Mechanics

•Physics is the most fundamental physical science , concerned with the

fundamental of the universe.
•It’s the bases of the other sciences (astronomy-biology-chemistry and geology)

Study of physics
Classical
physics Relativity optics
electromagnetism
Theory describing thermodynamics Quantum mechanics
objects moving at any
speed even speeds Study the
approaches the speed behavior of light
of light and its
Electricity , interaction with
Concerning the matter
motion of large magnetism and
objects & much electromagnetic
slower than the field A collection of theories
speed of light
Dealing with heat ,work , connecting the behavior of
matter at submicroscoping
temperature and statistical level to macroscopic
observation

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 Physics and measurements
•The main objectives of physics are to identify a limited number of
fundamental laws that govern natural phenomena and use them to develop
theories that can predict the results of future experiments.
•The fundamental laws used in developing theories are expressed in language
of mathematics(the tool that provides a bridge between theory and
experiment)

physics

Classical physics
Modern physics
Includes the principle of
The two most important classical mechanics ,
developments are the thermodynamics ,optics and
theories of relativity and electromagnetism
quantum mechanics (Newton)

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 Standers of Length , Mass , and Time

Length , mass , and time are the three fundamental quantities which all other
quantities in mechanics can be expressed in terms of these three

Readily
accessible

Possess some
Must not
property that can
change with
be measured standard time
reliably

Must yield the same

result wherever it’s
used
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SI(systeme intenational):
Length meter
Mass kilogram
Time second
Temperature Kelvin
Electric current ampere
Luminous intensity candela
Amount of substance mole

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•Length
•It’s the distance between two points in the space
•In old England (yard)
•In old France (foot)
•After 1799 changed to (meter)(m)
•Meter is one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to north
pole along one particular longitudinal line that passes through Paris.
•In 1960 the meter was defined as the distance between two lines on
a specific Platinum-iridium bar stored under controlled condition.
•The meter in 1960s and 1970s was defined
as1650763.73wavelenghts of orange-red light emitted from a
krypton-86 lamp
•On 1983 the meter was defined as the distance travelled by light in
vacuum during a time of 1/299792458 second

Table 1.1
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Mass
•Kilogram (kg) is defined as the mass of specific platinum-iridium alloy
cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and measures in
France
•Not changed since 1887because platinum-iridium is an unusually stable
alloy.
Table 1.2

Time
•First was defined in terms of mean solar day
•A mean solar day is the time interval between successive appearance of the sun at the
highest point it reaches in the sky each day.
•Second was defined as (1/60)(1/60)(1/24)of the mean solar day.
•In 1967 the time measured referring to what is called atomic clock which measures
vibrations of cesium atom.
•Second is according to that defined as 9192631770 times the period of vibration of
radiation from the cecium-133 atom.
Table 1.3

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U.S. customary system (in USA)
Length foot(ft)
Mass slug
Time second

Prefixes table 1.4

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 Quantities

Derived quantities
Fundamental quantities Can be expressed as a
Length-Mass-Time mathematical combination
of fundamental quantities

Area (a product of two lengths)

Speed (ratio of time to a time interval)
Density (mass per unit volume)

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