class.
Special Note:
To make negative sentences we don’t use must not instead of must not we use can
not.
Advice/Suggestion: Mast (Negative) Must not

Logic : Mus (Negative) Can not
Shall
Definition:
We use “shall” when we ask suggestion or advice and also request and offer. It is
always used with first person. It is no more used for future tense.
Examples:
1- How shall I reach there?
2- What shall we do to improve our English?
3- Shall I sit beside you?
4- Shall we go to cinema?
5- How shall we reach there?
6- Shall I give you information?
7- Shall we help them?
8- Shall I borrow your pen?
Sir Waseem
Future Simple:
Definition:
It is used for prediction, promise, offer and threat.
Helping verb: Will
Subject + Helping verb+ 1st form of verb+ Object/ compliment.
Examples:
1- I will go abroad next year. (Prediction)
2- He will become a doctor. (Prediction)
3- I promise, I will bring chocolate for you. (Promise)
4- I will be with you forever. (Promise)
5- I will pay your bill. (Offer)
6- Don’t go outside, otherwise your father will scold you.(Threat)
7- I will see you. (Threat)
8- I will take admission in third level. (Prediction)
9- I will bring flowers for you. (Promise)
10- I will drop you on the way to home. (Offer)
11- I will shoot you. (Threat)
Future Progressive:
Definition:
1- An action will be going on certain time in future.
2- For present prediction.
Subject + Will be+ verb-ing+ Object /Compliment
Examples:
1- Do come in evening, I will be waiting for you.
2- When you come to my home, I will be sleeping.
3- He will be studying at night.
4- Don’t call him, He will be coming.
5- My brother will be watching T.V. right now.
6- Sir Faraz will be taking class.
Future Perfect:
Definition:
1- An action completes certain time in future.
2- For present prediction.
Subject + Will have+ 3rd form of verb+ Object/Compliment
1-When you join Anglophile; I will have completed my course.

2- When he comes back, she will have married.
3- When Ali comes to pick me, I will have dressed up.
4- She will have cooked food.
5- Don’t bring anything for him, He will have taken lunch.
I come to Anglophile to learn English
Come: Main Verb

To: preposition
Anglo: noun
Learn: Purpose verb/ Infinitive verb
If there are two verbs and “to” is between them then “to verb” is infinitive verb.
Keep on Gerund (Verbal Noun)
He is playing
Sub H.V Main Verb
He Keeps Playing
Sub Main verb Gerund
Will have to (Future):
Definition:
Will+ have to is used for future
Examples:
1- I will have to go for shopping at night.
2- I will have to submit the form at any cost.
3- You will have to meet him.
Be + Having to
Subject + Be + Having to+ infinitive verb+ Object /compliment
Examples:
1- I am having to complete my assignment.
2- She is having to go alone.
3- We are having to wait for our teacher.
4- I am having to miss my conversation class.
5- We are having to wake up before Sehri.
6- I am having to make sentences.
7- We are having to change our class time.
Should (1st Variation)
Definition:
1- It is used for present advice and suggestion.
2- Something is better for you but you don’t try to do it.
Sub + Should + Bare infinitive + Object /Compliment
Examples:
1- Your friend is in hospital. You should go to see him.
2- You should work hard to get success.
3- She should come early to attend grammar class.
4- I should help my friend.
5- Salman should give presentation to be confident.
Should + Be ( State) 2nd Variation
Definition:
Be Condition, Position, Profession and relation.
You are not something and you are suggested to be that.
Subject + Should +Be + Noun/Adjective
Examples:
1- You should be confident during presentation.
2- You should be energetic to win the match.
3- Why are you standing outside? You should be in the class.
4- He has good knowledge of grammar, he should be a teacher.
5- She resembles Sara. She should be her sister.
Should + Have (State) 3rd Variation
You don’t have something & you are suggested to have that thing.
Sub + should + have + noun/adjective.
1- You should have good education to get good job.

2- He should have mobile to contact his family.
3- You should have fair complexion.
4- Sana should have long hair.
5- He should have good character.
Should + Be + Progressive 4th Variation
Definition:
For suggestion and advice
You are not doing something and you are suggested to do that.
Subject + Should + Be + V-ing + Object.
Examples:
1- You should be taking class.
2- He should be taking rest.
3- She should be teaching.
4- We should be sitting quite.
5- You should be offering prayer.
6- You should be studying.
Should have (Past) 5th Variation
Definition:
Something was better for you but, you didn’t try to do that.
Subject + Should have + Past Participle + Object/Compliment.
Examples:
1- You should have come on Friday.
2- She should have informed me.
3- I should have helped him.
4- We should have won the match.
5- You should have forgiven your friend.
Should have + Been/Had (Past State) 6th Variation
Definition:
For regret, suggestion and advice
Sub + Should have + Had/been + Noun/adjective.
Examples:
1- He had good knowledge about grammar; he should have been a teacher.
2- Yesterday, you had to perform on stage, you couldn’t, you should not have been
ill.
3- All guests were present at your home but, you were not, you should have been
there.
4- You should have had money to pay the bill.
5- You should have had long hair to work in commercial.
6- Ali shouldn’t have had sore throat.
Had Better
Definition:
It is used to say what the best thing to do in present is. Had better is rather strong
and impolite than “Should” (For suggestion & advice)
Sub + Had better + Verb + Object
Examples:
1- You had better help him.
2- They had better concentrate on their studies.
3- I had better hire a taxi cab.
4- She had better leave him.
5- I had better not buy this bike.
6- We had better learn English to go abroad.
7- She had better keep quiet.
8- You had better not go outside at night.
Should have been + Progressive (7th Variation)
Definition:
For suggestion, advice and regret
Sub + Should have been + Verb-ing + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- You should have been driving slowly.
2- He should have been teaching there.
3- We should have been completing our work.
4- Skivvy should have been mopping on the floor.
Must (Present/Future) 1st Variation
Definition:
When an obligation exists in present or future
Subject + Must + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- Your friend is in the hospital, you must go to see him.
2- Her exams are going to start, she must work hard.
3- You must practice to learn English.
4- I must go in Atif’s concert. (Future)
5- Your health is getting weak, you must take proper diet.
Must + Be (Present / Future) 2nd Variation
Definition:
When an obligation exists in present or future
Subject + Must + Be + Noun/Adjective
Examples:
1- You must be confident to participate in competition.
2- She must be MBA to get this job.
3- You must be regular to get complete command on grammar.
4- He must be experienced to do this job.
5- A lady must be beautiful for the post of receptionist.
Must + Have (State) 3rd Variation
Definition:
For obligation
Subject + Must + Have + Noun/Adjective
Examples:
1- You must have confidence to teach in class.
2- You must have a bike to teach in class.
3- She must have good personality to be model.
4- We must have tickets to enter in cinema.
Must (Logical Conclusion) 4th Variation
Definition:
When somebody have evidence to believe in something
Subject + Must + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
1- She gets A-1 grade every year, she must work hard.
2- She has fair complexion, she must apply Fair & Lovely.
3- He reaches at office early, he must come by bike.
4- Salman sings really good, he must practice.
To make negative of logical conclusion we use “Can’t”

She gets A-1 grade every year, she can not work hard.
Must Be/ Have- Logical Conclusion( 5th Variation)
Definition:
Logical Conclusion:
When somebody have evidence to believe in something
Subject + Must + Be + Noun/Adjective
Subject + Must + Have + Noun/Adjective
1- He is shivering, he must be scared.

2- The person who is standing there must be nark.
3- She has always slanging match, she must be pugnacious.
4- Can you hear? Somebody must be at the door.
5- Someone is knocking the door, there must be milkman.
6- He must have something, that’s why police stopped him
7- Salman is absent, he must have fever.
Must Be + Progressive (5th Variation)
Definition:
For logical conclusion
Subject + Must be + Verb-ing + Objective/Compliment.
Examples:
1- Ali is not receiving my phone, he must be driving.
2- Can you hear something, somebody must be standing outside.
3- Look at them, they must be discussing about us.
4- Police are standing there, they must be checking cars.
5- Salman haven’t come today, he must be doing shopping.
6- There is a silence in the class; the teacher must be taking class.
7- The ambulance is going fast; it must be carrying a patent.
8- Tomorrow is Atif Concert, he must be practicing tonight.
Must have (Past Participle) 6th Variation
Definition:
For logical Conclusion:
When you have evidence to believe in something in present or past
Subject + Must have + Past Participle + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- Your mouth is dirty, you must have eaten chocolate.
2- Sana is weeping, somebody must have scolded her.
3- Teacher has punished Ali, he must have stolen something.
4- He got admission in K.U. in spite of getting “C” grade. He must have given bribe.
5- The window is broken; somebody must have hit the ball.
6- Your voice is not clear; you must have eaten something sore.
7- Your car has a big dent; it must have had an accident.
8- You got A-1 grade, you must have prepared for exam very well.
9- He is wearing a nice shirt; he must have bought it from a good shop.
Negative
You couldn’t have eaten chocolate.
Past Obligation
We use had.
You have to go there.
Must have been/ had (Past) 7th Variation
Definition:
For logical Conclusion
Subject + Must have + Been + Noun/Adjective.
Subect + Must have + Had + Noun/Adjective.
Examples:
1- He did not reply me of my message, he must have been busy.
2- Ali took 2 plates of biryani, he must have been famished.
3- Salman completed his project, he must have had computer.
4- Asad didn’t come in my party, he must have been angry with you.
5- He must have had degree that’s why he got job.
6- She must have had information about murder, that’s why he was scared.
For Negative we use: Can’t have been/ had
Must have been + Progressive (Past) 8th Variation
Definition:
For logical conclusion
Subect + Must have been + Progressive + Object/Compliment.
Examples:
1- Jack got an accident; he must have been driving fast.
2- A girl was scolding Ali on road; Ali must have been teasing her.
3- Teacher must have been sitting in the office, that’s why student were shouting in
class.
4- Police shot the robber; he must have been running away.
5- Madam punished Maria during exam; she must be cheating.
MIGHT
May/ Might (1st Variation)
Definition:
1- It talks about changes.
2- May also used to give and take permission.
Subect + May/Might + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- I may come tomorrow.
2- He may join 3rd level.
3- She may inform you.
4- He might meet you again.
5- I might attend the class.
For Permission
1- May I join the class?

You may join.
2- May I sit here?
You may sit.
May be/ Have ( State) 2nd Variation

Might be/ Have (State)
Definition:
May: for chances
Might: For less chance
Subject + May + Be/Have + Noun/Adjective.
Subject + Might + Be/Have + Noun/Adjective.
Examples:
1- He may be confident.
2- People may have awareness about new system.
3- She may be in her room.
4- Ali may have a car.
5- Asad may have 2 brothers.
6- Sara might be pugnacious.
7- He might have money.
8- Jack might be at home.
9- She might have computer.
May/ Might be + Progressive (3rd Variation)
Definition:
For chances
Sub + May/Might be + Verb-ing+ Object/compliment
1- Ali may be sleeping.

2- She may be watching T.V.
3- He may be going to meet his friend.
4- Salman might be studying.
5- Umar might be doing MBA.
6- She might be waiting for you.
May/ Might have (past) 4th Variation
Definition:
For Chances
Subject + May/Might have + Past participle + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- He may have left his home.
2- She may have submitted her form.
3- You may have taken drugs.
4- He might have ever tried to meet me.
5- Police might have investigated on this case.
6- He might have had an accident.
7- They may have gone to Murree.
8- Ali may have moved to his new home.
9- He might have ever sit in a plane.
10- He might have taken driver.
11- This car might have had an accident.
May have +Been/ Had (State) 5th Variation
Definition:
For Chances:
Be (State)  Condition, position, profession, relation

Have (State)  Profession, Disease, Characteristic
Subject+ May/Might have been + Noun/Adjective
Subject+ May/Might have had + Noun/Adjective
Examples:
1- He may have been worried yesterday.
2- She may have been journalist.
3- You may not have been in your senses.
4- He may have been Sara’s fiancé.
5- He may have had my book.
6- I may have had Rs.5000 in my pocket.
7- His brother may have had cancer.
8- You may have had two cars.
9- He may have been proud.
10- She may have been intelligent.
11- He might have been a poor person.
12- The car may have been out of order.
May/ Might have been + Progressive (6th Variation)
Definition:
For Chances
Subject + May/Might have been + Verb-ing + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- He might have been waiting for someone.
2- Ali may have been riding a bike.
3- Sana might have been giving presentation.
4- He might have been telling lie.
5- Sana might have been sleeping.
6- Faraz may have been listening to our discussion.
CAN
Can (Present/Future)
Definition:
It is used for ability, possibility, offer and permission.
Subject + Can + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
Examples:
1- I can drive a car. (Ability)
2- She can speak French. (Ability)
3- India can win the series. (Possibility)
4- I can give you money, if you need. (Offer)
5- I can drop you at your doorstep, if you don’t mind. (Offer)
6- Tomorrow can be strike. (Possibility) Future
7- Can I join this class?
8- Can I speak to Mr. Abid?
Yes, you can.
Could
Definition:
It is used for past general ability, future possibility, and permission
Sentence Construction
Sub + Could + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
Examples:
Past General Ability

1- When I was a child, I could ride a bicycle.
2- When she was one your old, she could speak.
3- I could speak in English, before I came to Anglophile.
4- He could play cricket before accident.
Future Possibility:
1- There are clouds in the sky, it could rain today.
2- He could be run out.
3- Benazair could become prime minister.
4- He could win the match.
Permission: More Formal
1- Could I join this class?
2- Could I use your computer?
No, you couldn’t.
Could have
Definition:
It talks about past ability and possibility which were not performed.
Subject + Could have + Past Participle + Object/Compliment
Examples
1- I could have helped him. (I didn’t)
2- He could have informed me. (He didn’t)
3- She could have solved my problem. (She didn’t)
4- Ali could have gone to abroad. (He didn’t)
5- I could have taken revenge. (I didn’t)
6- I could have rained yesterday. (It didn’t)
7- You could have been in trouble.
Should
(1st Variation)
Sub + Should + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
You should work hard to get success.
2nd Variation
Should + Be (State)
Sub + Should be + Noun/Adjective
You should be confident during presentation.
3rd Variation
Should + Have (State)
Subject + Should be + Noun/Adjective
You should have good character.
4th Variation
Should be + Progressive
Subject + Should be + Verb-ing + Object
You should be taking class.
5th Variation
Should be + Progressive
Subject + Should have + Past participle + Object/ Compliment

You should have informed
6th Variation
Should have + been/ had (Past State)
Subject + Should have + Been/Had + Noun/Adjective
1- All guests were present at your home but you were not, you should have been
there.
You should have had money to pay the bill.
7th Variation
Should have been + Progressive
Sub + Should have been + V-ing + Object/ Compliment
You should have been driving slowly.
MUST
1st Variation
Must (Present/Future)
Subject + Must + Bare Infinitive + Object/Compliment
You must practice to learn English.
2nd Variation
Must + Be (Present/Future)
Subject + Must be + Noun/Adjective
You must be confident to get this job.
3rd Variation
Must (Logical Conclusion)
Subject + Must + Bare Infinitive + Object/Compliment
She has fair complexion, she must apply Fair & Lovely.
Negative: She gets A-1 grade every year, she can’t work hard.
4th Variation
Must be/Have
Subject + Must + Be/Have + Noun/Adjective
He is shivering, he must be scared.

Salman is absent, he must have fever.
5th Variation
Must be + Progressive
Subject + Must be + Verb-ing + Object/Compliment
He is not receiving my phone, he must be driving.
6th Variation
Must Have (Past Participle)
Subject + Must have + Past Participle + Object/ Compliment
Sana is weeping, somebody must have scolded her.

Your mouth is dirty, you must have eaten chocolate.
7th Variation
Must have been/Had (Past)
Subject + Must have + Been/Had + Noun/Adjective
He didn’t reply me of my message, he must have been busy.

He must have had degree, that’s why he got job.
Negative: Can’t have been/had
8th Variation
Must have been + Progressive (Past)
Subject + must have been + verb-ing + Object/Compliment
Jack got an accident, he must have been driving fast.

May/Might
1st Variation
May/Might
Subject + May/Might + Bare infinitive + Object/Compliment
I may come tomorrow.

She might meet you again.
2nd Variation
May be have/Might be have
Subject + May/Might + Be/Have + Noun Adjective
He may be confident.
People might have awareness about this system
3rd Variation
May/Might be + Progressive
Subject + May/Might be + Verb-ing + Object/Compliment

Ali may be sleeping.
She might be waiting for you.
4th Variation
May have + Been/Had (Past state)
Subject + May/Might have + Been/Had + Noun/Adjective
He may have been worried yesterday.

He might have had a car.
5th Variation
May/Might have been + Progressive
Subject + May/Might have been + Verb-ing + Object/Compliment
He might have been waiting for someone.

Ali may have been riding a bike.
Can/ Could
1st Variation
Can (Present/Future)
Subject + Can + Bare infinitive + Object/ Compliment
I can drive a car. (Present)

Tomorrow can be strike. (Future)
2nd Variation
Could (past General ability/ Future possibility / Permission)
Subject + Could + Bare infinitive + Object/ Compliment
When I was a child, I could ride a bicycle. (Past ability)

There are clouds in the sky, it could rain today. (Future Possibility)
Could I join the class? (Permission)
3rd Variation
Could have (Past ability not performed)
Subject + Could have + Past participle + Object/Compliment
She could solved my problem (She didn’t)

You could have been in trouble.
THIRD LEVEL
Passive Voice
Why passive is made?
1- When we don’t want to mention the “subject”.

2- When “subject” is understood.
3- In one condition “subject” is necessary to be mention.
4- Special passive.
In passive there are two types of verb.
Transitive verb
A verb which follows object (Passive is made)
Intransitive Verb
A verb which doesn’t follow object (Passive is not made)
I teach you. (Here object receives action)

Sub T.Verb Obj
I teach in class. (Here object doesn’t receive action)

Sub T.Verb Obj
I am writing a letter on white board.

Sub H.V. Verb Object Compound
I go to school. (Here there is no receiver of action, no passive)

Sub I.Verb Compound
I walk on grass. (No Passive)
I go with Ali. (No Passive)

Sentence Construction of Passive Voice
1- Present Simple Is, am, are  Past Participle

2- Past Simple  Was, Were  Past Participle
3- Future Simple  Will be  Past Participle
4- Present Progressive  Is/Am/Are +Being  Past Participle
5- Past Progressive  Was/Were +Being  Past Participle
4- Present Perfect  Has/Have + Been  Past Participle
4- Past Perfect  Had +Been  Past Participle
4- Future Perfect  Will have +Been  Past Participle
Present Perfect Progressive changed to Present Perfect
I have been teaching you.

You have been taught. (6)
Past Perfect Progressive Changed to Past Perfect
I had been teaching you.

You had been taught. (7)
Future Perfect Progressive (is obsolete now)
I teach you.
You are taught by me (Not receiver of an action)
Agent
1- I write a letter. (Active)

A letter is written by me. (Passive)
2- I am writing a letter. (Active)

A letter is being written by me. (Passive)
3- My mother is cooking food. (Active)

Food is being cooked. (Passive)
4- I have written a letter. (Active)

A letter has been written. (Passive)
5- I will teach you passive, conditionals and causative in 3rd level. (Active)
You will be taught passive, conditionals and causative in 3rd level. (Passive)
6- Anglo will issue a certificate of course to you. (Active)

Direct Object Obj
A certificate of course will be issued to you.

You will be issued a certificate of course.
7- He is writing a letter to Ali. (Active)

A letter is being written to Ali. (Passive)
8- Some people killed him before police reached. (Active)
He had been killed before police reached. (Passive)
9- The government has called out troops. (Active)

Troops have been called out by the government. (Passive)
10- Fog held up the train. (Active)

The train was held up by the fog. (Passive)
11- They didn’t look after the children properly. (Active)

The children were not looked after properly by them.
12- They haven’t stamped the letters. (Active)

The letters haven’t been stamped by them (Active)
13- They didn’t pay me for the work; they expected me to do it for nothing. (Active)
I wasn’t paid by them for the work; I was expected to do it for nothing.
(Passive)
14- He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another. (Active)
He escaped when he was being moved from one prison to another. (Passive)
15- She didn’t introduce me to her mother. (Active)

I wasn’t introduced to her mother by her. (Passive)
16- A frightful crash wakened me at 4.a.m. (Active)

I was awakened by a frightful crash at 4.a.m. (Passive)
17- A Japanese firm makes their TV Sets.

Their TV sets are made by a Japanese Firm.
18- A machine could to this much more easily. (Active)

It could be done much more easily by a machine. (Passive)
19- An earthquake destroyed the town. (Active)

The town was destroyed by an earthquake. (Passive)
20- We ask tenants not to play their radio loudly after midnight. (Active)
Tenants are asked not to play their radios loudly after midnight. (Passive)
CAUSITIVE
Definition:
When somebody causes to do something
There are some causatives.
MAKE
Definition:
It is used for direct action.
Subject + Make + Somebody + 1st form of Verb + Compliment
Examples:
1- He always makes me happy.
2- She makes me understand.
3- Teacher was making students practice.
4- My father made me realize the importance of time.
5- Ali is making her sister cry.
GET
Definition:
It is used for indirect action
Subject + Get + Somebody + Infinitive verb + Object/Compliment
Infinitive Verb: To + Verb
Examples:
1- I get Salman to cut my hair.
2- She gets skivvy to clean her room.
3- He is getting Ali to teach his brother.
4- My father has got Anwar to repair his car.
5- I got Deepak Parwani to stitch my kurta last year.
6- I get doctor to do my checkup.
7- I am getting doctor to do my checkup.
8- I have gotten doctor to do my checkup.
9- I have been getting doctor to do my checkup for 10 minutes.
10- I got doctor to do my checkup.
11- I was getting doctor to do my checkup.
12- I had gotten doctor to do my checkup for 10 minutes.
13- I had been getting doctor to do my checkup for 10 minutes.
14- I will get doctor to do my checkup.
15- I will be getting doctor to do my checkup.
16- I will have gotten doctor to do my checkup.
PASSIVE OF GET
Subject +Something + 3rd form of Verb
Examples:
1- I get my car serviced everyday.
2- He is getting his hair cut.
3- She has got her eye-brows made.
4- I got my home painted last year.
5- My uncle has gotten his home renovated.
6- You must have gotten your Kurta stitched.
7- Ali has got me beaten.
Shakeel got Ali to beat me.

Shakeel got me beaten.
8- I got my car serviced yesterday.

9- I will get my car serviced tomorrow.
10- He is getting is hair cut.
11- He was getting his hair cut.
12- He will be getting his hair cut.
13- She has got her eye-brows made.
14- She had got her eye-brows made.
15- She will have got her eye-brows made.
16- I have been getting my car serviced for 1 hour.
17- I had been getting my car serviced for 1 hour.
HAVE
Definition:
“Have” can be used instead of “Get” in causatives, but it becomes more formal than
“Get”.
Subject + Has/Have + Somebody + Bare Infinitive + Object/Compliment.
Examples:
1- I will have you have dinner.
2- He has had me visit.
3- She is having me have tea.
4- I have had his bill pay.
I got you to drive a car.

I had you drive a car.
You must have got Salman to decorate your room.

You must have had Salman decorate your room.
I had got Farah to apply Hina on my hand, before you came.

I had had Farah apply Hina on my hand, before you came.
He had Ali to Kidnap before I informed Police.

He had Ali kidnap before I informed Police.
LET
Definition:
It is used for permission
Subject + Let + Somebody + 1st form of verb + Object/ Compliment
Examples:
1- I let him take class.
2- She lets me drive her car.
3- I have let Ali go outside.
4- My father doesn’t let me watch T.V.
5- People didn’t let him perform on stage.
6- Cops didn’t let protestor enter into Governor House.
7- Have you let this person sit here?
HELP
Subject + Help + Somebody + (To) 1st form of Verb + Object/ Compliment
Examples:
1- I help my mother (to) cook food.
2- She helps me (to) complete my work.
3- Ali helped police (to) catch the thief.
4- Maria has helped you (to) get rid off this matter.
5- People have helped me (to) take Asad to the hospital.
6- Underworld help produce (to) make his new movie.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are three types of conditional sentences
TYPE# 1 Unreal Future (In Main Clause Will + Bare Infinitive)

TYPE# 2 Unreal Present (In Main Clause Would + Bare Infinitive)
TYPE# 3 Unreal Past (In Main Clause Would have + 3rd form of verb)
MIX CONDITIONALS
TYPE#1 UNREAL PRESENT
If Clause, Main Clause
(a) If, Present Simple, Future Simple
1- If you call us, we will come.

2- If Sir Imran teaches, we will attend class.
3- If Atif Aslam performs, people will buy tickets.
4- If it rains, we will enjoy.
5- If Benazir becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan, condition of country will be
better.
6- If I go to Salman, I will inform him.
(b) Present simple can be used in both clauses.
1- If you switch on this button, computer turns on.

2- If you heat this, it burns.
3- If you open this bottle, smell disappears/spreads.
(c) We can also use model in main clause.
1- If he is going for interview, he must wear tie.

2- If you are going outside, you must wear jacket.
3- She must take help from her teacher, if she is making this assignment.
(d) In the case “request”, we use future simple in both clauses.
1- If you will wait for a moment, I will go with you.

If you will wait for a moment= Please wait for me
2- If you will lend me Rs. 1000, I will return you next week.
TYPE#2 UNREAL PRESENT
(a) If, Past Simple, Would + Bare Infinitive
1- If I had money, I would buy this shirt.

2- If we were friends, we would enjoy a lot.
3- If you were at home, I would come to you.
4- If it wasn’t strike today, we would go to picnic.
5- If I had a typewriter, I would type it myself.
6- If I had a bike, I would drop you.
7- If you joined Anglophile, you would speak English.
8- If you worked hard, you would pass the exam.
(b) If “Clause” would be in progressive and main clause will remain same.
1- If you were making assignment, I wouldn’t disturb you.

2- If you were driving fast, you would have an accident.
3- If Ali wasn’t taking class, I would take him to market.
(C) “Could” & “Might” are also used in main clause instead of “would”
1- If I had an extra pen, I could give her.

2- If Pakistan played well, Pakistan might win.
3- If I had an extra time, he might make you understand.
TYPE# 3 UNREAL PAST
(a) In “if clause” past perfect and in “main clause” would have are used.
1- If you had invited me, I would have attended your party.

2- If I had had a car, I would have dropped you.
3- If he hadn’t been ill, he would have come here.
4- If Ali had given his mobile to snatcher, he wouldn’t have killed him.
(b) “Could have & Might have” can also be used instead of “would have”
1- If you had spoken more slowly, he might have understood you.

2- If you had called me for help, I could have saved him.
3- If Shoaib Akhter had played in team, Pakistan might have won the match.
4- If you had come earlier, you could have entered into the hall.
MIX CONDITIONALS
(a) If, Unreal Past, Unreal Present (past reaction result on present)
1- If you had got admission 2 years ago, you would do MBA.

2- If he had asked me before, he wouldn’t be in trouble today.
3- If she had got the bus, she would be at home right now.
4- If Ali had started doing job, he would be established today.
5- If I had driven carefully, I wouldn’t be in hospital today.
6- If you had prepared for your exam, you wouldn’t be worried these days.
WISH
FOR FUTURE:
Wish, would + Bare infinitive
1- I wish I would go abroad.

2- I wish my neighbor would leave their house.
3- I wish I would become a doctor
FOR UNREAL PRESENT
Wish, Past simple/ Could
1- I wish you were my friend.

2- I wish she realized my problem.
3- I wish he was with me.
FOR UNREAL PAST
Subject + Wish, Past participle/ Could have
1- I wish I had stopped her.

2- I wish I had told him.
3- I wish I had taken admission in MBA.
STRUCTURE:
WANT + SOMEONE + TO
Definition: It is for indirect desire of a subject.
Sentence Structure: Subject + Want + Someone + To + Verb + Object
Examples:
1- He wants you to speak English.
2- I want him to help us.
3- They want Shahid to drive their car.
4- Karim wants them to come early.
5- You want me to exonerate them.
Why (Adverb of Reason)
Sentence Constructions:
Why + Helping Verb + Subject + Verb+ Object?
Why else + Helping Verb + Subject + Verb+ Object?
Why on earth+ Helping Verb + Subject + Verb+ Object?
Examples:
1-Why do you drive my car?
2- Why does he tease you?
3- Why does he peep in your room?
4- Why else does he deceive you?
5- Why else you ignore me?
6- Why else does he want to meet you?
7- Why else does she want to cook Biryani?
8- Why on earth do you want to go abroad?
9- Why on earth do you exaggerate?
Why as a conjunction:
1- I know why she teases you.

2- Do you know why she speaks English?
No sooner had she gone we went out. (Inversion)

FEEL LIKE
Definition: It is for heart desire of a subject.
Sentence Structure: Subject + Feel like + Verb-ing + Object
Examples:
1- He feels like Speaking English.
2- They feel like bashing you.
3- We feel like helping him.
4- They don’t feel like coming early.
5- Do you feel like going with us?
STRUCTURE:
BE LIKELY TO
Definition: We use this for present possibility.
Sentence Structure: Subject + Be likely to + Verb + Object
Examples:
1- It is likely to rain.
2- They are likely to defame.
3- Court is likely to exonerate him.
4- We are likely to speak truth.
STRUCTURE:
BE GOING TO
Definition: It is used for future confirmed action.
Sentence Structure: Subject + Be going to + Verb + Object
Examples:
1- It is going to rain.
2- We are going to help them.
3- She is going to cram.
4- He is not going to scuffle with you.
STRUCTURE:
BE ABOUT TO
Definition: We use it when an action is very near.
Sentence Structure: Subject + Be about to + Verb + Object
Examples:
1- I am about to buy a bike.
2- They are about to exonerate them.
Adverb of Manners: (How)
Construction:
Construction: How + Helping Verb + Subject + Object?
Construction: How else + Helping Verb + Subject + Object?
Construction: How on earth + Helping Verb + Subject + Object?
Examples:
1- How does she speak English?
2- How does he want to deceive you?
3- How does he want to teach you?
4- How else do you reach?

5- How on earth does she deceive?
6- How on earth do you let them go outside?
7- How on earth does he want to stigmatize you?
8- How on earth do you give alms?
Narrowly Adverb
Construction:
Sub+ Narrowly+ Verb 2nd form+ Object
Examples:
He narrowly met me.
He narrowly got an accident.
I narrowly reached to Anglophile on time.
Was to/Were to
Definition:
It is used when we have intention to do something in past and we followed.
Construction:
Subject +Was/Were to+ Verb+ Object
Examples:
1- She was to scold her son.
2- They were to help us.
3- Tahir was to provoke us.
4- Amin was to wash his car.
5- They were to play cricket.
6- I was not to scold you.
7- You were not to attend our party.
8- She was not to cook biryani.
9- We were not to celebrate Independence Day.
It is used when our action were contrary to our past intention.
Subject +Was/Were +To + Have + Past Participle+ Object
1- She was to have scolded her son.

2- They were to have come early.
3- I was to have bought a mobile.
4- Amin as to have written a story.
5- She was not to have scolded her son.
6- I was not to have provoked them.
7- He was not to have spoken English.
Have to (outer necessity) Must (Inner necessity)
Definition:
It is used when we talk about present and future compulsion and obligation of a
subject. Also use to show outer necessity of a speaker.
Subject + Have/Has + To + Verb + Object+ Helping verb (Do/Does)
Examples:
1- She has to come early.
2- We have to drive carefully.
3- I have to complete my assignment.
4- They have to pay taxes.
5- He does not have to help us.
Be Having To
Definition:
It is used to talk about progressive (present or past) compulsion and obligation of a
subject.
Subject +Be having to + Verb+ Object
1- You are having to wash a car.

2- I am having to help him.
3- Arif is having to give alms.
Had to
Definition:
It is used to talk about past compulsion and obligation.
Subject + Had + To +Verb + Object Helping verb did
Examples:
1- She had to persuade you.
2- We had to play possum.
3- She did not have to accuse us.
Had Better
Definition:
It is used to give strong advice and suggestion, especially when there is best thing to
do in present.
Subject + Had better + Infinitive+ Object
Examples:
1- You had better help him.
2- She had better come early.
3- I had better go.
4- Karim had better keep the secret.
5- You had better not tell him.
Allowed Somebody to Be allowed to
It is used for permission It is also used for permission
Subject +Allow sb to+ Infinitive verb+ Subject + Be allowed to+ Infinitive verb+
Object /Compliment Object/compliment
I allow you to take class. You are allowed to take more

conversation class in Anglophile
He has allowed me to sit here. She is allowed to talk to him
My teacher allowed me to sing in the We are allowed to come anytime.
class.
You are allowed to ask questions.
Provided that/ If
Future sentence + provided that + Present Sentence
1- I will attend you party provided that, you don’t call Ali.
2- We will get success soon provided that, Aslam helps us.
3- She will go to your home provided that, you come to take her.
So that
1- I am changing my get up so that, he can’t recognize me.

2- I am sending car for her so that, she doesn’t get late.
Besides/ Except
1- Besides Ali who is going to participate in presentation? (Ali is included)

2- Except Ali who is going to participate in presentation? (Ali is excluded)
Either……. Or………. Neither……Nor……

It is used for choice. It is used to deny.
Either you have stolen my mobile or Neither I have stolen your mobile nor
Salman Salman
Either she phones you or you go by Neither I will go nor will I allow you to
yourself to pick her. go.
Either you met him on the way or you Neither she meets me nor does she talk
went to his home. to me.
Either I will drink sprite or 7up. Neither he has ever told me nor have I
ever asked him.
Either she has eater Biryani or Burger.
OR Rather
1- I gave you Rs. 500 or rather Rs.600.

2- He dropped me at bus stop or rather at home.
3- Salman brought lunch or rather I.
4- We stood there or rather she said us to stand there.
5- I informed him or rather my brother.
6- My cousin is studying in UK or rather doing job there.
Rather than (To give preference)
1- I would like to drink Sprite rather that 7up.

2- Do MBA rather than doing M.com.
3- You should study rather than watching T.V.
4- Watch any movie rather than listening songs.
WHILE
Any tense + While + Verb-ing
1- While teaching class, I get tired.

2- While speaking, I use good vocabulary.
3- While coming to Anglophile, I meet my friends.
4- While watching TV, I enjoy a lot.
5- While standing, I teach in the class.
JUST FOR NOTHING
I go to the park just for nothing.
ALSO Used in the beginning of a sentence.
AS WELL-TOO used in the end of a sentence.
TOO EXPRESSION
You teach too!!!

KEEP ON
Subject + Keep on + V-ing + Object
1- I am a teacher that’s why I keep speaking English.

2- I keep taking classes.
3- I keep watching TV because now days I am free.
4- He keeps playing cricket.
5- She keeps working in kitchen.
6- Do you keep sending messages to your friend?
Yes, I keep sending messages to my friend.
7- Do you keep going to abroad?
Yes, I keep going abroad.
8- Do you keep studying?
Yes, I keep studying.
9- Do you keep learning English?
Yes, I keep learning English.
10- Does she keep talking during the lecture?
Yes, she keeps taking during the lecture.
Keep learning English.
Keep practicing to be perfect.
Keep sitting quiet during the lecture.
Keep driving safely.
BE USED TO
Subject + Be + Used to + Verb-ing + Object
1- I am a teacher that’s why I am used to speaking English.

2- She is used to cooking.
3- I am used to sleeping late night.
4- He is used to speaking English.
5- He is used to watching TV.
6- Are you used to calling your friends?
Yes, I am used to calling my friends.
7- Are you used to listening to music?
Yes, I am used to listening to music.
8- Are you used to going out with your friends?
Yes, I am used to going out with my friends.
9- Is he used to waking up early?
Yes, he is used to waking up early.
10- Are you used to driving a car?
Yes, I am used to driving a car.
11- Are you used to making fun?
No, I am not used to making fun.
12- Is he used to reading newspaper?
Yes, he is used to reading newspaper.
GONE TO
It is used to tell about incomplete visit.
1- Ali has gone to office.

2- He has gone to school.
3- She has gone to market.
4- They have gone to Lahore.
5- He has gone to Anglophile.
6- He has gone to play cricket.
7- He has gone to see movie.
8- They have gone to attend the class.
9- She has gone to university.
10- She has gone to invite her friends.
BEEN TO
It is used to talk about complete visit.
Subject + Has/Have + Been to + Object
1- Ali has been to office.

2- He has been to school.
3- She has been to market.
4- They have gone to Lahore.
5- Ali has been to Australia.
6- She has been to college.
7- They have been to the Museum.
8- He has been to the market.
9- I have been to sea-side.
USED TO
It talks about past repeated action.
Subject + Used to + Verb-ing + Object
1- I used to smoke when I was in college.

2- I used to live in Islamabad.
3- She used to teach me in class.
4- He used to study with me.
5- He used to do job with me.
6- Did you used to play with your friends?
Yes, I used to play with my friends.
7- Did you used to go to School?
Yes, I used to go to school.
8- Did you used to bunk your classes?
Yes, I used to bunk my classes.
9- Did you used to sleep early?
Yes, I used to sleep early.
10- Did you use to go to the park?
Yes, I used to go to the park.
NOT TO SPEAK OF
Not to speak of + Verb(ing) + Any tense
1- Not to speak of speaking English even he can’t speak Urdu.

2- Not to speak of taking classes, even he doesn’t come to Anglophile.
3- Not to speak of watching movies, even I don’t watch TV.
4- Not to speak of calling me, even he doesn’t send me sms.
5- Not to speak of inviting me, even he didn’t tell me.
6- Not to speak of coming on time, even he doesn’t come regularly.
7- Not to speak of meeting him, even he doesn’t call me.
LEST
Lest + Subject + Should + Verb-1st form + Object/Compliment
1- Lest you should love her.

2- Lest you should go to America.
3- Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought documents to attest to its truth.
BE HAVING TO
We use it when we are doing work under the compulsion.
Subject + Be + Having to + Verb-1st form + Object
1- I don’t want to talk to him but I am having to talk to him.
WOULD YOU MIND
It is used for polite request.
1- Would you mind giving me your cell phone?

2- Would you mind telling me about yourself?
3- Would you mind sitting here?
4- Would you mind taking a cup of tea with me?
5- Would you mind giving me your phone number?
6- Would you mind giving me information about ILETS?
7- Would you mind playing cricket with me?
8- Would you mind telling me about your village?
9- Would you mind calling me in the evening?
HANKERING FOR
Subject + Be + Hankering for + Verb(ing) + Object
1- He is hankering for making friendship with Sana.

2- He is hankering for meeting his brother.
IN SPITE OF
In spite of + Being
1- In spite of being a teacher, he doesn’t speak English.

2- In spite of being my friend, he doesn’t help me.
OR ELSE
1- Give me money back or else I will snatch your mobile.

2- Give presentation or else I will punish you.
3- Don’t make noise or else I will not let you take my class.
4- Surrender yourself or else I will shoot you.
5- Take medicine or else you will get sick.
6- Come soon or else will be late.
7- Shut your mouth or else I will slap you.
WHAT IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
1- What if sir beats you?

2- What if you fail in the exam?
3- What if she doesn’t accept your proposal?
4- What is she doesn’t like you?
5- What if Benazir Bhutto become prime minister?
6- What if I become a teacher in Anglophile?
7- What if she slept you?
8- What if she scolded you?
Get + Sb/Sth + Verb 3rd form (Passive form)
Have to I have to get my car washed.
Keep on I keep on getting my care washed.
Feel like I feel like getting my car washed.
Should I should get my car washed.
Must I must get my car washed.
May I may get my car washed.
Might I might get my car washed.
Used to I used to get my car washed.
What if What if I get my car washed? & What if I got my car washed?
Having to I have to get my car washed.
Would you mind Would you mind getting my car washed?
WHO (PERSON)
There are two types of “Who”
1- Subject (When subject is unknown)

2- Object (When Object is unknown)
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
IN PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

Who + 1st of Verb + Object/Compliment Who + H.V. + Subject + Verb + Prep.
Who + 2nd of Verb + Object/Compliment
IN OTHER TENSES
Who + Helping Verb + Object/Compl.
Example: Example:
Someone phones you. 1- You phone someone.
Q: Who phones you? 2- Who do you love?
A: Ali phones me. 3- I phone Samad.
Some one informed Asad You informed someone.

Q: Who Informed Asad? Q: Who did you inform?
A: Talha informed Asad. A: I informed Samad
1- Who has beaten you? 1- Who have you beaten?

2- Who has given this bike to you? 2- Who you have given this bike?
3- Who was standing with you? 3- Who were you standing with?
4- Who was scolding Ali? 4- Who was Ali scolding?
5- Who will meet Asad? 5- Who will Asad meet?
6- Who will join that class? 6- Who will Sana inform?
Also/ As well - Too
1- I also speak English.
2- I play cricket, my brother too/ as well.
3- My son is also stubborn.
4- Arshad is nubile, his brother too/as well.
5- He is swine, his brother also.
6- He also scuffles with us.
However/ Nevertheless
Definition: They are used when two sentences are contrary to each other.
“Nevertheless” is more formal than “However”
Examples:
1- You are ill however/nevertheless you are having a ball in the rain.
2- Arif is rich however/nevertheless he doesn’t give alms.
3- He had experience however/nevertheless they took his interview.
4- Tahir has been your friend however/nevertheless he has not invited you.
5- They are your student however/nevertheless they don’t respect you.
6- He attended regular classes, however he failed in exams.
Did Use to:
Construction: Did + Use to + Verb 1st form
Examples
1- Did you use to study?
Yes, I used to study.
2- Did you use to go to School?
Yes, I used to go to School.
3- Did you use to play soccer?
Yes, I used to play soccer.
4- Did you use to go to Gym?
Yes, I used to go to Gym.
5- Did you use to ride a bike?
Yes, I used to ride a bike.
6- Did you use to tease your friends?
No, I didn’t use to tease my friends.
7- Did you use to tell a lie?
No, I didn’t use to tell a lie.
In the manner of saying
Construction: In the manner of saying + any tense
Examples:
1- In the manner of saying he is your friend but he is your enemy.
2- In the manner of saying she talks to me but she doesn’t talk by heart.
3- In the manner of saying he is doing B.S.C. but he doesn’t know anything.
4- In the manner of saying he is a normal person but something is there.’
5- In the manner of saying he is a teacher but he doesn’t teach properly.
6- In the manner of saying Pervez Musharraf is killing terrorists but he is killing
Muslims.
7- In the manner of saying he is very frugal but he is very extravagant.
Come what may
Come what may I will clear my paper.
Rain or Shine
Rain or Shine I will take my class.
Get used to:
Construction: Subject + Get used to + v-ing + Object
Examples:
1- I am getting used to speaking English.
2- When a person goes in bad company he gets used to doing bad habits.
3- I am getting used to taking tea because after every class I take tea.
Be Bent on
Definition: It is used when talk about negative determination of a subject.
Construction: Subject + be bent on + v-ing + Object/Adverbials
Examples:
1- She is bent on buying a new mobile.
2- You are bent on driving my car.
3- Arif is bent on going abroad.
4- Aslam is bent on joining your class.
Under the veil of
Under the veil of + Noun
1- Under the veil of Islam, he is doing wrong work.

2- Under the veil of war against terrorism, America killed Muslims
3- Under the veil of uniform, Police loot poor people.
Managed to
Construction: Subject + Managed to + V-1st form
1- After accident driver managed to run.

2- Hardly, he managed to reach on time.
Dear Sir/Madam
I am planning to take admission in your prestigious university. I want to inquire about the
accommodation in London.
I want to know if I am renting a room in a shared or family home what will be per week
minimum rent and initial deposit. What about electricity, gas, and water bills?
What is the normal cost of living in London except accommodation?
I look forward hearing from your
Yours truly
Shakeel

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GRAMMAR

Feelings  Love, Hate

Love Loved Loving

Definition: A group of words which gives sense or meaning is called sentence.

1- I am understanding you. (Wrong)

1- Doer of an action is called subject.

Definition: A verb which shows an action is called action verb.

INTRANSITIVE VERB Having no object in sentence

A receiver of action is called object.

I teach you. He wakes up early.

1- They recover weapons.

STATE VERB: (Be, Have)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Is, Am, Are Was, Were Will,

Have = Characteristics, events.

1- Affirmative Sentences: It is used to give positive result.

3- Interrogative Sentence: It is used to ask question. Helping verb comes before

4- Negative Interrogative Sentence: It is used to ask question in negative way.

You have knowledge.

They are sluggish.

Go: Goes, Went, Gone, Going

Definition: A base form of verb is called infinitive. We have three 3 types of

1- Bare infinitive: “To” doesn’t come before infinitive

1- She wants to cook food.

Sentence Construction: Subject + Is/am/are + Compliment

Definition: It is used for present place, position, relationship and profession of a

Sentence Construction: Subject + Is/am/are + Adjective/Noun + Time expression

For: It is used for present to future and past to present.

Until/Till: They are used for present to future specified timings.

1- He is in Lahore for 2 days/months/years.

Definition: It is used for present possession, event and relationship of a subject

Sentence Construction: Subject + Have/Has + Compliment + Time expression

Definition: Used instead of Subject/Noun

1st person: A person who is a speaker.

2nd person: A person who is a listener.

3rd person: Neither a listener nor a speaker

Variation#4 (Daily Routine)

Definition: We use it to say what subject does usually.

Variation#5 (Repeated Action)

Variation#6 (Permanent Situation)

Definition: We use permanent situation in present tense. For temporary situation we

Definition: It is used to ask feelings.

WANT SOME ONE TO

Definition: We use it to talk about what subject is habitual to.

Definition: We use imperative sentences to give order, suggestion, advice and

Variation#11 (Running Commentary)

Variation#12 (Breaking News)

Definition: It is used for recent happenings.

Variation#13 (Historical events)

Definition: Those events which have made an impact on a society, on a religion, on

Definition: We use it when subject is in the middle of an action.

Construction: Subject+ Is/are/am+ Verb-ing + Object

7- You are using my computer for 15 minutes.

Sentence Construction: Subject +Be to+ Verb+ Object

Definition: It is used when we connect present state, condition, place, position,

2- She has had fever for two days.

1- How long has he been your friend?

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

8- When I woke up my father had gone office.

Previous Past Past Present Future

You look tired. (For long period) Non-Progressive (LOOK)

You are looking at a picture Progressive (Looking)

You are seeming tired. X