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Lista 1 – Vetores

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝐴𝐵
1. Determine o ponto C tal que 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ sendo A = (0, −2)e B = (1, 0).

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (1,0) − (0, −2) = (1 − 0,0 − (−2)) = (1,2)


𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝐶 = (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (𝑥, 𝑦) − (0, −2) = (𝑥 − 0, 𝑦 − (−2)) = (𝑥, 𝑦 + 2)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ temos:
(𝑥, 𝑦 + 2) = 2(1,2)
(𝑥, 𝑦 + 2) = (2,4)
𝑥=2
{
𝑦+2=4
𝑦 = 4−2
𝑦=2
𝐸𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 𝐶 = (2,2)

2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟


𝑣 = (3,0, −3), 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 − 𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑠𝑡á 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑃 = (2,3, −5).

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝐹 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)


𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 𝐹 − 𝑃
(3,0, −3) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (2,3, −5)
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
3=𝑥−2 3+2=𝑥 𝑥=5
{ 0 =𝑦−3 ↔ { 3=𝑦 ↔ {𝑦=3
−3 = 𝑧 − (−5) −3 = 𝑧 + 5 𝑧 = −8

𝐸𝑛𝑡ã𝑜: 𝐹 = (5,3, −8)

3. 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑃′ , símétrico do ponto P = (1,0,3)𝑒𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎çã𝑜 𝑎𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜


𝑀 = (1,2, −1)? (𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡ã𝑜: 𝑂 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑃′ é 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑃′ = −𝑀𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑃′ = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑀𝑃
𝑃𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑀 = 𝑀 − 𝑃 = (1,2, −1) − (1,0,3) = (1 − 1,2 − 0, −1 − 3) = (0,2, −4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑃′ = 𝑃′ − 𝑀 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (1,2, −1) = (𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 − (−1)) = (𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 + 1)

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑃′ = −𝑀𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 + 1) = (0,2, −4)
𝑥−1=0 𝑥=1 𝑥=1
{ 𝑦−2=2 ↔ { 𝑦=2+2 ↔ {𝑦=4
𝑧 + 1 = −4 𝑧 = −4 − 1 𝑧 = −5
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜: 𝑃′ = (1,4, −5)

4. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 é, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑚 𝑎 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎:
𝑎) 𝐴 = (5,1, −3), 𝐵 = (0, 3, 4) e C = (0, 3, −5);
b) A = (−1, 1, 3), B = (4, 2, −3) e C = (14, 4, −15);
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖çã𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝜆𝐴𝐶

𝑎) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (0, 3, 4) − (5,1, −3) = (0 − 5,3 − 1,4 − (−3)) = (−5,2,4 + 3) = (−5,2,7)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (0, 3, −5) − (5,1, −3) = (0 − 5,3 − 1, −5 − (−3)) = (−5,2, −5 + 3) = (−5,2, −2)
5
− =𝜆
−5 𝜆=1
−5 = −5𝜆 2 𝜆=1
{ 2 = 2𝜆 ↔ =𝜆 ↔ { 7
7 = −2𝜆 2 𝜆=
7 −2
{ −2 = 𝜆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ≠ 𝜆𝐴𝐶
𝑂𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∎

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (4, 2, −3) − (−1,1,3) = (4 − (−1), 2 − 1, −3 − 3) = (4 + 1,1, −6) = (5,1, −6)


𝑏) 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (14, 4, −15) − (−1,1,3) = (14 − (−1), 4 − 1, −15 − 3) = (14 + 1,3, −18) = (15,3, −18)
5 1
=𝜆 𝜆=
15 3
5 = 15𝜆 1 1
{ 1 = 3𝜆 ↔ =𝜆 ↔ 𝜆=
−6 = −18𝜆 3 3
6 1
{− −18 = 𝜆 {𝜆 = 3
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑂𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 ∎
3

5. Dados os pontos A = (1, −2, −3), B = (−5, 2, −1)e C = (4, 0, −1). 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐷 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐴, 𝐵,
𝐶 𝑒 𝐷 𝑠𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑚 𝑣é𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜.

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝐷 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷 − 𝐴 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (1, −2, −3) = (𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − (−2), 𝑧 − (−3)) = (𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 + 2, 𝑧 + 3)
𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐵 = (4, 0, −1) − (−5, 2, −1) = (4 − (−5), 0 − 2, −1 − (−1)) = (4 + 5, −2, −1 + 1) = (9, −2,0)
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 + 2, 𝑧 + 3) = (9, −2,0)
𝑥−1=9 𝑥 =9+1 𝑥 = 10
{𝑦 + 2 = −2 ↔ {𝑦 = −2 − 2 ↔ {𝑦 = −4
𝑧+3=0 𝑧 = −3 𝑧 = −3
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝐷 = (10, −4, −3)

6. Quais dos seguintes vetores são paralelos ⃗𝑢 = (6, −4, −2), ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 = (−9, 6, 3), ⃗𝑤
⃗⃗ = (15, −10,5).
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖çã𝑜 𝑢
⃗ = 𝜆𝑣
𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒 𝑢
⃗ //𝑣
6 2
=𝜆 𝜆=−
−9 3
6 = −9𝜆 −4 2
{−4 = 6𝜆 ↔ =𝜆 ↔ 𝜆=−
−2 = 3𝜆 6 3
−2 2
{ 3 =𝜆 {𝜆 = −
3
2
𝑢
⃗ //𝑣 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑢
⃗ =− 𝑣 ∎
3

𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒 𝑢
⃗ //𝑤
⃗⃗
6 2
=𝜆 𝜆=
15 5
6 = 15𝜆 −4 2
{−4 = −10𝜆 ↔ =𝜆 ↔ 𝜆=
−2 = 5𝜆 −10 5
−2 2
{ 5 =𝜆 { 𝜆 = −
5
𝑢
⃗ 𝑒𝑤
⃗⃗ 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑢
⃗ ≠ 𝜆𝑤
⃗⃗ ∎

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑣//𝑤
⃗⃗
−9 3
=𝜆 𝜆=−
15 5
−9 = 15𝜆 6 3
{6 = −10𝜆 ↔ =𝜆 ↔ 𝜆=−
3 = 5𝜆 −10 5
3 3
{ 5=𝜆 { 𝜆=5
𝑣𝑒𝑤
⃗⃗ 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑣 ≠ 𝜆𝑤
⃗⃗ ∎

7. Mostre que as diagonais de um paralelogramo se cortam ao meio. (Dica: Sejam M e N os pontos médios das duas
diagonais do paralelogramo. Mostre que o vetor MN = (0,0,0)e então conclua que M = N. )
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐶𝐷
𝐷𝐶 = −𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐶𝐵
𝐵𝐶 = −𝐷𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑁 = 𝑁𝐷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑁𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐷𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑀𝐶
𝐴𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑀𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐶𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


{𝑀𝑁 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑀𝐶
𝑀𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑀𝑁 𝑀𝐴 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐴 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
2𝑀𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = 0

8. Considere o triângulo ABC e sejam M o ponto médio de ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝐵𝐶 , N o ponto médio de ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 e P o ponto médio de AB.
Mostre que as medianas (os segmentos ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝑁 e ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝑃)𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚 num mesmo ponto que divide as medianas na
2 1 2 2 2
proporção 𝑒 . (Dica: Sejam G; H e I os pontos definidos por ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐺 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝑁 𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐻 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝐼 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑃. Mostre que os
3 3 3 3 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ e𝐺𝐼
vetores 𝐺𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ são nulos e conclua que G = H = I. )

9. Mostre que o segmento que une os pontos médios dos lados não paralelos de um trapézio tem comprimento
igual a semi − soma das bases.

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑀𝐷
𝐴𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑀𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐷𝑀⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑁 = 𝑁𝐶 = −𝐶𝑁 = −𝑁𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


{𝑀𝑁 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑁

𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑀𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑀𝐴
2𝑀𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐶𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑀𝑁 𝐷𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 =
2
10. Prove que os pontos médios dos lados de um quadrilátero qualquer são vértices de um paralelogramo.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑒 𝑁 é 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝐵


𝑂𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑀 é 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
1
𝑁𝑀 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛ç𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝐴
2

𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝐴𝐷𝐶, 𝑄 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝐷𝐴 𝑒 𝑃 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶.
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛ç𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑁𝑀
𝐸𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑒 𝑀 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵.


𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝐷𝐴𝐵, 𝑄 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛ç𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑀 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
2

𝐸 𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝐷𝐶𝐵, 𝑃 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝐷𝐶 𝑒 𝑁 é 𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚é𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐵.
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛ç𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝑁
𝐸𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 𝑄𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

11. Sejam 𝑣 = i + 2j − 3k e 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 2i + j − 2k. Determine vetores unitários paralelos aos vetores

𝑎)𝑣 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ ; 𝑏)𝑣 − 𝑤
⃗⃗ ; 𝑐)2𝑣 − 3𝑤
⃗⃗

𝑣 = (1,2, −3) 𝑤
⃗⃗ = (2,1, −2)
⃗⃗ = (1,2, −3) + (2,1, −2) = (1 + 2,2 + 1, −3 + (−2)) = (3,3, −3 − 2) = (3,3, −5)
𝑎) 𝑣 + 𝑤
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡á𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟
1
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑣 −1 = .𝑣
‖𝑣‖
𝐸 ‖𝑣‖ é 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 (𝑚ó𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜)𝑑𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 é 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎:
‖𝑣‖ = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
1
⃗⃗ )−1 =
(𝑣 + 𝑤 . (3,3, −5)
√(3)2 + (3)2 + (−5)2
1
⃗⃗ )−1 =
(𝑣 + 𝑤 . (3,3, −5)
√9 + 9 + 25
1
⃗⃗ )−1
(𝑣 + 𝑤 = . (3,3, −5)
√43
3 3 5
⃗⃗ )−1
(𝑣 + 𝑤 =( , ,− )
√43 √43 √43

⃗⃗ = (1,2, −3) − (2,1, −2) = (1 − 2,2 − 1, −3 − (−2)) = (−1,1, −3 + 2) = (−1,1, −1)


𝑏)𝑣 − 𝑤
𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
1
⃗⃗ )−1 =
(𝑣 − 𝑤 . (−1,1, −1)
√(−1)2 + (1)2 + (−1)2
1
⃗⃗ )−1
(𝑣 − 𝑤 . (−1,1, −1)
√1 + 1 + 1
1
⃗⃗ )−1
(𝑣 − 𝑤 . (−1,1, −1)
√3
1 1 1
⃗⃗ )−1 = (−
(𝑣 − 𝑤 , ,− )
√3 √3 √3

⃗⃗ = 2(1,2, −3) − 3(2,1, −2) = (2,4, −6) − (6,3, −6) = (2 − 6,4 − 3, −6 − (−6)) = (−4,1,0)
𝑐)2𝑣 − 3𝑤
𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
1
⃗⃗ )−1 =
(2𝑣 − 3𝑤 . (−4,1,0)
√(−4)2 + (1)2 + (0)2
−1 1
(2𝑣 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3𝑤 ) . (−4,1,0)
√16 + 1 + 0
−1 1
(2𝑣 − 3𝑤⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) . (−4,1,0)
√17
−1 4 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(2𝑣 3𝑤 ) = (− , , 0)
√17 √17

12. Determine o valor de x para o qual os vetores 𝑣 = xi + 3j + 4k e 𝑤


⃗⃗ = 3i + j + 2k são perpendiculares.
𝑣 = (𝑥, 3,4) 𝑤 = (3,1,2)
𝑆𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 é 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎 0
𝑣 ⊥ 𝑤 → 𝑣. 𝑤 = 0
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
(𝑥, 3,4). (3,1,2) = 0
(𝑥. 3 + 3.1 + 4.2) = 0
3𝑥 + 3 + 8 = 0
3𝑥 + 11 = 0
3𝑥 = −11
11
𝑥=−
3
13. Mostre que em um triângulo isósceles a mediana relativa à base é perpendicular à base.

𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝑀𝐶 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑒𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑒 𝑀𝐶
𝑆𝑒 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑀𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 𝑀𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑒 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐶 = (0, 𝑦) − (0,0) = (0, 𝑦)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥, 0) − (−𝑥, 0) = (𝑥 − (−𝑥), 0) = (𝑥 + 𝑥, 0) = (2𝑥, 0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (0, 𝑦). (2𝑥, 0) = (0.2𝑥 + 𝑦. 0) = (0 + 0) = 0

𝐸𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐶 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∎

14. Mostre que se as diagonais de um paralelogramo são perpendiculares então ele é um losango.

⊢ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝐵 𝑒𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝐴𝐶 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐶 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵 = 0

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝐴𝐶 ⃗ +𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵 = 𝑢 ⃗ −𝑣
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
⃗ + 𝑣 ). (𝑢
(𝑢 ⃗ − 𝑣) = 𝑢
⃗ .𝑢
⃗ −𝑢
⃗ . 𝑣 + 𝑣. 𝑢
⃗ − 𝑣. 𝑣
⃗ + 𝑣 ). (𝑢
(𝑢 ⃗ ‖2 − ‖𝑣 ‖2
⃗ − 𝑣 ) = ‖𝑢
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 é 𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑛𝑡ã𝑜:
‖𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑢
⃗‖
⃗ − 𝑣 ) = ‖𝑣 ‖2 − ‖𝑣 ‖2
⃗ + 𝑣 ). (𝑢
(𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 ). (𝑢
(𝑢 ⃗ − 𝑣) = 0
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 é um losango. ∎
15. Mostre que se as diagonais de um paralelogramo têm o mesmo comprimento então ele é um 𝑟𝑒𝑡â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙o.

⊢ 𝑣⊥𝑢
⃗ 𝑒𝑛𝑡ã𝑜 𝑣 . 𝑢
⃗ = 0 𝑆𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑡â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜.

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑢⃗ +𝑣 𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵 = 𝑢 ⃗ −𝑣
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
‖𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑢
⃗ − 𝑣‖
1
⃗ + 𝑣 ‖2 − ‖𝑢
⃗ . 𝑣 = (‖𝑢
𝑢 ⃗ − 𝑣 ‖2 )
4
⃗ + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑢
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜‖𝑢 ⃗ − 𝑣 ‖ 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠
1
⃗ . 𝑣 = (0)
𝑢
4
𝑢
⃗ .𝑣 = 0
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜 é 𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑡â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜. ∎

16. Se 𝑣 . 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 𝑣 . 𝑢
⃗ e 𝑣 ≠ 0 então 𝑢
⃗ =𝑤
⃗⃗ ?
1 1
. 𝑣. 𝑤
⃗⃗ = . 𝑣. 𝑢

‖𝑣‖ ‖𝑣‖
1 1
‖ . 𝑣‖ . 𝑤
⃗⃗ = ‖ . 𝑣‖ . 𝑢

‖𝑣‖ ‖𝑣‖
1. 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 1. 𝑢

𝑤
⃗⃗ = 𝑢
⃗ ∎

17. Mostre que se 𝑣 é ortogonal a 𝑢


⃗ e𝑤
⃗⃗ , então 𝑣 é ortogonal a α𝑢
⃗ + 𝛽𝑤
⃗⃗ .

⊢ 𝑣 ⊥ α𝑢
⃗ + 𝛽𝑤
⃗⃗ .
𝑣 ⊥𝑢
⃗ e𝑤
⃗⃗ → 𝑣 . 𝑢
⃗ = 0 𝑒 𝑣. 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗ (α𝑢
𝑣. ⃗ + 𝛽𝑤
⃗⃗ )
𝑣 . (α𝑢
⃗ ) + 𝑣 . (𝛽𝑤
⃗⃗ )
α(𝑣 . 𝑢
⃗ ) + 𝛽(𝑣 . 𝑤
⃗⃗ )
α(0) + 𝛽(0) = 0 ∎

18. Mostre que não existe x tal que os vetores 𝑣 = xi + 2j + 4k e w = xi − 2j + 3k são perpendiculares.

𝑣 = (𝑥, 2,4) 𝑤 = (𝑥, −2,3)


𝑆𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 é 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎 0
𝑣 ⊥ 𝑤 → 𝑣. 𝑤 = 0
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜:
(𝑥, 2,4). (𝑥, −2,3) = 0
(𝑥. 𝑥 + 2. (−2) + 4.3) = 0
𝑥 2 − 4 + 12 = 0
𝑥2 + 8 = 0
𝑥 2 = −8
𝑥 = √−8
𝑥 ∉ ℝ, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 √−8 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑠.
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎ç𝑎 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖çã𝑜. ∎

19. Ache o ângulo entre os seguintes pares de vetores:


a)2i + j e j − k; b)i + j + k e − 2j − 2k; c)3i + 3j e 2i + j − 2k.
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑖, 𝑗 𝑒 𝑘 𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
𝑎)𝑣 = (2(1,0,0) + (0,1,0)) = (2,0,0) + (0,1,0) = (2,1,0)
⃗⃗ = (0,1,0) − (0,0,1) = (0,1, −1)
𝑤
⃗⃗ = ‖𝑣 ‖‖𝑤
𝑣. 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖ cos 𝜃
𝑣. 𝑤
⃗⃗
cos 𝜃 =
‖𝑣 ‖‖𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖
(2,1,0). (0,1, −1) (2.0 + 1.1 + 0. (−1))
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√(2)2 + (1)2 + (0)2 √(0)2 + (1)2 + (−1)2 √4 + 1 + 0√0 + 1 + 1
1 1 √10 √10 √10
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = . cos 𝜃 = 𝜃 = arccos ( )
√5√2 √10 √10 10 10

b)i + j + k e − 2j − 2k;
𝑣 = ((1,0,0) + (0,1,0) + (0,0,1)) = (1,1,1)
⃗⃗ = −2(0,1,0) − 2(0,0,1) = (0, −2, −2)
𝑤
𝑣. 𝑤
⃗⃗
cos 𝜃 =
‖𝑣 ‖‖𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖

(1,1,1). (0, −2, −2) (1.0 + 1. (−2) + 1. (−2))


cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√(1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 √(0)2 + (−2)2 + (−2)2 √1 + 1 + 1√0 + 4 + 4
−4 −4 √24 −4√24 −√24 −2√6
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = . cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√3√8 √24 √24 24 6 6
−√6 √6
cos 𝜃 = 𝜃 = arccos (− )
3 3

c)3i + 3j e 2i + j − 2k
𝑣 = (3(1,0,0) + 3(0,1,0)) = (3,3,0)
⃗⃗ = 2(1,0,0) + (0,1,0) − 2(0,0,1) = (2,1, −2)
𝑤
𝑣. 𝑤
⃗⃗
cos 𝜃 =
‖𝑣 ‖‖𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖
(3,3,0). (2,1, −2) (3.2 + 3.1 + 0. (−2))
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√(3)2 + (3)2 + (0)2 √(2)2 + (1)2 + (−2)2 √9 + 9 + 0√4 + 1 + 4
9 3 1 √2 √2
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = . cos 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 45º
3√18 3√2 √2 √2 2

20. Ache o vetor unitário da bissetriz do ângulo entre os vetores 𝑣 = 2i + 2j + k e 𝑤


⃗⃗ = 6i + 2j − 3k.

𝑣 = (2,2,1) 𝑤
⃗⃗ = (6,2, −3)
𝐴 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑜 â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑜.
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
‖𝑣‖ = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2

‖𝑣‖ = √(2)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 = √4 + 4 + 1 = √9 = 3

‖𝑤‖ = √(6)2 + (2)2 + (−3)2 = √36 + 4 + 9 = √49 = 7


𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑥𝑎 − 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑖𝑠. 𝑈𝑚𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 é 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠.
1
𝑣 −1 = .𝑣
‖𝑣‖
1 2 2 1
𝑣 −1 = . (2,2,1) 𝑣 −1 = ( , , )
3 3 3 3
1 6 2 3
⃗⃗ −1 = . (6,2, −3)
𝑤 ⃗⃗ −1 = ( , , − )
𝑤
7 7 7 7
𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑜 â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜.
2 2 1 6 2 3 2 6 2 2 1 3 32 20 2
𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 = ( , , ) + ( , , − ) = ( + , + , + (− )) = ( , , − )
3 3 3 7 7 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 21 21 21
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡á𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟.
1
(𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 )−1 = . (𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 )
‖𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 ‖
1 32 20 2 1 32 20 2
(𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 )−1 = .( , ,− ) = .( , ,− )
2 2 2 21 21 21 21 21 21
√(32) + (20) + (− 2 ) √1024 + 400 + 4
21 21 21 441 441 41
1 32 20 2 21 32 20 2 32 20 2
(𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 )−1 = . ( , , − ) = 1. .( , ,− ) = ( , ,− )
√1428 21 21 21 √1428 21 21 21 √1428 √1428 √1428
21
16√17√21 10√17√21 1√17√21
(𝑣 −1 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ −1 )−1 = ( , ,− )
357 357 357

⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤


21. Dados os vetores 𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4). Calcule:

⃗ . 𝑣 = (2, −3, 1). (2, 2, 0) = (2.2 + (−3). 2 + 1.0) = (4 − 6) = −2


𝑎) 𝑢

𝑏) 𝑢
⃗ ×𝑣 e 𝑣×𝑤
⃗⃗

⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤


𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4)
→ → →
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
−3 1 2 1 2 −3
𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 = | 2 −3 1 | = | |→ − | |→+ | | → = (−2 → , −(−2) → , 10 →) = (−2,2,10)
2 0 𝑖 2 0 𝑗 2 2 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
2 2 0

→ → →
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
2 0 2 0 2 2
𝑣×𝑤
⃗⃗ = | 2 2 0 | = |−3 4| → −| |→ + | | → = (8 → , −(8) → , (−6 − 2) →) = (8, −8, −8)
𝑖 1 4 𝑗 1 −3 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
1 −3 4

⃗ × 𝑣 ). 𝑤
𝑐)(𝑢 ⃗⃗ e 𝑣 . (𝑣 × 𝑤
⃗⃗ );
⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤
𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4)
2 −3 1 2−3
(𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 ). 𝑤
⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |2 2 0| 2 2 = (16 − 6 + 24 − 2) = 32
1 −3 4 1−3

2 2 0 22
𝑣 . (𝑣 × 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |2 2 0| 2 2 = (16 − 16) = 0
1 −3 4 1−3

⃗ × 𝑣) × 𝑤
𝑑)(𝑢 ⃗ × (𝑣 × 𝑤
⃗⃗ e 𝑢 ⃗⃗ );
⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤
𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4)
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑏)𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 (𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 ) = (−2,2,10) 𝑒 (𝑣 × 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = (8, −8, −8), 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑜:
→ → →
𝑖 𝑘 𝑗
2 10 −2 10 −2 2
(𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣) × 𝑤
⃗⃗ = |−2 2 10| = | |→ − | |→ + | | → = (38 → , −(−18) → , 8 →) = (38,18,8)
−3 4 𝑖 1 4 𝑗 1 −3 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
1 −3 4

→ → →
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
−3 1 2 1 2 −3
⃗ × (𝑣 × 𝑤
𝑢 ⃗⃗ ) = | 2 −3 1 | = | |→ − | |→ + | | → = (32 → , −(−24) → , 8 →) = (32,24,8)
−8 −8 𝑖 8 −8 𝑗 8 −8 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
8 −8 −8

⃗ × 𝑣 ) × (𝑢
𝑒)(𝑢 ⃗⃗ );
⃗ ×𝑤
⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤
𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4)
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑏)𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 (𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 ) = (−2,2,10)
→ → →
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
−3 1 2 1 2 −3
(𝑢
⃗ ×𝑤⃗⃗ ) = | 2 −3 1 | = | |→ − | |→ + | | → = (−9 → , −(7) → , −3 →) = (−9, −7, −3)
−3 4 𝑖 1 4 𝑗 1 −3 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
1 −3 4

→ → →
𝑖 𝑘 𝑗
2 10 −2 10 −2 2
(𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 ) × (𝑢 ⃗⃗ ) = |−2 2 10 | = |
⃗ ×𝑤 |→ − | |→ + | | → = (64 → , −(96) → , 32 →)
−7 −3 𝑖 −9 −3 𝑗 −9 −7 𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
−9 −7 −3
(𝑢
⃗ × 𝑣 ) × (𝑢 ⃗⃗ ) = (64, −96,32)
⃗ ×𝑤

𝑓) 𝑂 â𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑢
⃗ 𝑒 𝑣.
⃗ = (2, −3, 1), 𝑣 = (2, 2, 0)e 𝑤
𝑢 ⃗⃗ = (1, −3, 4)
𝑢
⃗ .𝑣
cos 𝜃 =
‖𝑢
⃗ ‖‖𝑣‖
(2, −3, 1). (2,2,0) (2.2 + (−3).2 + 1.0) (4 − 6)
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
√(2)2 + (−3)2 + (1)2 √(2)2 + (2)2 + (0)2 √4 + 9 + 1√4 + 4 + 0 √14√8
−2 −2 1 2√7 √7 √7
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = − . cos 𝜃 = − 𝜃 = arccos (− )
√112 4√7 2√7 2√7 14 14

22. Verifique se os seguintes pontos pertencem a um mesmo plano:


𝑇𝑟ê𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 é 0.
(a)A = (2,2,1), B = (3,1,2), C = (2,3,0)e D = (2,3,2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (3,1,2) − (2,2,1) = (3 − 2,1 − 2,2 − 1) = (1, −1,1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (2,3,0) − (2,2,1) = (2 − 2,3 − 2,0 − 1) = (0,1, −1)
𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷 − 𝐴 = (2,3,2) − (2,2,1) = (2 − 2,3 − 2,2 − 1) = (0,1,1)
𝐴𝐷

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
𝑆𝑒 (𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑒 𝐷 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

1 −1 1 1−1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |0 1 −1| 0 1 = (1 + 1) = 2
0 1 1 01
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑒 𝐷 𝑛ã𝑜 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠. ∎

(b)A = (2,0,2), B = (3,2,0), C = (0, 2, 1)e D = (10, −2,1)


⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (3,2,0) − (2,0,2) = (3 − 2,2 − 0,0 − 2) = (1,2, −2)
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (0, 2, 1) − (2,0,2) = (0 − 2,2 − 0,1 − 2) = (−2,2, −1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷 − 𝐴 = (10, −2,1) − (2,0,2) = (10 − 2, −2 − 0,1 − 2) = (8, −2, −1)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
𝑆𝑒 (𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑒 𝐷 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

1 2 −2 1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |−2 2 −1| −2 2 = (−2 − 16 − 8 − 4 − 2 + 32) = 0
8 −2 −1 8 −2
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑜 𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑒 𝐷 𝑠ã𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠. ∎

23. Calcule o volume do paralelepípedo que tem um dos vértices no ponto A = (2,1,6)e os três vértices adjacentes
nos pontos B = (4,1,3), C = (1,3,2)e D = (1,2,1).

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (4,1,3) − (2,1,6) = (4 − 2,1 − 1,3 − 6) = (2,0, −3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (1, 3, 2) − (2,1,6) = (1 − 2,3 − 1,2 − 6) = (−1,2, −4)
𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷 − 𝐴 = (1,2,1) − (2,1,6) = (1 − 2,2 − 1,1 − 6) = (−1,1, −5)
𝐴𝐷

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝í𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜.


2 0 −3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
||(𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ).⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 || = |𝑑𝑒𝑡 |−1 2 −4||
−1 1 −5

2 0 −3 2 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
||(𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ).⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 || = |𝑑𝑒𝑡 |−1 2 −4| −1 2| = |−20 + 3 + 8 − 6| = |−15| = 15
−1 1 −5 −1 1

24. Demonstre que, se 𝑣 e 𝑤


⃗⃗ são vetores quaisquer, então:

1
⃗⃗ ‖2 − ‖𝑣 − 𝑤
⃗⃗ = (‖𝑣 + 𝑤
𝑎) 𝑣 . 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖2 )
4
⃗⃗ = (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ) 𝑒 𝑣 . 𝑣 = ‖𝑣 ‖2
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) 𝑒 𝑤
𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒
⃗⃗ = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ). (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ) = (𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 𝑣2 . 𝑤2 )
𝑣. 𝑤

𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒


1 1
⃗⃗ ‖2 − ‖𝑣 − 𝑤
(‖𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖2 ) = (‖(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) + (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 )‖2 − ‖(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) − (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 )‖2 )
4 4
1
= (‖(𝑣1 + 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 + 𝑤2 )‖2 − ‖(𝑣1 − 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 − 𝑤2 )‖2 )
4
1 2 2
= (√(𝑣1 + 𝑤1 )2 + (𝑣2 + 𝑤2 )2 − (√(𝑣1 − 𝑤1 )2 + (𝑣2 − 𝑤2 )2 )) 𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
4
1
= (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 − (‖𝑣1 ‖2 − 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 − 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2
4
+ ‖𝑤2 ‖2 ))

1
= (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 − ‖𝑣1 ‖2 + 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 − ‖𝑤1 ‖2 − ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 − ‖𝑤2 ‖2 )
4
1
= (2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 + 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 )
4
1
= (4𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 4𝑣2 . 𝑤2 )
4
= (𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 𝑣2 . 𝑤2 )
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒
⃗⃗ = (𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + 𝑣2 . 𝑤2 )
𝑣. 𝑤 ∎

1
b)‖𝑣 ‖2 + ‖𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 = (‖𝑣 + 𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 + ‖𝑣 − 𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 ).
2

𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) 𝑒 𝑤
⃗⃗ = (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 )
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
‖𝑣 ‖2 + ‖𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 = ((𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ). (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 )) + ((𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ). (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ) )
‖𝑣 ‖2 + ‖𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 = ((𝑣1 . 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 . 𝑣2 )) + ((𝑤1 . 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 . 𝑤2 ) )
‖𝑣 ‖2 + ‖𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 = ‖𝑣1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2

𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒


1 1
⃗⃗ ‖2 + ‖𝑣 − 𝑤
(‖𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ‖2 ) = (‖(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) + (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 )‖2 + ‖(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) − (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 )‖2 )
2 2
1
= (‖(𝑣1 + 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 + 𝑤2 )‖2 + ‖(𝑣1 − 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 − 𝑤2 )‖2 )
2
1 2 2
= (√(𝑣1 + 𝑤1 )2 + (𝑣2 + 𝑤2 )2 + √(𝑣1 − 𝑤1 )2 + (𝑣2 − 𝑤2 )2 ) 𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
2
1
= (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 + ‖𝑣1 ‖2 − 2𝑣1 . 𝑤1 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 − 2𝑣2 . 𝑤2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 )
2
1
= (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 + ‖𝑣1 ‖2 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 )
2
1
= (2‖𝑣1 ‖2 + 2‖𝑤1 ‖2 + 2‖𝑣2 ‖2 + 2‖𝑤2 ‖2 )
2
= (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 )

𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒


‖𝑣 ‖2 + ‖𝑤
⃗⃗ ‖2 = (‖𝑣1 ‖2 + ‖𝑣2 ‖ + ‖𝑤1 ‖2 + ‖𝑤2 ‖2 ) ∎

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