Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
da Dor
para a Prática Clínica
Prof. Felipe Reis, PhD
2017
Prof. Felipe Reis, PhD.
É Fisioterapeuta, formado pela Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro (1999), especialista em Terapia Manual e Ortopedia. Recebeu
o título de Mestre e Doutor em Ciências Médicas pela Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Atualmente, é professor do Instituto
Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) na disciplina de Distúrbios
Neuromusculoesqueléticos e Estágio. No IFRJ é Coordenador do
Grupo de Pesquisa em Dor. Na Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro atua como pesquisador colaborador desenvolvendo estudos
sobre a Neurociência das Emoções e da Dor Crônica. Tem interesse
no estudo do processamento cerebral da Dor e a relação com a
Emoção e a Cognição. Participou como convidado em conferências internacionais como a
WCPT e o IFOMPT em diversos países como Holanda, Canadá, Colômbia, África do Sul,
Escócia. Nos últimos anos participou como autor ou co-autor de artigos originais em revistas
científicas. Participa como revisor do The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
(JOSPT), Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Research, Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Research and Reports in Tropical
Medicine e a Physiotherapy Theory and Practice.
@felipereisifrj
Felipe Reis
felipe.reis@ifrj.edu.br
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24/10/17
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Abajobir, et al. Lancet. (2017).
Meziat Filho, Revista de Saúde Pública (2011):
Dificuldade em explicar a dor persistente com os O Modelo biomédico busca iden>ficar uma causa
modelos atuais
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Como anda o ensino de dor no Brasil? Necessidade de se rever o Currículo em Dor dos
26 (6,5%) apresentavam
Cursos de Fisioterapia
uma disciplina específica
sobre dor
"pain science",
"pain assessment",
“exercises for pain control”,
“electrotherapy for pain control”
“thermal agents for pain control”
5
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As crenças dos profissionais podem ser fortes Devemos evitar fle>r o tronco?
Se eu pretendo que minha prá>ca clínica caminhe junto com a
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Gardner et al. J Physiother. 2017 Brinjikji, et al. American Journal of Neuroradiology (2015)
7
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Dor e Nocicepção
Diferentes Receptores
Dor x Nocicepção
Dor = Nocicepção
Sherrington (1906)
Woodworth e Sherrington. The Journal of physiology (1904) Butler, et al., 2013; Butler et al., 2017
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9
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10
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A nocicepção ≠ dor
Henry K. Beecher
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v Corrente elétrica causa dor de A dor está relacionada a extensão da lesão tecidual?
cabeça temporária.
v Ruído de 10 Hz progressivo
Levine e De Simone.
Pain 44.1 (1991)
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Modificações no corno
posterior da medula
Hiperexcitabilidade e
sensibilização dos
neurônios sensoriais
primários
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Neuromatriz
Melzack (2001)
Matriz da Dor
Tracey e Mantyh (2007)
Matriz Saliente
Ianne• (2010)
Conectoma dinâmico
Kucyi e Davis (2015)
JAMA (2016)
MOURAUX, et al. Neuroimage (2011).
Diana Kwon
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24/10/17
Contact-Heat Sgmuli
v Experienced pain during s>muli
v Residual pain
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Sistema Medial
Apkarian, A. V. et al. Eur. J. Pain 9, 463–484 (2005). Apkarian, et al. Eur. J. Pain (2005).
16
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Visit 1 Visit 5
Recover
4-12 wks 3 years
Recovery Persistent
Clinical variables + (SBPr) > 20% (SBPp)
SBPp
Brain MRI scan
- Func>onal
- Connec>vity
- Anatomical SBPp
Brain Ac>va>on shi‰s away acgvagon in the
from sensory to “emo>onal”
mPFC and AMYG
areas
Baliki, et al. Nature neuroscience (2012) Hashmi, et al. Brain (2013)
17
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Aumento da a>vidade
A Sensibilização Central periférica ou no corno
posterior da medula
Caracteriza-se como sendo
a Hiperexcitabilidade do Diminuição Favorece a
Sistema Nervoso agvidade Neuroplas>cidade
inibitória
Bo_on-up Overacgvity
Aumento agvidade nocicepgva
(Wind-Up)
A Sensibilização Central
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v Astrócitos,
v Microglia,
v Oligodendrócitos.
149 pargcipants:
Nocicepgve (53.6%),
Peripheral NP (25.0%)
CS (21.4%)
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Depressão Emoção
Stress Crônico
PTSD
Injus>ça 79
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Supraspinal modulagon
of pain by emogons
Ascending Pain
Pathways
Ossipov et al. The Journal of clinical inves>ga>on (2010) Fields 2004; Mason, 2012
21
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Estratégias de
ressignificação
Redução das
emoções negagvas
Regulação
descendente da dor
Modelo Medo-Evitação
Ameaça
Alta ou Baixa agvação
Condicionamento
v Aprendizagem associa>va
(Modelo de Pavlov)
v Por observação
v Verbalmente instruído sobre
a associação.
Lundberg, et al. Pain research and treatment 2011.
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Condicionamento clássico
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Será que a dor surge por condicionamento? Será que a dor surge por condicionamento?
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MEDO é um MEDIADOR
CS desencadeia o medo e o medo produz a resposta.
ANSIEDADE:
A ameaça é uma fonte Esfmulo Resposta
em potencial de dano. Condicionado (CS) MEDO Congelamento
Ameaça
Amígdala
(Centro do medo)
MEDO:
Presença da ameaça
Não é verdade
Amígdala NÃO é o centro do medo no cérebro
Amígdala
(Centro do medo)
Regiões subcor>cais
Deteção Não-
Consciente da Respostas comportamentais
e fisiológicas
ameaça
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Neocortex
Experiência
MEDO Consciente
Increased amygdala
Ameaça ac>va>on to fearful
faces when masked
Amígdala
with neutral faces
Resposta Não-Consciente
Fugir
Deteção da Ameaça (FR, FC, Sudorese)
It supports a fundamental and automa>c role for the
Resposta de Defesa
amygdala in the assessment of biologically relevant
predic>ve s>muli (LeDoux, 1996).
fMRI study
Capacidade Predigva
do Cérebro
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PPT
Ínsula Anterior
ACC dorsal
Tálamo VM
Hipotálamo
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Sistema Cor>colímbico
v Cór>ces pré-frontais
v Amígdala
v Hipocampo
Eixo hipotálamo-
hipófise-adrenal
(Vyas et al., 2002, Radley et al ., 2004)
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Cor>sol
Medula Adrenal
Glucocor>coides (GR) e
Adrenalina e Noradrenalina Mineralocor>coides (MR)
no PFC e mTC
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O Estresse e a Dor
Elsenbruch e Wolf. Fron>ers in behavioral neuroscience (2015).
32
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O Sono e a Dor
NIJS, et al. Expert Opinion on Therapeu>c Targets, 2017. Afolalu, Ramlee, Tang. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;
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Can an emogonal sgmulus modify the movement? Considere o Efeito Placebo e o Nocebo
Par>cipants were Bringing unpleasant sgmuli Placebo = contexto posigvo
instructed to grasp towards the body
emo>on-laden s>muli increased movement gme Nocebo = contexto negagvo
and bring them toward in comparison with both
their bodies. pleasant and neutral ones.
Negagve
Posigve
electromagne>c 133 (Benede•, 2013; Collaca e Benede•, 2007; Colloca e Miller, 2011).
tracking device Esteves, et al. Scien>fic Reports (2016).
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As expectagvas
Expectagva Efeitos no processamento
da dor
Analgesia Placebo Redução no ACC, Ínsula e
Tálamo
> Modulação Descendente
Hiperalgesia Nocebo > Agvidade do ACC
> Agvidade da ínsula
> Facilitação medular
Atlas e Wager. Neuroscience Legers, (2012)
Hiperalgesia Nocebo
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Operculum Operculum
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Na inspiração houve
aumento da agvidade
do córtex olfatório,
amígdala e hipocampo,
em todo o sistema
límbico".
E s s a s á re a s e s t ã o
relacionadas com a
modulação cognitiva
da dor.
Valk et al. Sci Adv. American Associa>on for Engert, Kok, Papasso>riou, Chrousos, Singer T. Sci Adv.
the Advancement of Science; 2017. American Associa>on for the Advancement of Science; 2017.
Zeidan, et al. Journal of Neuroscience (2011):
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Domínios principais
Fatores individuais
Social
Trabalhos
Emoções
Bio-clínica
Relação terapêu>ca
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Modelo SCEBS
Fatores Somágcos
Fatores Cognigvos
Fatores Emocionais
Fatores Sociais
Fatores Comportamentais
Oostendorp, et al. The Scien>fic World Journal (2015). Revista Fisiot em Mov. 2018
Sensibilização
Nocicepgva Neuropágca
Central
Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Nijs, et al. Pain Physician (2014)
39
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Os Guidelines recomendam...
Dor Neuropá>ca
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Fibras Amielínicas
(nocicepção, calor)
Sensibilização Central
v A presença de dor difusa sem uma distribuição neuroanatômica
caracterís>ca.
v Múl>plos fatores agravantes. Hipersensibilidade dos sen>dos não
Apesar dos ques>onários de screening sugerirem a presença relacionados ao sistema músculo-esquelé>co (hipersensibilidade à luz,
de dor neuropá>ca eles não subs>tuem o exame clínico sons, cheiro, gosto e pele hipersensível).
Instrumento Referência Sensib Especif v Dor em regiões distantes da queixa original
DN4 Santos et al. (2010) 100 93,2
LANSS Barbosa et al. (2013) 89 74 v Associação com fatores psicossociais
Neuropathic Pain Krause and Backonja (2003) 74,7 77,6
Quesgonnaire v Sensibilidade a palpação de áreas difusas
PainDETECT Freynhagen et al. (2006) 85 80 Smart, et al. The Clinical journal of pain (2011)
Nijs, et al. Pain Physician (2014)
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Caumo, et al. J Pain Res. 2017 25 questões + Diagnósgco Clínico Cutoff de 40 pontos
Sensibilidade = 81%, Especificidade = 75% Nijs, et al. Pain Physician (2014). Mayer, et al. Pain Prac>ce (2012). Nebleg, et al. The Clinical journal of pain (2015)
Nijs, Van Houdenhove e Oostendorp. Manual therapy (2010) Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016)
43
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Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016)
Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016)
44
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Chehadi et al., Pain Reports. 2017. Foster e Deligo. Physical therapy (2011)
As bandeiras de alerta
Avaliação da pessoa com dor
Vermelhas Lesões ou doenças graves (Fratura,
Tumor, Infecção)
Laranjas Doenças psiquiátricas sérias (Depressão,
TEPT, Desordens da pernonalidade)
Amarelas Crenças, Significados e Julgamentos
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Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Fordyce, et al. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilita>on (1973).
v Situação de vida
v Ambiente social
v Trabalho
v Relacionamento com o parceiro
v Tratamentos prévios (a>tudes e crenças dos
profissionais)
Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016)
47
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Wijma, et al. Physiotherapy Theory and Prac>ce (2016) Norcross, Krebs e Prochaska. Journal of clinical psychology (2011).
Quais ques>onários podem ser usados? State-Trait Anxiety ≥39–40 Test–retest Number of items:
Inventory reliability 0.31–0.86 40
Time to administer:
10 min
Central Sensi>za>on 0–100/>40 points Test–retest Number of items: 35
Inventory reliability 0.82 Time to administer: Tampa-Scale of ≥37 good retest Number of items: 17
Kinesiophobia (TSK) reliability Time to administer: 5–
Sensi>vity 81– 10 min 10 min
82,8%, Specificity
The scoring on items 4,
54.8–75%
8, 12, and 16 should be
reversed
(LANSS) 0–24/≥12 points Sensi>vity 83%, Number of items: 7
Specificity 87% Time to administer: Injus>ce Experience ≥19 in WAD Test–retest Number of items: 12
2–3 min Ques>onnaire Blame/Unfairness: reliability 0.90–0.98 Time to administer:
items 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 5–10 min
Pain Catastrophizing ≥30 points Cronbach’s alpha Number of items: 13 12 Severity/
Scale Rumina>on: items 0.88–0.95 Time to administer: Irreparability: items
8, 9, 10, 11 5–10 min 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8
Magnifica>on: items Brief Illness Each item has to be Moderate overall Number of items: 13
6, 7, 13 Percep>on viewed separately test–retest Time to administer:
Helplessness: items Ques>onnaire (Brief reliability 5–10 min
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12 IPQ)
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Escala PHODA
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Percepção de propriedade
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A redução da dor na
SDCR correlacionada
com a reorganização
corgcal.
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Modificação da
representação espacial
de esfmulos vibratórios
em pessoas com dor - - - - - -
lombar crônica
unilateral.
- + - Neurônios intracorgcal inibitórios
+ +
Tálamo
Esfmulo tágl
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Aumento da agvidade de M1
GABA
(inibição)
Glutamato
(facilitação)
Córtex Pré-Motor - - - - - - -
Neurônios intracorgcal inibitórios
Esfmulo Motor
Medula
Seminowicz e Davis KD. Pain 2006. ü Comando motor preciso Movimento preciso
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Córtex Pré-Motor - - - -
Diminuição da inibição intracorgcal
Esfmulo Motor Modificação na organização corgcal motora dos
Medula
músculos paraespinhais na DLC associada com
intensidade da dor.
X Comando motor impreciso X Movimento impreciso Elgueta-Cancino, Schabrun e Campelltown (2015).
Incapacidade de recrutar
selegvamente estes
músculos. Aumento da
agvação de músculos
superficiais nesta população
ao executar movimentos
Hodges e Moseley Electromyogr Kinesiol.
(2003)
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Discriminação de Desenho
2 pontos (TPD) Recognise
Corporal
TPD > 60mm = 90% confiabilidade para anormalidade TPD > 6mm entre os lados = 90% confiabilidade para
anormalidade
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Disrupted working body schema of the trunk in Exposição Motora Gradual
Graded Motor Imagery (GMI)
people with back pain
Reconhecimento Terapia do
de lateralidade Imagégca
Dor nas costas crônica está Espelho
associada à ruptura do
diagrama de corpo de
trabalho do tronco. Isso
pode ser um importante
contribuinte para
anormalidades de controle
do motor visto nesta
população.
Reconhecimento
de lateralidade ü Representação intacta do corpo.
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(GMI)
Imagégca (GMI)
Controles
Terapia do ü Ilusão de que o segmento
Movimento Espelho lesado está se movendo sem
Imagégca dor.
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2) Ao olhar alguém movendo a coluna.
Wand, et al. The Clinical journal of pain (2012)
MOSELEY e FLOR. Neurorehabilita>on and neural repair, 2012.
Don et al., Pain Prac>ce (2017)
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Exemplos de Progressão
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² 13 RCTs
² 2 Revisões sistemágcas
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O primeiro passo para TNE é entender a dor e suas O Objegvo da TNE é diminuir as crenças negagvas
repercussões para o paciente e os comportamentos mal-adaptagvos
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Métodos de Aplicação Conteúdo da TNE
Profissionais: Fisioterapeutas v Neurofisiologia da dor
Duração e Frequência: 20-60 minutos 1x a 2x/semana v Nenhuma referência aos modelos patoanatômicos
Formato: Um a Um v Nocicepção e vias nocicep>vas.
v Neurônios
Figuras v Sinapses
Metáforas e v Potencial de ação
Exemplos v Inibição e facilitação medular
Estratégias
Desenhos v Sensibilização periférica
v Sensibilização central
Carglhas
v Plas>cidade do Sistema Nervoso
Moseley L. (2002); Meeus et al., (2010) Van Oosterwijck et al. (2011) Louw, et al. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilita>on (2011).
Moseley. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (2002).
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24/10/17
Direcionado ao profissional.
• Orientações para aplicar a Educação em Dor
• Imagens para Educação em Dor
Caminho da • Tutorial para o “Caminho da Recuperação”
Recuperação
• WebApp – Educador
• Ques>onários e Escalas
Davi
Orientação ao profissional
Imagens para educação em dor
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Chefe Sr.
Cérebro
69
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Kerri Strug
70
24/10/17
Protect-o-Meter Protect-o-Meter
DIMs = Danger in Me
SIMs = Safe in Me
71
24/10/17
ADAMS, R.J. et al. Health literacy: a new WORLD HEALTH COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATES - WHCA. Health literacy: part 2
concept for general prac>ce? Aust. Fam. evidence and case studies, 2010. Disponível em: <hgp://www.whcaonline.org/
Vídeo Physician, v.38, n.3, p.144-7, 2009. uploads/publica>ons/WHCAhealthLiteracy-28.3.2010.pdf>. Acesso em: 4 abr. 2011.
ADAMS, R.J. et al. Health literacy: a new concept for general prac>ce? ADAMS, R.J. et al. Health literacy: a new concept for general prac>ce?
Aust. Fam. Physician, v.38, n.3, p.144-7, 2009. Aust. Fam. Physician, v.38, n.3, p.144-7, 2009.
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3Q - Test
Em resumo.
Tenha certeza que seu paciente sabe responder as 3 questões
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74
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75
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ü Inclui o exercício.
A>vidade ssica ü Inclui também:
ü Trabalho
ü Transporte
ü Tarefas domés>cas
ü Lazer
World Health Organiza>on. Physical ac>vity. Available at:
hgp://www. who.int/dietphysicalac>vity/pa/en.
Quantos passos são necessários por dia? Medindo o nível de a>vidade ssica
Tudor-Locke C. Steps to Beger Cardiovascular Health: How Many Steps Does It Take to Achieve Good Health and How Confident
Observação Observação direta
Are We in This Number? Curr Cardio Risk Rep (2010) 4:271–276 DOI 10.1007/s12170-010-0109-5
Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Brown WJ, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For adults. Interna>onal Journal of Behavioral
Nutri>on and Physical Ac>vity. 2011;8(1):79. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-79.
Tudor-Locke C, Schuna JM, Han H, et al. Step-based physical ac>vity metrics and Cardiometabolic risk. Medicine & Science in
Sports & Exercise. September 2016:1. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001100.
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Prescrevendo Exercícios
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81