Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
electrical systems
Lee Jay Fingersh
Given at CU Boulder
April 18, 2008
What does a wind-turbine
electrical system do?
2/60
Wind turbine operation
3/60
Classical wind turbine design
4/60
Alternative train designs
5/60
Rotating Magnetic Fields
RotatingField.html
6/60
Induction generator torque-speed
characteristic
25000
20000
15000
Generator Torque, Nm
10000
5000
0
-5000
-10000
-15000
-20000
-25000
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600
7/60
Synchronous machines
8/60
Fluid coupling failure
9/60
Torque response – constant speed
10/60
Torque response – variable speed
11/60
Torque speed vector for VS
12/60
What is a power converter?
Converts
variable-frequency
variable-voltage
into
constant-frequency
constant-voltage
13/60
Passive rectification
14/60
12-pulse
15/60
Full-processing
16/60
Current link
17/60
Doubly-fed
18/60
Weibull Probability function
Wind, Energy
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Windspeed (m/s)
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Gearbox efficiency
Variable Speed Gearbox Efficiency Surface
100%
90%
80%
70%
Efficiency
60%
50% 810
40% 1215
30%
20% 1665
RPM
10% 2115
0%
2565
90%
75%
60%
45%
30%
15%
0%
% of Rated Power
20/60
Generator efficiency
Permanent-magnet generator efficiency surface
100%
95%
90%
Efficiency
85%
80%
75%
150%
125%
70%
100%
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
75%
70%
65%
% of rated RPM
60%
50%
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
25%
30%
% of rated power
25%
20%
15%
0%
10%
5%
0%
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Power converter efficiency
Variable Speed Converter Efficiency
120%
100%
Standard Converter
90% Converter
80%
94% Converter
Efficiency
60%
40%
20%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Percent of Rated Load
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Interaction with the grid
• Requirements are
getting tougher
– Must provide VAR
compensation
– Must ride-through faults
– Must provide fault
current
• Still no dispatchability
23/60
The dispatchability issue
Load versus wind
45000
40000
35000
30000
Megawatts
25000 Load
20000 Wind
15000
10000
5000
0
0 6 12 18 24
Hour of the day
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What to do about it
• Ignore it • CAES
– Wind produces 10%-20% of – Current technology
our electricity – Combined with natural
gas electrical plants
• Geographical distribution – 50% to 70% efficiency
• Add dispatchable load • Batteries
• Add storage – Currently expensive
– CAES – Efficient (85% to 95%)
– Batteries • Hydrogen
– Hydrogen – Massive
– V2G – Inefficient (25% to 35%)
The problem is cost!!! • V2G
– Emerging
25/60
Approach
• Simulation of power grid energy-flow
• Analysis of time-series data for 2002
• California ISO hourly load data
• Lake Benton wind farm hourly power data
• Components
– Wind – Current costs ($1,000 / kW)
– Battery – Projected costs
– Electrolyzer – Projected costs
– Fuel Cell – Projected costs
– Dispatchable load/curtailment
– Traditional generation
26/60
Interesting result
• An optimizer (Excel solver) is used to minimize
cost by optimizing the sizes of the components
– Electrolyzer
– Fuel cell
– Control parameters
Hydrogen system is optimized to zero size!
Cause is the low efficiency of the hydrogen system
compared to the battery
– Hydrogen system 37.5% (75% electrolyzer, 50% fuel cell)
– Battery 85.5% (95% charge, 90% discharge)
True even when costs of hydrogen components
(electrolyzer and fuel cell) are set to zero!
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Optimized wind-battery system
$0.040
Energy
$0.038 Penetration
20%
$0.036
Cost of Energy
$0.034
$0.032
$0.030
$0.028
Energy
$0.026 Penetration
2%
$0.024
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Capacity Reduction
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What about making hydrogen?
• Fix the electrolyzer size so the optimizer
doesn’t optimize it away
• Don’t use the hydrogen to regenerate
electricity on-site
• Sell the hydrogen created as a fuel
• Assume no hydrogen storage needed
Result: Hydrogen production is less
expensive when electrolyzers are
combined with wind AND batteries
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Hydrogen production results
$3.50
$3.25
Hydrogen Cost ($/kg)
$3.00
$2.75
PTC
$2.50
$0.00
0 PTC
$2.25 $0.02
$2.00 0
$1.75
$1.50
$0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200
Electrolyzer cost ($/kW)
30/60
Conclusions
31/60
Wind turbine controls
32/60
The controls-design process
Field Test
Simulate
Design
Modify Analyze
33/60
Controls on wind turbines
• To test controls on
wind turbines, we
needed a controls
test bed turbine
• Two Westinghouse
600kW 43.28 meter
two-bladed wind
turbines were
acquired from
Kahuku point, Oahu
34/60
Turbine shipment/installation
35/60
Turbine operation
37/60
Turbine characterization
0.60
0.50
0.40
Cp
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 5 10 15 20
TSR
Constant Speed - LSS Predicted
38/60
Adaptive controller
2.0 600
Normalized M (M/M )
+
Standard Control
1.5 Adaptive Control
500
1.0
0.5 200
0.4
100
0.3 Region 2 Region 3
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 5 10 15 20
Time (hours) Mean Equivalent Wind Speed (m/s)
39/60
“State-space” control
• State-space control allows the designer great flexibility
– Multiple inputs (RPM, blade bending, nacelle acceleration, etc.)
– Multiple outputs (shaft torque, individual blade pitch)
• Ability to dramatically reduce turbine vibrations
160
Torque
140
120
100 PI Control
80 State-space (FAST) controller
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
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Why do we need to reduce
vibrations?
• Turbines are getting much
larger in response to the need
to meet LWST goals
– Increased economies of scale
– Stretched rotors for more Boeing 747-200
energy capture
• Physics dictates that a larger
machine made out of the same
materials will be more flexible
• More flexibility =
More vibrations =
More loads =
More cost
Controls may be the most
important solution to reducing
cost
41/60
Preliminary State-space results
Baseline PI SymDyn State-
State-Space Baseline PI SymDyn State-
State-Space
Performance Measure Controller Controller Controller Controller
(Simulation)
Simulation) (Simulation)
Simulation) (Field Test)
Test) (Field Test)
Test)
RMS speed error [RPM] .389 .380 .233 .213
42/60
Questions and comments
43/60