ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

marina burZeniZe

kvlevis saxeebis klasifikacia da specifika empiriul

sociologiaSi

disertacia

sociologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: iago kaWkaWiSvili, Tsu, sruli profesori,

sociologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

lali surmaniZe, Tsu, asocirebuli

profesori, filosofiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori

Tbilisi
2010

2
 S i n a a r s i

Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Tavi I
1. empiriuli sociologiis adgili sociologiuri codnis
sistemaSi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2. sazogadoebrivi azri da sociologia -------------------------------------- 17
3. kvlevis meTodebi. kvlevis struqtura da tipebi ------------------ 20
4. raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi tradicia – istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Tavi II
1. raodenobrivi kvleviTi strategia – funqciebi da
SesaZleblobebi; raodenobrivi kvleva, rogorc mecnieruli
meTodi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
2. gazomva, rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis mniSvnelovani
komponenti --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
3. gazomvis validuroba, saimedooba ------------------------------------------------- 46
4. gazomvis problema, romelic monacemTa analizis xerxis
arCevisas warmoiSveba -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59

Tavi III

1. Tvisebrivi kvleviTi midgoma – funqciebi da SesaZleblobebi - 63

2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis ZiriTadi saxeebi, teqnikebi, procedurebi - 81

3. raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi midgomebi - “rbili” da “xisti”

meTodebis Sedareba, upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi (ganxilva avtoris
mier Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi strategiebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis
magaliTze)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96

daskvna ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114

gamoyenebuli literatura -------------------------------------------------------------- 120

3
 S e s a v a l i

sociologia, rogorc mecniereba, Tavisi warmoSobis droidan

miznad sazogadoebrivi problemebis Seswavlasa da maTi gadaWris gzebis
Ziebas isaxavda. amasTan, sazogadoebriv problematikaze specifikuri
Sexeduleba da kvlevebis specifikuri veli (romlebic sxva mecnierebaTa
problemur sivrceebs ar emTxveoda) sociologebs TavianTi
gansakuTrebuli Sexedulebebis gamoTqmis saSualebas aZlevda, romelTac
analogi ar hqonda da amiT qmnida SesaZleblobas, wvlili SeetanaT
diskusiaSi, romlebic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis strategiul
problemebs exeboda.
1968 wels gamocemuli krebulis “amerikuli sociologia”
bolosityvaobaSi, rodesac Teoriul sociologias Seexo, amerikeli
mecnieri t. parsonsi werda, rom disciplinis mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba
adgils, romelic mas saerTo inteleqtualur kulturaSi uWiravs.
“ukanasknel ocdaaTwleulSi – aRniSnavda parsonsi – sociologiam
mniSvnelovani gadaadgileba ganicada... rikardodan moyolebuli da
Semdeg – marqsis uzarmazari popularobis periodSi – ekonomikuri
mecniereba ZiriTad disciplinad iTvleboda socialuri samyaros gagebis
saqmeSi, Tanac ekonomikisadmi interesma Seaviwrova misi winmswrebi
politikuri midgomebi. XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
mcire xniT yuradRebis centrSi moeqca fsiqologiuri Teoriebi,
gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic fsiqoanalizTan iyo dakavSirebuli;
Tumca, dRes samecniero interesebis sferoSi gadanacvlebas iwyebs
sociologia” (American Sociology – perspectives, problems, methodes, 1968). es
sityvebi 40 welze metia, rac daiwera da sociologiis mecnierebisadmi
mzardi interesi dResac ar ganelebula.
mniSvnelovania sociologiis disciplinis farglebSi (socialur
mecnierebebSi) axali kvleviTi midgomebis gageba, miTumetes, rom sxva
mecnierebebSic mravali tipis kvleviTma strategiebma didi gamoyeneba
hpova.

4
 Tumca, gverds ver avuvliT did Teoretikosebs, romlebmac wvlili
Seitanes mocemuli meTodologiebis sferoSi garkveuli Teoriuli
koncepciebis SemuSavebaSi.

sociologiuri kvlevebis ZiriTadi saSualeba gamokiTxvebia.

gamokiTxvebis industria or qvedargs moicavs – raodenobrivsa da
Tvisebrivs. ganviTarebul qveynebSi dRes qvedargebis moqmedebaTa
masStabebi TiTqmis Tanabaria, Tumca 3-4 aTwleulis win Tvisebrivi
kvlevebis CamorCenis tendencia cxadi iyo.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi empiriuli sociologiis sawyisebs ukavSirdeba.
mizezebi cxadia: es jgufi ufro axlosaa yoveldRiur urTierTobebTan,
romelzec Casaxuli mecniereba cdilobda dayrdnobas.
formalizebuli raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebi, romlebic Zlier
gansxvavebuli iyo yoveldRiuri urTierTobebidan, Tavisi (im)
droisaTvis msxvili teqnologiuri aRmoCena iyo. AaTwleulebis Semdeg
ki Tvisebrivi meTodebisadmi interesi kvlav gaZlierda. ukanasknel
wlebSi Tvisebrivi kvlevebis “universalizaciis” tendencia SeimCneva.
raodenobrivma kvlevebma ki garkveulwilad ukana planze gadainacvla.
Tvisebrivsa da raodenobriv kvlevebs Tavisi specifikuri daniSnuleba
gaaCnia da am TvalsazrisiT veranairad ver cvlian erTmaneTs. kvlevis
nebismier meTods aqvs Taviseburebebi da adekvaturi gamoyenebisaTvis
specifikur moxmarebas iTxovs.
raodenobrivi sociologiuri gamokvlevebi im kvlevaTa
saxesxvaobaa, romelsac safuZvlad albaTobis maTematikuri Teoria
udevs. am Teoriis aqsiomatur wanamZRvarTa Soris aris metad
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvari, saxeldobr is, rom gansxvavebebi
gasaanalizebel obieqtebs Soris SemosazRvrulia diskretul niSanTa
fiqsirebuli nakrebiT (erTobliobiT). amasTan mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT,
rom nebismieri konkretuli anketuri gamokiTxvis dros maxasiaTebelTa
erToblioba SezRudulia anketis kvalificirebuli kiTxvebis
raodenobiT (ricxviT), yvela sxva SesaZlo maxasiaTebeli identuradaa
miCneuli.
statistikuri tipis gamokvlevisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi
kriteriumia saimedooba, anu miRebuli Sedegebis aRwarmoeba. Tu

5
ganmeorebiT gamokiTxvas CavatarebT imave meTodikiT imave socialur
jgufSi da orive gamokiTxvis Sedegebi identuri iqneba - es niSnavs, rom
isini sando da saimedoa. DdRes aravin davobs im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom
sworad Catarebuli reprezentatuli masobrivi gamokiTxvisas
formalizebuli anketis meSveobiT avtomaturad miiRweva Sedegebis
maRali xarisxi. Tumca amiT maTi validurobis sakiTxi ar amoiwureba.
maTematikur sociologiaSi miRebulia, rom kvlevis validuroba
gadmoices rogorc gazomvis saSualebis Sesatyvisobis xarisxi imasTan
mimarTebaSi, rac unda gagvezoma (anu gasazom obieqtTan).
Tvisebrivsa da raodenobriv kvlevebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba
da mis dasadgenad unda gairkves, Tu ras warmoadgens kvlevis “Secdoma”,
ra saxis aris da ras ukavSirdeba igi?
meTodebis orive jgufi – raodenobrivicaDda Tvisebrivic -
gamokiTxvis saSualebiT axdens garkveuli situaciis modelirebas.
raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis Catarebisas Secdomis ZiriTadi wyaro
SeiZleba iyos: respondentTa mier dasmuli SekiTxvis araswori gageba,
Secdomebi maT mier sakuTari qcevis gaazrebasa da prognozSi, aseve
gulwrfelobis gamacnobierebeli an arasrulad gamacnobierebeli
elementebi, rac socialuri Nnormebis zemoqmedebas ukavSirdeba.

Mmkvlevrebi, romlebic raodenobriv meTodebs mimarTaven, Zalian

konkretulad iyeneben literaturas. igi imis saSualebas iZleva, rom
wina kvlevebis identifikacia movaxdinoT misi interesebis sferoSi, aseve
aRmovaCinoT - sad aris xarvezebi gagebis TvalsazrisiT. igi aseve
gansazRvravs (daadgens) Teoriul da konceptualur CarCoebs, sazRvrebs,
romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba, raTa mimarTuleba mieces raodenobriv
kvleviT proeqtebs da maTi daskvnebis interpretacia moxdes. Aamas garda,
specialuri Lliteratura exmareba mkvlevars mniSvnelovani Sesaswavli
cvladebis gamoyofaSi da maT Soris kavSirebis dadgenisaken gvibiZgebs.
es yvelaferi raodenobrivi kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovania imitom, rom
mkvlevrebs ZiriTadad ainteresebT cvladebs Soris kavSirebis Semowmeba
an imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor jgufdebian isini (mag., klasterebad). sanam
Seswavlas daiwyebs, mkvlevarma unda icodes, Tu romeli cvladebia
misTvis saintereso, Semdgom, rogor movaxdinos maTi interpretacia,
romlebsac Semowmebis standartuli xerxebiT vRebulobT.

6
 zogadi daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Secdomebi orive
SemTxevaSi xdeba. aseTi Secdomebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos esa Tu is
formulirebebi. amasTanave, gamocdilebis dagroveba Secdomebis
gaazrebaSi meTodikebis srulyofisa da mkvlevarTa kvalifikaciis zrdis
wyaroa. Tvisebrivi kvlevebis specifika mdgomareobs ara am kvlevebis
“uzustobaSi”, aramed imaSi, rom amgvar kvlevebSi pirveladi monacemebis
mopovebis etapsa da Sinaarsobrivi analizis etaps Soris ar aris
formalizebuli maTematikuri operaciebis rgoli, riTac
uzrunvelyofilia raodenobrivi gamokvlevebi.
dRes saqarTveloSi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodologiebis
gamoyeneba sociologiuri praqtikebis yoveldRiuri ganxorcielebis
kategoriaSi aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi SemecnebiTi da
egzistencialuri SesaZleblobebis Teoriuli gaazrebis aucilebloba.
es saSualebas mogvcems empiriuli sociologiis praqtikulad
umniSvnelod gamokvleul mxares meti yuradReba mivaqcioT. am
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Tvisebriv kvlevebze
aqcentireba, ramdenadac raodenobrivi tradicia CvenTan arsebobda,
Tvisebrivi ki TandaTanobiT ikidebs fexs. misi damkvidreba ki
mniSvnelovania, radgan sociologis egzistencialuri gamocdilebisa da
Sesaswavli individebis - adamianebis sferoa. misi SemecnebiTi
SesaZleblobebis Seswavla, realizaciis praqtika socialuri
movlenebisa da procesebis kvlevisas, mraval garemoebaTa gamo
gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens.

imis miuxedavad, rom am dargSi gamocemulia qarTvel avtorTa mier

Seqmnili naSromebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebsac studentoba
warmatebiT iyenebs saswavlo processa da saqmianobaSi, migvaCnia, rom
dRevandel qarTul sociologiur samecniero sivrceSi aRniSnuli
sakiTxebis Teoriul Seswavlas saTanado adgili ar aqvs daTmobili.

sakvlevi Temis miznebi da amocanebi – kvlevis mizans warmoadgens

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi strategiebis daxasiaTeba, rac saSualebas
mogvcems, rom isini ganvixiloT ara urTierTsapirispiro an diqotomiur
konteqstSi. am midgomebis damoukidebeli saxiT arsebobis miuxedavad,
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi maTi Tanaarseboba SesaZlebelia da

7
ufro metic, xSir SemTxvevaSi – sasurveli. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba
samecniero sferos, Tumca Sors varT im azrisagan, rom sxva saxis
(politikur, ekonomikur, marketingul, fsiqologiur, religiur
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul) kvlevebSi maTi gamoyeneba ar aris
mizanSewonili. nebismieri saxis sociologiur (da ara mxolod)
kvlevebSi am strategiebis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs srulyofili
informaciis miRebas Sesaswavli obieqtis Sesaxeb da aqedan gamomdinare,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi maTi aqtualoba, roli da mniSvneloba ioli
asaxsneli da gasagebia.
Teoriuli mizania – meTodologiur safuZvelze vaCvenoT da
davasabuToT aRniSnuli kvlevebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi da
aucilebloba Tanamedrove epoqaSi.
praqtikuli mizania - ganvsazRvroT obieqturi da subieqturi
faqtorebi, rac ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, maT gamoyenebas rogorc
damoukidebeli saxiT, ise integrirebulad.

zemoT aRniSnuli miznebis realizacia gulisxmobs garkveuli

amocanebis (rogorc zogadi, ise konkretuli xasiaTis) gadaWras:
- ganisazRvros faqtorebi, romlebic ama Tu im kvlevaSi
raodenobrivi an Tvisebrivi midgomis arCevas ganapirobebs;

- gamovavlinoT raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodologiis

wanamZRvrebi, maTi Camoyalibebis periodi qronologiur WrilSi;
- gamovlindes tendenciebi, romlebic adasturebs an uaryofs
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi strategiebis kompleqsurad gamoyenebas da
racionalurad miiCnevs mas;
- movaxdinoT kvlevis ZiriTadi komponentebis diferencireba;
- davasabuToT raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis
upiratesobebi da naklovanebi, romlebic gansazRvravs da sabolood,
kvlevis swori strategiis arCevamde mivyavarT;

- movaxdinoT erT kvleviT ciklSi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi

meTodologiebis Serwymis SesaZleblobis problemis konceptualizacia;
ZiriTadi meTodebis gamoyofa, romelic orive paradigmis farglebSi
gamoiyeneba; vaCvenoT maTi Tanmimdevruli Serwymis gansxvavebuli
logikebi.

8
 mecnieruli siaxle – sadisertacio naSromSi wamoyenebuli da
dasabuTebulia ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic mecnieruli siaxliT
xasiaTdeba:
- TanamedroveobaSi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi kvlevebis
gamoyenebis speqtris zrda obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis
Serwymisa da gaerTianebis Sedegs warmoadgens;
- warmodgenili naSromi aris saqarTvelos sivrceSi raodenobrivi
da Tvisebrivi midgomebis gamoyenebis, maTi specifikis dadgenis da
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis praqtikebis safuZvelze optimaluri
Sedegis miRwevis gzebis Ziebisa da maTi racionalobis dasabuTebis
pirveli mcdeloba da sxv.

kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri baza – efuZneba, ZiriTadad,

ucxour mkvlevarTa naSromebs (sociologiis, filosofiis, marketingisa
da ekonomikis, politikis, fsiqologiisa da sxva dargebSi), romelTa
Sorisaa aSS, evropel, ruseTis da postsabWouri sivrcis avtorTa
mecnieruli Sromebi, agreTve, qarTvel avtorTa publikaciebi
sociologiis sferoSi.
kvlevis empiriul bazad gamoyenebulia monacemebi, romlebic
uSualod avtoris mier, raodenobrivi Tu Tvisebrivi meTodikiT aris
ganxorcielebuli da ara erTi kvlevis Sedegad moZiebuli. amas garda,
gamoyenebulia ucxoeTSi Catarebuli kvlevebis bazebi, romlis moZiebac
internetis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli, agreTve, Tanamedrove qarTul
sivrceSi Sesrulebuli kvlevebis analizi. naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia
kvleviT sferoSi monawile kolegebis gamocdileba, romelTac wlebis
ganmavlobaSi mravali kvleviTi proeqti aqvT ganxorcielebuli
zemoaRniSnuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT.

naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba:

saZiebeli kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc
mokrZalebuli wvlili empiriuli sociologiis raodenobriv da
Tvisebriv meTodologiaSi;

9
 rezultatebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi
sociologiis (rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli) saswavlo kursis
SemuSavebaSi.
raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvlevebTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli
debulebebi, Cveni varaudiT, xels Seuwyobs socialur mecnierebaTa
warmomadgenlebs TavianT sferoSi empiriuli kvlevebis organizaciisa
da dagegmvis saqmeSi.

aprobacia – naSromi Sesrulebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis sociologiis mimarTulebaze, sadac moxda misi
ganxilva da aprobacia 2010 wlis 20 seqtembers.
disertaciis ZiriTadi debulebebi aprobirebulia Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa
fakultetis mier Catarebul konferenciebze warmodgenil moxsenebebSi
(2009 w. maisi, 2010 w. oqtomberi), agreTve avtoris samecniero
publikaciebSi.

10
 Tavi I

1. empiriuli sociologiis adgili sociologiuri codnis

sistemaSi

sanam Temis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis analizs SevudgebiT, mniSvnelovania

ganisazRvros empiriuli sociologiis adgili sociologiur
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi, misi damokidebuleba/mimarTeba fundamentur
(Teoriul) sociologiasTan. amisaTvis, jer unda davadginoT, Tu ras
miviCnevT zogad sociologiad (zogadsociologiur Teoriad),
ganvsazRvroT misi sagnis maxasiaTeblebi. aseve unda ganisazRvros, aris
Tu ara empiriuli sociologia damoukidebeli mecniereba (mecnierebaTa
klasi), Tu igi imave mecnierebis gansakuTrebuli rgolia, romelic mis
praqtikul mxares uzrunvelyofs.
am mizniT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, SevexoT specialur
problemaTa wres, rogoricaa misi meTodologiis Taviseburebebi,
meTodebis specifika, rac ukavSirdeba sociologiuri mecnierebis
fundamenturi principebis gamoyenebas, agreTve, mis funqciebs socialuri
sinamdvilis Semecnebasa da praqtikul dauflebaSi.
sociologiuri kvlevebi, gamomdinare im amocanebidan, romelTac
isini wyveten da im meTodebidan, romelTac ikvleven, SeiZleba ramdenime
tipad davyoT: Teoriulad da empiriulad, fundamenturad da
gamoyenebiTad.
rogorc yvela mecniereba, sociologiac ori ZiriTadi
komponentisgan Sedgeba – Teoriuli da empiriuli codnisagan. Teoriuli
codnis birTvs warmoadgens paradigma, romelic gulisxmobs socialuri
realobis ZiriTadi strategiuli elementebis urTierTqmedebisa da
kavSiris axsnas. empiriuli codnis elementebs warmoadgens socialuri
faqtebi anu konkretuli kvlevis procesSi empiriul monacemTa
mecnierulad dadgenili sistemebi, romlebic sakvlev movlenas exeba,
agreTve, statistikuri da eqsperimentuli monacemebi, klasificirebuli,
sistematizebuli da tipologizebuli informaciis sxvadasxva saxeebi.
Teoriuli codna, Cveulebriv, gadmoicema abstraqtuli formiT, rogorc

11
abstraqtuli cnebebis, ise maTematikuri enis meSveobiT; empiriuli codna
gamoixateba konkretul empiriul monacemTa saxiT.
Tuki Teoriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebi moicaven hipoTezaTa
erTobliobas, Teoriebsa da sxvadasxva donis erTobebis modelebs,
romlebic mocemuli socialuri da societaluri sistemisa da misi
struqturuli elementebis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis procesebs
xsnis, empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevebi orientirebulia socialuri
faqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis empiriul Seswavlaze, romlebic
socialuri realobis Semadgeneli elementebia.
kvlevis empiriuli da Teoriuli tipebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis
dros ori ZiriTadi momentia gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirvel rigSi, uSualo
codna, rogorc adamianis grZnobis organoebze mocemuli obieqtis
zemoqmedebis Sedegi (faqtebis damafiqsirebeli codna), da meore,
abstraqtuli codna - codna Tvisebebis, kavSirebisa da
damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, rac axasiaTebs rig konkretul socialur
obieqtebsa da uSualod damkvirveblebs (universaluri codna), anu
arsebobs realuri kavSirebi da damokidebulebebi, romelzec dakvirveba
xdeba da romelze dakvirvebac ar xdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare empiriul codnas miekuTvneba faqtebis
aRmnusxveli/mafiqsirebeli, xolo Teoriuls – universaluri codna.
kvlevis aRniSnuli ori tipis gamoyofa sociologiaSi – Teoriulisa da
empiriulis – sruliad pirobiTia. rogorc cnobilia, sociologia
empiriuli mecnierebaa, ramdenadac faqtebidan amodis. faqtebis Seswavla,
maTze dakvirveba, gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, sociologiis meTodis
pirvelxarisxovan elements warmoadgens.
imavdroulad, sociologia Teoriuli mecnierebac aris, ramdenadac
mis winaSe dgas faqtebidan universaluri codnisken svlis amocana.
Teoriuli sociologiuri codna empiriuls emyareba, magram empiriuli
komponentis sagrZnobi siWarbe Teoriul komponentze mecnierebis
ganviTarebis maRali donis mniSvneladi indikatori ar aris/ aseTad ver
CaiTvleba. mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanoni yovelTvis iyo da aris
Teoriuli codnis upiratesoba empiriulTan SedarebiT. sabolood,
swored Teoriuli codna ganapirobebs mecnierebis ganviTarebas, mis
miRwevebsa da praqtikulad gamoyenebas.

12
 empiriuli kvlevebi aris rogorc fundamenturi, ise gamoyenebiTi
saxis. fundamenturi socialuri gamokvlevebi miznad isaxavs Sesaswavli
sagnis Sesaxeb mecnieruli warmodgenebis ganviTarebasa da srulyofas.
gamoyenebiTi – emsaxureba romelime konkretuli socialuri problemis
gadaWras. sxvadasxva socialuri sistemis Teoriuli da empiriuli
Seswavlis safuZvelze, sociologias SeuZlia Rirebuli praqtikuli
rekomendaciebisa da dasabuTebuli prognozebis micema-ganxorcieleba.
empiriuli da Teoriuli sociologiuri kvlevebi, romlebic
mecnieruli Teoriuli principebis safuZvelze sruldeba, gamoyenebiTi
sociologiuri codnis miRebis garkveul etapebad gvevlineba.

Tu kvlevebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istorias gadavxedavT,

pirvel socialur kvlevad, SesaZloa, miviCnioT is, romelzec jer kidev
herodote miuTiTebda - egviptelTa da maTi Semosavlebis aRwera,
romelic Cvens eramde 3000 wliT adre Catarda.
empiriuli sociologia socialuri kvlevis formiT sam evropul
qveyanaSi Caisaxa – inglisSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, gansakuTrebiT
ki, XIX-XX saukuneebis Sesayarze, aSS-Si hpova gavrceleba.
inglissa da safrangeTSi socialuri kvlevebi jer kidev XVII
saukuneSi iRebs saTaves, “politikuri ariTmetikisa” da “ socialuri
fizikis” droidan (sityva “sociologiis” damkvidrebamde bevrad adre).
XVII saukunis ingliselma politikurma ariTmetikosebma (uiliam peti,
jon graunti, gregori kingi da edmund halei) SeimuSaves socialuri
procesebis raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi.; konkretulad ki, j.
grauntma 1662 wels gamoiyena isini sikvdilianobis donis analizis
procesSi. empiriuli kvlevebis meTodologiisa da meTodikis ganviTareba
im periodSi, ZiriTadad, bunebismetyvelTa mier xdeboda. am
TvalsazrisiT e. halei, p. laplasi, a. lavuazie sociologiis
damfuZnebelTa ricxvSi moxvdnen.
Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologia sawyis etapze erTmaneTisagan
garkveulwilad mowyvetilad viTardeboda. swored am niSnis mixedviT
xdeboda klasikuri sociologiis Camoyalibeba XIX saukuneSi, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo, erTis mxriv imiT, rom o. kontisa da h. spenseris
makrosociologiuri Teoriebi principulad ar uSvebdnen mikro doneze

13
Semowmebas, meore mxriv, isini mxolod warsulze iyvnen orientirebulni
(sociologia mTlianobaSi yalibdeboda, rogorc istoriuli
sociologia), xolo empiriuli gamokvlevebi eZRvneboda Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis mZafr problemebs. ase iyo XIX saukunis bolomde, sanam e.
diurkemi da m. veberi ar dainteresdnen meTodologiiT. mxolod XX
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daiwyo Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiis
gaerTianeba, SemuSavda raodenobrivi meTodologia (gansxvavebiT
Tvisebrivisagan – e. diurkemi, g. zimeli, f. tionisi da m. veberi), romlis
gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebic iyvnen p. lazarsfeldi, r. mertoni, j.
landbergi da sxvebi.
Teoriuli sociologiuri azris empiriul kvlevasTan dakavSirebis
warmatebuli mcdeloba hqonda franguli sociologiis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenels emil diurkems. es saSualebas gvaZlevs, istoriulad
ganvsazRvroT momenti, rodesac frangulma sociologiam swori gziT
iwyo ganviTareba. Tumca, filosofiam mis formirebaze didi gavlena
moaxdina, raTa misi warmodgenebi sociologiis, rogorc socialur
faqtebze mecnierebis empiriuli safuZvlis Sesaxeb konkretul kvlevebad
qceuliyo. misi mosazrebebi gacnobierebul empirizmsa da
gaucnobierebel apriorizms Soris meryeobda.
inglisSi mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani jon hovardi
iyo, romelic XVII saukuneSi cdilobda cixeebis reformas da am mizniT
Zalze obieqturad da sistematizeburad agrovebda faqtebs. amas Sedegad
is mohyva, rom XIX saukuneSi Carlz da meri butebis mier konkretul da
sarwmuno faqtebze dayrdnobiT, Raribi xalxis mdgomareoba gaxda
aRweris obieqti. 1910-ian wlebs miekuTvneba artur boulis naSromi,
romelic 5 saSualo sididis samrewvelo qalaqis SedarebiT Seswavlas
mieZRvna. swored man gamoiyena pirvelad statistikuri SerCeva (20-dan
erTi saxlis arCeva) da Seecada zustad daecva mis mier gamoyenebuli
kvlevis teqnika.
safrangeTSi f. le plem gamoiyena meTodi, romelsac amerikelebma
“case study” uwodes1. man mouwoda ekonomistebs, inJinrebsa da
sociologebs, SeeswavlaT mSromelTa cxovrebis pirobebi da Seecada,
raodenobrivi monacemebis mosapoveblad gamoeyenebina “CarTuli

1
mas ganixilavdnen, rogorc “monografiul kvlevas”

14
dakvirvebis” meTodi, agreTve, sxva xerxebic. misi ocwliani dauRalavi
kvlevis Sedegia eqvstomeuli naSromi ”evropeli mSromelebi”.
empirikosTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo frangul-belgiuri
warmoSobis mecnieri, maTematikosi, XIX saukunis gamoCenili
statistikosi adolf ketle. swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba mecnierebis
istoriaSi socialuri statistikis gadasvla faqtebis Segrovebisa da
aRweridan myar maCveneblebs/cvladebs Soris korelaciebis dadgenamde
anu statistikur kanonzomierebamde.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi germanuli statistika warmoadgenda
geografiis, istoriis, demografiis, ekonomikis, medicinis Sesaxeb
cnobaTa konglomerats, xolo empiriuli sociologiis sawyisebi XIX
saukunis meore naxevars ukavSirdeba da momdinareobs franguli da
inglisuri empiriuli skolebis ideebidan. 1872 wels germaniSi Seiqmna
empiriul kvlevebis ZiriTadi da faqtobrivad erTaderTi centri -
“socialuri politikis sazogadoeba”, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa
evropul inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi. am sazogadoebis saqmianobas
ukavSirdeba politekonomiis germanuli istoriuli skolis
warmomadgenlebis, kerZod, g. Smoleris, aseve, m. veberis, a. veberis, f.
tionisis Semoqmedeba. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo momavali kvlevis
programis winaswari koleqtiuri ganxilva, sakvanZo problemebis
gansazRvra, romlis Sesaxebac xdeboda informaciis mopoveba da am
problemebis uSualod anketis kiTxvebad formulireba.

pirvelad kvlevis meTodologiaze yuradRebis aqcentirebas da

kiTxvebis sworad Camoyalibebas yuradReba miaqcia maqs veberma, swored,
misi wyalobiT moxda aRniSnuli sazogadoebis empiriuli moRvaweobis
ayvana Tvisebrivad axal doneze. Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi maqs
veberma, pirdapir Tu iribad, eqvs kvlevaSi miiRo monawileoba – is
TviTon adgenda kvlevis programebsa da anketebs, gamosca naSromi
germanuli soflis meurneobis mSromelebis Sesaxeb. igi SesaniSnavad
flobda raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodologias da SedarebiT istoriul
monacemTa analizs (Добренков, В., Кравченко, А., 2001).
meTodologiur planSi dasavleT evropasa da danarCen msoflios
konkretuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT magaliTs yovelTvis aSS
aZlevda.

15
 XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi empiriuli sociologiis
ganviTarebis msoflio lideri aSS gaxda. 1910 wlisTvis qveyanaSi
daaxloebiT 3000 empiriuli kvleva ganxorcielda uaxlesi statistikuri
teqnikiT. aSS-Si, ise rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, pirveli
kvlevebi mosaxleobis garkveuli jgufebis cxovrebis pirobebis aRweras
warmoadgenda, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi humanuri da politikuri motivebiT
da arsebuli situaciis reformirebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli.
Tumca, es kvlevebi ufro Jurnalisturi xasiaTis iyo, vidre
sociologiuri. j. landbergma (30-ian wlebSi) Camoayaliba raodenobrivi
meTodologiis centraluri principebi: operacionalizmi, kvantifikacia
da biheviorizmi. p. lazarsfeldis, g. bleilokis, p. brijmenis, u.
ogbornis, r. mertonis ZalisxmeviT maTematikur-statistikuri da
meTodologiuri fundamenti Caeyara empiriul sociologias. maTematikis
SeRwevam sociologiaSi es ukanaskneli gaamdidra klasteruli,
faqtoruli, korelaciuri da monacemTa analizis sxva meTodebiT;
fsiqologiasTan urTierTqmedebam ki igi miiyvana movlenaTa gazomvis
zusti meTodebis ganvTarebasTan, aseTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes testebi,
skalebi, sociometria, proeqciuli, fsiqodiagnostikuri procedurebi da
sxv.
1930 wels, krizisis periodSi, gamokiTxvebma aSS-Si ufro farTe
masStabebi miiRo, Tanac gaizarda maTi zemoqmedeba politikur
gadawyvetilebebze. am transformacias orma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli: erTi
mxriv, meTodebma sizustis maRal xarisxs miaRwia, meore mxriv –
sagrZnoblad gaizarda saxelmwifos funqciebi. 20-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli, amerikeli sociologebi TavianT kvlevebs ufro
mecnierulad miudgnen. isini ar kmayofildebodnen sxvis mier
mowodebuli informaciiT da TviTon midiodnen kvlevis adgilebSi, raTa
dakvirvebisa da monacemTa mopovebis meTodebisTvis meti sizuste
SeeZinaT. amiT ganviTareba daiwyo sociologiurma gamokvlevebma,
romlebic mecnierul miznebs isaxavda, gansakuTrebiT ki, kvlevis im
saxeebma, romelsac ingliselebma “savele kvlevebi” (field studies) uwodes.
nebismieri empiriuli gamokvlevis cnebiTi sistemis struqtura
Sedgeba qvesistemebisgan. pirveli qvestruqtura momdinareobs Teoriuli
paradigmidan, romlis farglebSic muSaobs sociologi, meore –

16
sagnobrivi sferodan da saSualo donis Teoriebidan, mesames
ganapirobebs informaciis Segrovebis meTodikis specifika, meoTxes –
monacemTa analizis logika; da bolos mexuTe warmoiSveba maTematikuri
konstruqtebis (meTodebis, modelebis) enisagan.

rogorc frangi filosofosi da sociologi (rusuli warmoSobis)

J. gurviCi aRniSnavda, XX saukunis sociologiis amocana ar aris
gadaWras kacobriobis, progresis bedis, pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas
Soris konfliqtis, fsiqikurisa da socialuris, sociologiur
kanonzomierebaTa problemebi.
magram, Tu davukvirdebiT, gurviCis sityvebidan gamomdinare,
SesaZloa, gaCndes SekiTxva – yovelive es rogorRa modis TanxmobaSi
sociologiuri mecnierebis mzard ganviTarebasTan? dRes sociologia
aris Tavisi konceptualuri maragis, meTodologiis, instrumentariebis
gadaxedvisa da gadaazrebis procesSi.
zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvlevisas gverds ver avuvliT
sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlas. meTodologiebisa da kvleviTi
instrumentebis gadaxedvis sakiTxic swored maT srulyofas emsaxureba,
ramdenadac raodenobrivi Tu Tvisebrivi kvleviTi
midgomebis/strategiebis gamoyeneba iZleva SesaZleblobas, movipovoT
informacia, romelic maqsimaluri adekvaturobiT gamoxatavs
sazogadoebriv azrs.

2. sazogadoebrivi azri da sociologia

sazogadoebrivi azri sazogadoebis cnobierebis, interesebis,

ganwyobis, sazogadoebis jgufebis da klasebis gancdebis, grZnobebisa da
damokidebulebebis realur mdgomareobas gadmoscems. es aris socialuri
erTobebis damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis problemebisadmi.
termini inglisuri warmomavlobisaa da igi pirvelad, 1759 wels
Tavis saparlamento sityvaSi gamoiyena jon solbernma.

17
 ra aris misi arsi? pirvel rigSi, es aris adamianTa azrobrivi
Semoqmedebis Sedegi, meore – sazogadoebrivi azris fomirebisas SerCevis
kriteriumia sazogadoebrivi interesebi da moTxovnebi, mesame – masobriv
msjelobebs sxvadasxva xarisxis obieqturoba aqvT, xandaxan, roca
mecnierul fundaments moklebulia, mcdari azri iqmneba da gansjis
saganic xdeba, meoTxe – sazogadoebrivi azri adamianebs praqtikuli
saqmianobisken ubiZgebs da a. S.
sazogadoebrivi azris subieqti aris xalxi. am ukanasknels Tavisi
Sida struqtura aqvs, romlis elementebsac warmoadgens jgufebi,
calkeuli fenebi, sxva erTobebi, calkeuli adamianebi. swored am
CarCoebSi iqmneba da yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi azri.
sazogadoebrivi azris obieqti aris is, ris gamoc am azris
formireba xdeba. rac metad exeba obieqti adamianTa interesebs, miT
metad reliefurad ikveTeba azri. igi, SesaZloa, stiqiuradac Seiqmnas da
Segnebuladac. misi Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi saSualebebia - media
saSualebebi, politikuri agitacia, zepiri propaganda, piradi
urTierTobebi.

sazogadoebrivi azris 5 aspeqti

gelapis Ggegma iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebrivi azris xuTi
gansxvavebuli aspeqtis kvlevas. esenia:
1. gamokiTxulis/respondentis codna sagnis Sesaxeb
2. misi zogadi Sexedulebebi
3. mizezebi, Tu ratom iziarebs igi am Sexedulebebs
4. misi specifikuri Sexedulebebi problemis specifikuri
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb
5. gamoTqmuli azris intensivoba
xuTganzomilebian planSi SekiTxvebis xuTi kategoria gamoiyeneba:
mfiltravi, Ria, mizezobrivi, specifikuri, Sexedulebis intensivobis
gamomxatveli.
am gegmas sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis etaloni SeiZleba
ewodos. magram axla gamokiTxvis mravali saxe arsebobs: Ria regionuli
da zogadnacionaluri gamokiTxvebi; daxuruli konfidenciuri klientis,
firmebis, asociaciebis, kavSirebis da sxva organizaciebis SekveTiT da
sxv.
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 aSS-Si aseT regularul safuZvelze muSaobs d. gelapis instituti,
l. herisis, d. iankeloviCis firma. aSS-s sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis
instituti da msgavsi organizaciebi dawesebulebaTa 5%-s Seadgens, 95%-s
firmebi Seadgens, romlebic kerZo konfidenciur dakveTebs asruleben.

sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlisadmi damokidebuleba sainteresoa

pier burdiesTan. igi Tavis naSromSi “socialuri sivrce: veli da
praqtikebi” erT Tavs uZRvnis imis argumentacias, rom sazogadoebrivi
azri ar arsebobs, anu eWvqveS ayenebs mis arsebobas da gvaZlevs misi
daniSnulebisa da funqcionirebis kritikul da mwvave analizs (Bourdieu,
P., 1997). igi amodis sami ZiriTadi postulatidan, romlebic qveviT
mogvyavs:
1. yoveli gamokiTxva, azris gageba gulisxmobs, rom yvelas SeuZlia
hqondes sakuTari azri, an sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, Sexedulebis/azrebis
warmoeba yvelasTvis aris xelmisawvdomi, rasac p. burdie sakamaTod
miiCnevs.
2. aseve gulisxmobs, rom TiTqosda yvela azri mniSvnelovania. misi
azriT, es ase ar aris da SexedulebaTa (romelTac erTnairi realuri
Zala ara aqvT) sumirebis/Sejamebis faqts mivyavarT azrsmoklebuli
artefaqtebis warmoSobamde.
3. es postulati farulad vlindeba: is martivi faqti, rom yvelas
erTi da igive SekiTxva daesmis, gulisxmobs hipoTezas konsensusis
arsebobis Sesaxeb problematikasTan damokidebulebaSi, anu Tanxmobaze,
rom SekiTxva imsaxurebs imas, rom davsvaT (davusvaT respondentebs).
samive postulati, burdies azriT, deformaciaTa mTel serias
Seicavs (winaswar gansazRvravs), romlebic Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad,
rac ar unda mkacrad iyos Sesrulebuli meTodologiuri moTxovnebi
monacemTa Segrovebisa da analizis procesSi.
sazogadoebrivi kvlevebiT SemoTavazebuli problematika, p. burdies
azriT, politikur interesebs eqvemdebareba da es aisaxeba, erTsa da
imave dros, pasuxebis mniSvnelobebze da im mniSvnelobebzec, romlebic
Sedegebis gamoqveynebas eniWeba. sazogadoebrivi azris zondaJs p. burdie
ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri moqmedebis instruments da miiCnevs, rom
misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqcia aris iluziis Seqmna, rom
19
sazogadoebrivi azri arsebobs rogorc imperativi, romelic
individualuri azrebis SekrebiT da im ideis danergviT miiReba, rom
arsebobs azrebis saSualo ariTmetikuli anu saSualo azri. procentebSi
gamoxatuli da gadmocemuli sazogadoebrivi azri, romlis miwodebac
mediis meSveobiT xdeba, wminda artefaqtia da misi daniSnulebaa,
dafaros is, rom sazogadoebrivi azris mdgomareoba moecmul momentSi
aris ZalTa sistema da araferia imaze araadekvaturi - gamoxato
sazogadoebrivi azri procentuli damokidebulebebis saSualebiT... misi
fundamenturi efeqti aseTia” daamtkico Sexeduleba sazogadoebrivi
azris erTsulovnebis Sesaxeb, anu moaxdinos garkveuli politikis
legitimireba da ganamtkico ZalTa damokidebuleba, romelsac is
efuZneba an romlebic mas xdian SesaZlebels.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis praqtikul aspeqtebs didi
mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebisTvis.

3. kvlevis meTodebi. kvlevis struqtura, tipebi da formebi

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi da kerZod, sociologia nomoTetur

mecnierebad iTvleboda, anu iseT mecnierebad, romelic Seiswavlida
movlenis zogad, Cveul da ganmeorebad aspeqtebs, romelsac kanonebis
dadgena Tu ara, ganzogadeba da winaswar ganWvreta/danaxva mainc SeeZlo.
magram nebismier mecnierebas aqvs aseve ideografiuli aspeqtic, anu
gulisxmobs garkveuli raodenobis calkeuli faqtebis Seswavlas.
amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom rogorc ki konkretuli kvlevebis
sakiTxi dadga dRis wesrigSi, nomoTeturi meTodis upiratesoba da
gadaWarbebuli roli eWvqveS dadga.

meTodis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili ekava vindelbandis

SemoqmedebaSi. igi ganixilavda konkretulad istoriuli mecnierebis
meTodis specifikis problemas, romelic transcendentaluri
Rirebulebebis gacnobierebisa da gardaqmna-danergvis procesia.
gadamwyvet gansxvavebad “bunebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebsa” da “gonis Sesaxeb

20
mecnierebebs” (dilTeis terminologiiT) Soris igi meTodis mixedviT
gansxvavebas miiCnevda. Tuki sabunebismetyvelo meTodi zogadi kanonebis
gamovlenazea orientirebuli, istoriul codnaSi individualuri
movlenebis aRweraa aqcentirebuli. pirvel meTods vindelbandma
nomoTeturi, xolo meores – idegrafiuli uwoda. igi miiCnevda, rom erTi
da imave sagnis kvleva orive meTodiT aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca
nomoTetur mecnierebaSi prioritetulia kanonmdebare meTodi;
istoriuli yofis saidumloebebi, romlebic Tavisi individualuri
ganumeoreblobiT xasiaTdeba, mxolod ideografiuli meTodiT miiRweva,
ramdenadac zogadi kanonebi, principSi, araTanazomadia erTeul
konkretul arsebobasTan. aq yovelTvis aris raRac, rac zogadi cnebebiT
ver gamoixateba da adamianis mier gacnobierebulia rogorc
“individualuri Tavisufleba”. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom am ori
meTodis dayvana raime erT safuZvelze SeuZlebelia.

nomoTeturi meTodi orientirebulia pirovnebis, rogorc TvisebaTa

da maxasiaTebelTa erTobliobis gagebaze normasTan Sepirispirebis
gziT, raTa gamoavlinos yvelasTvis saerTo pirovnuli Tvisebebi.
raodenobriv meTodebs miakuTvneben nomoTeturi meTodebis klass –
es aris obieqturi paradigma (standartizebuli testebi normasTan
SedarebisTvis). tardeba maSin, rodesac aucilebelia raodenobrivi
damokidebulebebis garkveva ama Tu im problemisadmi da pasuxobs
kiTxvebs – ramdeni? ra sixSiriT?

ideografiuli meTodiT xdeba pirovnebis, rogorc erTiani

sistemis, gageba pirovnebis individualuri Tvisebebis gamovlenis gziT.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi ki ideografiul saxeobas miekuTvneba – es
aris subieqturi paradigma (dausrulebeli frazebi, proeqciuli
meTodikebi). tardeba, roca aucilebelia qceviTi modelebis garkveva. es
aris Sinaarsobrivi kvleva da pasuxobs kiTxvebs - ra? ratom?

sociologia, rogorc mecnieruli codnis damoukidebeli dargi,

Tavisi sagnis Sesaswavlad specifikuri meTodebis erTobliobas moixmars
da rogorc cnobilia, isini Teoriulad da empiriulad iyofa.

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 Teoriuli kvlevis instruments sociologiaSi, ise rogorc
filosofiaSi refleqsia warmoadgens, rac Seswavlisa da Sedarebis gziT
raimes gaazrebis process niSnavs. axali mecnieruli codnis generireba
xdeba arsebuli Teoriebis, sxvadasxva mecnierTa ideebis safuZvelze.
Teoriul meTodebTan erTad sociologia iyenebs empiriul
meTodebs, romlis amosaval masalas warmoadgens msjelobebi,
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi, socialuri faqtebi,
azrobrivi indikatorebi, movlenebi da procesebi, romlis miRebasa da
sistematizebasac cdilobs sociologi garkveuli meTodebis meSveobiT,
rogoric aris pirveladi sociologiuri informaciis mopovebisa da
damuSavebis meTodebi.
meTodebis gansakuTrebul jgufs warmoadgens sociologiur
gamokvlevebSi farTod gamoyenebuli maTematikuri statistikis meTodebi,
rac pirveladi sociologiuri informaciis analizisa da interpretaciis
da, agreTve, miRebuli monacemebis verifikaciis saSualebas iZleva.

sociologiuri kvlevis saxeebi - kvlevis sagnis analizis siRrmis,

agreTve, gadasaWreli amocanebis xasiaTis mixedviT empiriuli
sociologiuri kvlevis Semdeg saxeebs ganasxvaveben:
 dazverviTi (pilotaJuri) kvleva;
 aRweriTi kvleva;
 analitikuri kvleva.

dazverviTi anu pilotaJuri kvleva sacdeli saxea, romlis

daniSnulebac aris kvlevis momzadebis xarisxis Semowmeba. igi ufro
gamartivebuli programiTa da Sekvecili instrumentiT aris
warmodgenili. amgvari kvleva saSualebas iZleva dazustdes miznebi,
hipoTezebi, kvlevis amocanebi, anu xdeba kvlevis instrumentis gamocda,
daxvewa da dazusteba. sakvlevi erTobliobis moculoba msgavs kvlevebSi
didi ar aris da 20-dan 80-mde respondents Seadgens.
aRweriTi kvleva SedarebiTi rTuli saxeobaa. misi mizani iseTi
empiriuli cnobebis moZiebaa, romlebic SedarebiT erTian warmodgenas
qmnian Sesaswavli obieqtebisa da misi struqturuli elementebis Sesaxeb.
man unda asaxos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebi da tendenciebi. igi

22
sakmaod dawvrilebiT SemuSavebuli programisa da ukve aproborebuli
kvlevis instrumentis safuZvelze xorcieldeba.
analitikuri kvleva zemoT CamoTvlilTa Soris kvlevis yvelaze
CaRrmavebul saxes warmoadgens. misi mizania ara mxolod aRweros
Sesaswavli socialuri fenomenis struqtura, aramed gansazRvros da
axsnas is faqtorebi, romlebic mis ZiriTad raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
parametrebs, mis xasiaTsa da specifikas ganapirobeben. axsna ki, Tavis
mxriv, Teoriis SemuSavebasa da Semowmebas gulisxmobs, romlis
safexurebrivi komponentebis gamoyofa sainteresod aqvs warmodgenili d.
vauss (De vaus, D. 2002)

empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevis struqtura – nebismieri

empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevis sawyis etapze aucilebelia
ganisazRvros sakvlevi problema, kvlevis obieqti da sagania.
sakvlevi problemis Seswavlas sociologi empiriuli kvlevis
meSveobiT axdens. “sakvlevi problemis zust, mkafio formulirebasa da
misi aqtualobis gansazRvras arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs kvlevis
procesisaTvis.
swored sakvlevi problemis aqtualuri aspeqtebis mixedviT unda
SeirCes kvlevis obieqti _ is socialuri realoba, romlis kvlevac
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Seswavlis optimalur saSualebas mogvcems.
nebismieri socialuri realoba kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. misi yvela
parametris aRwera/daxasiaTeba SeuZlebelia da arc aris saWiro.
araarsebiTi parametrebis Seswavla mxolod zedmetad gaarTulebs,
xels SeuSlis kvlevis process. amitom, unda dakonkretdes kvlevis sa-
gani anu is, Tu ra aspeqtiT SeviswavloT SerCeuli obieqti.
kvlevis efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania
kvlevis miznis formulireba.
empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevis mizani SeiZleba iyos
garkveuli socialuri procesebis regulireba, marTva, prognozireba da
sxva.
kvlevis miznis zusti formulireba momdevno etapebis
mizanmimarTulad warmarTvis, calkeuli aspeqtebis aqcentirebis
saSualebas iZleva.

23
 kvlevis miznis Sesabamisad xdeba im konkretuli nabijebis anu
kvlevis amocanebis Camoyalibeba, romelTa ganxorcielebamac unda uzru-
nvelyos miznis miRweva” (durgliSvili, n. 2006).

4. raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi tradicia – istoriuli

wanamZRvrebi

terminebi “kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi” da “Tvisebrivi

sociologia” dRes sxvadasxva qveynis sociologiuri publikaciebis
leqsikonSi myarad damkvidrda. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dasavlur
socialur mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli iyo pozitivisturi meTodologia,
romelic orientirebuli iyo sabunebismetyvelo kvleviT sqemebze,
kriteriumebsa da standartebze. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi empiriul
sociologiaSi dominanturi pozicia ekava kvlevebs, romelTa mizansac
Seadgenda wamoyenebuli hipoTezebis Semowmeba formalizebuli
meTodebisa da gazomviTi procedurebis daxmarebiT. tradiciuli
empiriuli sociologiis, romelic samecniero literaturaSi rogorc
raodenobrivi, pozitivisturi, normatuli da a.S. iwodeboda,
gamZafrebuli kritika mxolod XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo.
ZiriTadad, igi momdinareobda fenomenologiuri, internacionistuli da
eTnomeTodologiuri mimarTulebebidan/mimdinareobebodan da mimarTuli
iyo ara mxolod sociologiur kvlevebSi gamoyenebul formalizaciisa
da kvantifikaciis procedurebze, agreTve, socialuri realobis bunebis
sabaziso (xSirad implicitur) wanamZRvrebze, romlebic raodenobrivi
midgomis safuZvelSi devs. pozitivisturi orientaciis sociologiasTan
diskusiis procesSi viTardeboda ara marto alternatiuli Teoriuli
programebi, aramed xorcieldeboda aqtiuri savele samuSaoebi,
romelSic upiratesoba eniWeboda monacemTa mopovebis/Segrovebis e.w.
Tavisufal, arastruqturirebul, interpretaciul/-torul, Tvisebriv
meTodebs. sabolood, am kvleviTi sferos ganxilva/aRiareba moxda
rogorc sociologiis savsebiT damoukidebeli dargisa, romelsac

24
gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari Teoriuli, meTodologiuri da meToduri
arsenali. mis dasaxasiaTeblad dRes yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba termini
“Tvisebrivi sociologia”, dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi igi
warmoadgens samecniero mimarTulebas, romelsac aqvs paradigmuli
maxasiaTeblebi, rac Teoriuli koncepciebis, meTodologiuri
midgomebisa da kvlevis konkretuli meTodebis urTierSekavSirebulobiTa
da erTianobaSi vlindeba”.

Tezisi sociologiis Teoriuli, sagnobrivi da meToduri

araerTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb CvenTvis mniSvnelovania imitomac, rom
nebismieri meTodis SesaZleblobebi da misi roli sxva meTodebs Soris
ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes sworad, misi warmoSobisa da im amocanebis
konteqstidan amovardnilad, romlebic mas Tavdapirvelad unda gadaeWra,
aseve, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT am meTodis “eqspansiis” procesebs sxva
sagnobriv sferoebze.

Tu maqsimalurad gavamartivebT, empiriuli sociologiis meTodebis

ganviTarebis istoria misi Casaxvis momentidan dRevandelobamde amgvarad
gamoiyureba.

rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTad empiriul meTodad, romliTac pirveli

Taobis sociologebi (f. tionisi, e. diurkemi, g. zimeli da sxvebi)
sargeblobdnen, miCneulia/iTvleba dakvirveba, Tanac ara CarTuli
dakvirveba am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, aramed yoveldRiuri, yofiTi,
“cxovrebiseuli”, romelsac emateboda literaturis Seswavla,
kolegebTan urTierToba da sxv.

sociologiur saqmianobaSi sistematuri empiriuli masalis

gamoyenebis pirveli mcdelobebi XX saukunis dasawyiss miekuTvneba. im
droisTvis empiriul monacemTa ZiriTadi saxeebi iyo werilebi, dRiurebi,
sasamarTlo saqmeebi, zepiri istoriebi, mogvianebiT - avtobiografiebi,
kidev ufro gvian - specsamsaxurebidan mowodebuli agenturuli saqmeebi
meTodebi, romelic CarTul dakvirvebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. Aase rom,
pirveli etapi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Tvisebrivi. maSindeli
kvlevebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba damnaSaveobis socialuri
25
mizezebis Seswavla iyo, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebsa da mozardebs
Soris. MmogvianebiT, “didi depresiis” dasawyisidan moyolebuli,
Crdilovani ekonomikis kriminaluri mxareebis fokusireba moxda.
raodenobrivi formalizebuli gamokiTxvebi aSS-Si 20-iani wlebidan
iRebs saTaves. Aam saxem maleve hpova gavrceleba da damkvidrda.
mniSvnelovania, rom raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis warmoSobis sferos
Tavidan araferi hqonia saerTo sociologiis damfuZnebeli mamebis
Teoriul SromebTan, arc pirvel empiriul kvlevebTan, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, damnaSaveTa pirovnebis genezissa da im wlebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel sxva problemebs (rac maSin Seiswavleboda) eZRvneboda.
Aamave wlebs miekuTvneba auditoriebis masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebisa da reklamis raodenobrivi Seswavlis mcdelobebi.
MmiCneulia da arc Tu usafuZvlod, rom axalma raodenobrivma
meTodebma arsebiTad Seaviwrova wina “Tvisebrivi” tradicia, Tavis
Tavisken moizida da gadmoanacvla sazogadoebrivi interesebis fokusi,
aqedan gamomdinare, finansuri da sxva resursebi. Aaqve aRsaniSnavia, rom
evropuli sociologiuri skolebi, romlebic, SesaZlebelia, amerikulis
alternatiuli yofiliyo, am dros omisSemdgom ekonomikur krizisSi
moeqcnen da sabolood ganadgurdnen II msoflio omis gamo. Oomis
Semdgom evropaSi ramdenime aTwleuliT damkvidrda “amerikanizaciis
epoqa” anu, roca kvlav wamoweul evropul skolebs SeeZloT mxolod
amerikuli miRwevebis recipientebi yofiliyvnen (Белановский А.1996).
Mmasobrivi gamokiTxvebis SemuSaveba da damkvidreba did
teqnologiur miRwevad mogvevlina, romlis safuZvelzec ganviTarebul
qveynebSi mTliani ekonomikuri dargi “gamokiTxvebis industria”
Camoyalibda, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganuyofel elementad iqca.
am dargis mniSvneloba arsebiTad mas mere gaizarda, rac masobrivi
gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze daiwyes regularuli marketinguli kvlevebi,
romlebic damatebiT mZlavr (da politikasTan SedarebiT ufro
stabilur) dafinansebis wyarod iqca.
sociologiuri ganaTlebis sistema, ra Tqma unda, ver darCeboda am
procesebs miRma. formalizebuli gamokiTxvis meTodebi, monacemTa
mopovebisa da damuSavebis meTodebis CaTvliT, sociologiuri
ganaTlebisa da akademiuri sociologiis Semadgenel nawilad iqca.

26
formalizebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi aRmoCnda informaciis masivebi,
Tanac sakmaod moxerxebuli sxvadasxva maTematikuri operaciebisaTvis,
maT Soris egm-s saSualebiT. Aase gaCnda maTematikuri sociologia,
romelsac Tavisi miRwevebi hqonda, magram man ise Zlier moaxdina
sociologiuri ganaTlebis procesis formalizeba, rom masSi
humanitaruli mimarTulebebi Seaviwrova.
Mmasobrivi gamokiTxvebis teqnologiam da misma Tanmxlebma
maTematikurma meTodebma didi gavlena moaxdina mTlianobaSi
sociologiaze misi yvela dargis CaTvliT. Ees gavlena udavoa, magram
araerTmniSvnelovani. Cveni miznebisaTvis mniSvnelovania mxolod imis
dadgena, sad da ratom warmoiSva (gaCnda) “mkvlevarTa mzardi
daukmayofilebloba masobrivi gamokiTxvebis zedapirulobiT”.
sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu 50-ian
wlebamde gamartivebulad SegveZlo empiriuli sociologiis ganxilva,
rogorc raRac erTianis da masSi Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi periodis
gamoyofa, Semdgom aseTi gamartiveba aramarTebulia. AamasTan
dakavSirebiT aucilebelia meTodikuri dinamikis ganxilva, sul mcire
sam avtonomiur sferoSi: Teoriul sociologiaSi, sociologiuri
ganaTlebis sistemasa da komerciul sociologiur kvlevebSi (Bozon, M.
1992).
Teoriuli sociologiis da masTan dakavSirebuli empiriuli
kvlevebis ganviTareba marketingulisagan damoukideblad/avtonomiurad
xdeboda da es sakmaod rTuli gza aRmoCnda.
30-ian wlebSi aSS-Si Camoyalibda Zlieri Teoriuli skola
struqturul-funqcionaluris saxelwodebiT. Aamave periodSi Zalian
maRal doneze gamovida sxva sociologiuri skolebic, romlebic
ukavSirdeboda organizaciis kvlevebs, kulturul-anTropologiur
kvlevebs da sxva kerZo mimarTulebebs. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, rom es
mimarTulebebi xasiaTdeboda Aara marto maRali Teoriuli, aramed
Zalze maRali meTodologiuri kulturiTac. Aamitom maTTvis primitiuli
“raodenobrivi” an pozitivisturi orientaciebis miwera uxeSi Secdoma
iqneboda.AaRniSnuli skolebi sakmaod maRvalkvalificiuri iyvnen
(Lazarsfeld P., 1987), isini srulyofilad flobdnen empiriuli meTodebis
mTel arsenals, maT modifikaciasa da kombinirebas kvlevebis saWiroebis

27
Sesabamisad axdendnen. empiriuli kvlevebisas ZiriTadi saSualebebi iyo:
dakvirveba (CarTuli da yoveldRiuri), individualuri
araformalizebuli interviu, formalizebuli raodenobrivi
gamokiTxvebi. rac Seexeba jgufur intervius, igi maSin naklebad
gamoiyeneboda da im drois Teoretikosebisa da empirikosebis yuradRebas
ar ipyrobda.
sociologiur TeoriaSi empiriuli gamokvlevebis rolis swored
gagebisTvis, aRsaniSnavia. rom “mecnierebis Teoriuli done SedarebiT
damoukidebelia, mas ganviTarebis unari isec aqvs, empiriuli kvlevebis
monacemebze rom ar daeyrdnos, ramdenadac Teoriuli da empiriuli
hipoTezebi SeiZleba cnebis Sinaarsis dazustebisa da ganviTarebis
Sedegad gaCndes da ara im movlenaTa Soris kavSirebis empiriuli
analizis Sedegad, romlebSic moxda am cnebebis operacionalizacia.”
ideuri konfliqti “raodenobrivsa” da “Tvisebriv” sociologias
Soris 60-iani wlebis bolos struqturuli funqcionalizmis kritikis
fonze (dros) aRiniSna im wlebSi gamoCenili fenomenologiuri
sociologiis da masTan dakavSirebuli mimarTulebebis mxriv.
fenomenologebis kritikas 2 aspeqti hqonda: Teoriuli da meTodikuri.
Cvens TemasTan uSualo kavSirSia meTodikuri aspeqtebi. Cveni varaudiT,
meTodikur revolucias, romelic Teoriulis paralelurad
mimdinareobda, ori ZiriTadi mizezi hqonda: 1. sakmaod cxadi is iyo, rom
fenomenologiuri orientaciis momxreTaTvis “cocxali ena” da “cocxali
dakvirveba” gacilebiT relevanturi iyo maTi Teoriuli Sexedulebebisa,
vidre formalizebuli gamokiTxvebis monacemebi; 2. mogvianebiT,
eTnomenologiuri sociologiis fuZemdebelTa naSromebis gavleniT
interesi biografiuli da zepiri istoriebis meTodebis mimarT
sakmarisad gaRvivda da orivem arsebiTi meTodikuri da Teoriuli
ganviTareba hpova.
I - Tu zemoaRniSnul ideologiur sakiTxebs ar CavTvliT,
meToduri sakiTxebis fokusis gadanacvlebis procesi mTlianobaSi
normalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, ramdenadac konceptualuri
warmodgenebis yoveli specifikuri sistemis da misi Sesatyvisi
specifikuri obieqtisTvis arsebobs meTodebis bunebrivi wonasworoba,
romelic ideologiuri midrekilebebiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed

28
Sesaswavli problemis obieqturi TvisebebiT (amas fenomenologiuri
sociologiis warmomadgenlebic aRniSnaven). sruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad
davamatebT, rom Cveni azriT, Teoriuli sociologiis sferoSi
raodenobrivi meTodebis mimarT interesis daqveiTeba am meTodebis
relevanturobis zonebisadmi interesis dacemas ukavSirdeba da ara am
problemuri zonebis (rogorc aseTis) gaqrobas (Дмитриева, Е. 1999).
raodenobrivi meTodebis kritikis II mizezi, rogorc Cans, pirvelze
ufro mniSvnelovania, magram am dromde cudad gacnobierebuli isaa, rom
fenomenologiuri orientaciis Teoretikosebi, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
maTgan ufro axalgazrdebi, gamodiodnen “sociologiuri
istebliSmentis” winaaRmdeg. isini erT obieqtad aerTianebdnen
struqturul-funqcionalur Teoriul sociologias da rac ar unda
ucnaurad mogveCvenos, universitetebsa da kolejebSi gavrcelebul
empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevis swavlebis meTodebs. raodenobrivi
da maTematikuri meTodebis moWarbeba Teoriul sociologias aranairad
ar axasiaTebda, mas adgili hqonda sociologTa meTodikuri ganaTlebis
sistemaSi, romelsac safuZvlad xelovnuri hibridi edo gamoyenebiT
raodenobriv meTodikebsa da maTi validurobis dasabuTebebs Soris
pozitivisturi filosofiis WrilSi, ise rom gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis
realuri specifika amgvar aRwerebSi TiTqmis ignorirebuli iyo.
pozitivisturi meTodologiuri koncefciis ZiriTadi naklia is,
rom igi koncentrirdeboda gazomvis sizustesa da hipoTezebis
maTematikur Semowmebaze, araferi iyo naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
Sinaarsobrivi Teoriebi da hipoTezebi da saidan Cndebian isini?
sociologiuri ganaTlebis sistemis aseT araadeqvaturobas Rrma mizezi
gaaCnia. sociologiis, rogor mecnieruli disciplinis e.w. “tragedia”
isaa, rom mravalricxovan did Teoriul SromebTan erTad, man ver Seqmna
Teoriuli saxelmZRvanelos Janri, romelSic misi Sromebis adekvaturi
ganzogadeba moxdeboda. Aamis Sedegad sociologTa yoveli axali Taoba
Tavisi profesiuli zrdis procesSi iZulebulia TviTganaTlebas
daeyrdnos. Aaqedan gamomdinareobs sociologiis perioduli
ideologizacia, “TaobaTa konfliqti”, aRmasvlis da dacemis periodebi,
mkveTri ideologiuri Semobrunebebi da a.S. aqedanve gamomdinareobs
SesamCnevi gadaxra sociologiuri ganaTlebis kvlevis meTodebis

29
Seswavlisaken, romlis saSiSroebac araorazrovnad gamoxata ekonomistma
f. xaiekma: “saubedurod, kvleviTi samuSaos teqnikuri xerxebi SedarebiT
iolad asaTvisebelia, amitomac maswavleblis mdgomareobaSi xSirad
aRmoCndebian xolme adamianebi, romlebic floben teqnikas, magram
sustad erkvevian kvlevis saganSi, amitomac maTi Sroma, mecnierulobis
TvalsazrisiT, Seumdgari, uZluri aRmoCndeba” (Общество свободных, 1990).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT is
realuri sfero, romlisadmic gamokiTxvebis raodenobrivi meTodebis
kritika marTlac safuZvliani iqneboda. aseTi kritika namdvilad ar iyo
mimarTuli organizebuli komerciuli gamokiTxvebisadmi, romlebic
avtonomiurad xorcieldeboda, romelTac hqondaT dafinansebis
damoukidebeli wyaroebi da warmatebiT wyvetdnen praqtikul amocanebs.
amas garda, Tvisebrivi meTodebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda komerciul
gamokiTxvebSi 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, anu akademiuri debatebis
dawyebamde didi xniT adre.
meore mxriv, meTodikuri kritikis obieqti ar iyo struqturul-
funqcionaluri sociologia, romelic sociologiuri meTodebis
arsenaliT, raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi gamokiTxvebis CaTvliT,
koreqtulad da refleqsiis maRali doniT sargeblobda. mivuTiTebT, rom
CvenTvis cnobili ar aris arc erTi publikacia, romelSic meTodikuri
TvalsazrisiT im raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi yofiliyo
gakritikebuli, romlebic safuZvlad r. mertonis, p. lazarsfeldis, s.
staueris da struqturul-funqcionalisturi mimdinareobis cnobil
sociologTa Teoriul Sromebs daedo. ufro naklebi safuZvelia,
meTodikuri kritikis obieqtad organizaciebis sociologia CavTvaloT,
ramdenadac am sferoSi, marTalia, formalizebuli masobrivi
gamokiTxvebi gamoiyeneboda, magram isini arasodes yofilan gabatonebuli
B(gamonaklisia sxvadasxva anketebi da formularebi, romlebic Znelad
Tu CaiTvleba da daxasiaTdeba sociologiurad). rac Seexeba III
maRalganviTarebul kulturul-anTropologiur skolas, igi arasodes
ganicdida raodenobrivi meTodebis zewolas, razec k. levi-strosis
sityvebic miuTiTebs: “korelaciis arsebobis namdviloba (WeSmariteba),
romelic STambeWdav statistikur monacemebs emyareba, sabolood
damokidebulia im movlenaTa winaswari gamoyofis sisworeze, romelTa

30
Sorisac myardeba korelaciebi, rac mojadoebuli wris saSiSroebas
qmnis... statistikuri meTodi yovelTvis efeqturia araswori
korelaciebis aRmosaCenad “(Леви-Стросс, 1985).

Aamgvarad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mzardi daukmayofilebloba,

romelic raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis zedapirulobiT iyo gamowveuli,
ar exeboda arc komerciuli gamokiTxvebis sferos da arc im wlebis
kvleviTi sociologiis Teoriul-empiriul mimarTulebebs, gvrCeba
davaskvnaT, rom am daukmayofileblobas iwvevda, pirvel rigSi, TviT
sauniversiteto garemoSi meTodikuri sakiTxebis specifikuri gaSuqeba,
anu sociologiis swavlebis sferoSi; da aseve naSromebis
zedapiruloba, romlebic sruldeboda sociologiuri kvlevis
meTodikaSi.
am daskvnis safuZvelze saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mimdinare
sociologiuri periodika sakmaod itvirTeboda araadekvaturad
orientirebuli mkvlevrebis publikaciebiT, ZiriTadad - axalgazrdebiT.
principSi, aseTi movlena normalurad unda CaiTvalos, ramdenadac es
publikaciebi imavdroulad saswavlo funqcias asrulebdnen. Tumca,
maTSiPraodenobrivi instrumentebis araadekvaturi da arakritikuli
gamoyeneba TvalSisacemia da amitomac, kritikis bunebriv samizned iqca.
meTodur literaturaSi araerTxel yofila gamokiTxvis Sedegebis
magaliTebi, romlebSic raime garkveuli azris daWera Znelia.
mas Semdeg, rac akademiur sociologiaSi Tvisebrivi meTodebisken
orientaciis mizezebi davaxasiaTeT, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra
wvlili Seitana am procesSi marketinguli gamokiTxvebis sferom.
kvlavac aRvniSnavT – imis miuxedavad, rom es orive sfero (raodenobrivi
da Tvisebrivi) erTmaneTze garkveul da drodadro arsebiT gavlenas
axdenen, maTi ganviTarebis dinamika yvela arsebiTi niSnis mixedviT
avtonomiuria. Aamis naTel ilustracias maTi saresurso dinamikis
maCveneblebSi gansxvaveba warmoadgens. 40-60-iani wlebis dasavluri
Teoriuli sociologiis “oqros xanasTan” SedarebiT, 80-ian wlebSi
mkveTrad daeca misi sazogadoebrivi popularoba, Semcirda sociologiis
Semswavlel studentTa raodenoba, gaizarda profesorTa saSualo asaki,
daviwrovda fundamenturi Teoriuli Sromebis mkiTxveli auditoria,

31
Semcirda asignebebi (Giddens, A., 1993). 60-iani wlebis sauniversiteto
revoluciam sociologiaSi dargobrivi depresiis klasikur formasTan
migviyvana. mxolod Semdgom wlebSi xdeba SesaZlebeli misi gadalaxva,
Tanac, pirvel rigSi, im saganTa xvedriTi wilis zrdis xarjze,
romlebic gamoyenebiT da komerciul miznebzea orientirebuli.
rac Seexeba komerciul gamokiTxvebs, maTi raodenoba omis Semdgom
periodSi gaizarda, Tavisi tempebiT gauswro ekonomikis zrdas
mTlianobaSi da araviTari depresiis niSani ar datyobia.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi komerciuli
kvlevebis sferom Seqmna masobrivi raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis
teqnologia da igi mTel sociologiaze gaavrcela. gasuli saukunis 50-
iani wlebidan, axali sagnobrivi sferos, kerZod, marketinguli kvlevebis
aTvisebisas, pirvel rigSi swored komerciulma sferom ganicada
ukmarisoba da raodenobrivi aparatis araadekvaturoba, Tanac wminda
pragmatuli mosazrebebiT. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom am sferoSi,
ZiriTadad, damatebiT meTodad ara zogadad Tvisebrivi meTodebi iqca,
aramed - fokus-jgufebi, aseve, Tumca naklebad - individualuri
araformalizebuli interviu. fokus-jgufebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
monografiebis yvela avtori erTi azrisaa imaSi, rom aSS-Si fokus-
jgufebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda marketingul kvlevebSi 50-iani wlebis
Sua periodidan, zogierTis azriT ki - 40-iani wlebis bolodan (Goldman,
Macdonald, 1987.).

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 T a v i II

1. raodenobrivi kvleviTi strategia – fuqciebi da SesaZleblobebi;

raodenobrivi kvleva, rogorc mecnieruli meTodi

raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebam mwvervals gasuli saukunis 60-

70-ian wlebSi miaRwia. am periodis publikaciebi swored raodenobrivi
analizis Sedegebs efuZneboda. es suraTi dReisTvis Secvlilia.
raodenobrivma meTodebma mZafri kritika ganicada, rac upirveles
yovlisa, meTodologiuri mosazrebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. sociologTa
mxridan kritika exeboda makrosociologiuri Teoriebis unars Tu
uunarobas, romlebmac saTanadod ver SeZles socialuri movlenebisa da
procesebis axsna. aqedan gamomdinare, imis saWiroeba dadga, rom
globaluri problemebis racionaluri Semecnebidan orientiri
lokaluri erTobebis gagebisken gadmosuliyo.
raodenobrivi kvleva socialur mecnierebaSi ZiriTadi meTodia,
Sesabamisad, igi sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis
Sesaxeb informacis mopovebis mniSvnelovani teqnikaa. misTvis monacemebis
mopovebis mTavar instruments masobrivi gamokiTxva warmoadgens, romlis
meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba garkveuli sakiTxebis mimarT
mosaxleobis damokidebulebebis Seswavla. masobriv kvlevebs safuZveli
aSS-Si Caeyara da es movlena ukavSirdeba cnobili amerikeli mkvlevrebis
pol lazarfeldisa da samuel stauferis saxelebs.
s. stauferis mizani iyo socialuri movlenebis Seswavla empiriuli
meTodebis gamoyenebiT, rac sayovelTaod cnobili “didi depresiis”
Sedegebis analiziT daiwyo, mogvianebiT ki meore msoflio omis
mimdinareobasa da Sedegebs ikvlevda. p. lazarsfeldma ki pirvelma
Cauyara safuZveli panelur kvlevebs, konkretulad, misi Seswavlis
sagani gaxda politikuri qceva, ufro zustad, kenWisyra rogorc
procesi. mas miaCnda, rom kvlevis mizani aRweriT ar unda amowuruliyo.
aqedan gamomdinare, igi iTvaliswinebda socialur da demografiul
faqtorebsac, riTac arsebuli movlenebis dinamikuri cvlilebis axsnis
meti SesaZlebloba hqonoda (l.wulaZe, 2005).

33
 pozitivisturi paradigma, romelic raodenobriv meTods udevs
safuZlad, emyareba imas, rom Cven garemomcvel realobas obieqturi
ontologiuri struqtura aqvs da Cven, rogorc misi Semadgeneli
individebi, garkveulad vreagirebT am realobaze (Morgan, G. & Smircich, L.
1980). pozitivizmis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs obieqturi
WeSmariteba, romelic SeiZleba gaizomos da Teoriulad dasabuTdes. amas
garda, raodenobrivi monacemebi ufro zustia, Rirebuli da xels uwyobs
obieqtur realobaSi mimdinare movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis dadgenasa da ganzogadebas (Morgan, G. & Smircich, L. 1980).

raodenobrivi kvlevebi deduqciuri da partikularistuli

xasiaTisaa da tardeba mecnieruli hipoTezis formulirebis, empiriuli
gziT misi samarTlianobis Semdgomi Semowmebis principiT, ricxviT
monacemebze dayrdnobiT (Frankfort-Nachmias, C. & Nachmias, D. 1992). amdenad,
albaToba aRrevisa, romelic mkvlevris pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT an
mis mier SemoTavazebuli interpretaciebiT aris ganpirobebuli,
dabalia.

raodenobrivi meTodis upiratesobebi:

 samecniero problemis zusti da detaluri formulireba;

 damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis zusti da mkafio
gansazRvra kvlevis procesSi;
 kvlevaSi dasaxuli miznebis da amocanebis mimdevrobis dacva, ufro
obieqturi rezultatebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, hipoTezebis
sisworis Semowmeba, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena;
 kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobisa da saimedoobis maRali
done;
 daskvnebis subieqturobis minimizacia da aRmofxvra (Kealey, D. &
Protheroe, D. 1996);
 ganmeorebiTi kvlevebis Catarebis SesaZlebloba.

raodenobrivi meTodis naklovanebebi:

34
  informaciis miRebis SeuZlebloba sakvlevi movlenis situaciuri
konteqstis Sesaxeb;
 yvela im garemoebis kontrolirebis SeuZlebloba, romlebic ar
zemoqmedeben respondentebis pasuxebze;
 daskvnebis SezRuduloba, rac ganpirobebulia kvlevis formatiT:
kiTxvebis formulirebis sicxade da sxv.
 kvlevis Catarebis SeuZlebloba movlenebis dinamikaSi Sesaswavlad.

raodenobrivma sociologiurma kvlevebma farToO gamoyeneba hpova

socialur mecnierebebSi (sociologia, fsiqologia, politikuri
mecnierebebi da sxv.). raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi monacemTa
mopovebis mniSvnelovan saSualebad iTvleba, agreTve, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa sferoSic. meTodis efeqturobas adasturebs misi
gamoyenebis farTo speqtri marketingul kvlevebSi, romlebic dRes
gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT sargeblobs, mosaxleobis aRweris dros da
a.S. msgavsi popularoba ganpirobebulia misi SesaZleblobebiT,
ramdenadac am meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebi iZleva ganzogadebis
saSualebas did populaciebze. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, raodenobrivi
kvlevebiT miRweuli Sedegebi ufro sando da saimedoa da aqedan
gamomdinare, realobis wvdomis met saSualebas iZleva, vidre Tvisebrivi
meTodebi. Tavis mxriv, amas gansazRvravs Tvisebrivi meTodebiT miRebuli
Sedegebis subieqturi xasiaTi, rac mkvlevris interpretaciazea
damokidebuli (Здравомыслов, А. 1969).
raodenobrivi kvleva gulisxmobs monacemebis mopovebas,
organizaciul sakiTxebs da Sedegebis analizs. igi miznad isaxavs
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis axsnas da mizezebis
dadgenas.
TviTon termini “raodenobrivi gamokvlevebi” misi formis
specifikas usvams xazs da pirvel rigSi – gadmocemis maTematikur
formas. raodenobrivi kvlevebis rezultatebi, wesisamebr, cxrilebis,
skalebis, histogramebis saxiT aris warmodgenili, maTi Sinaarsi ki -
procentuli maCveneblebiTa da koeficientebiT. am kvlevebSi fokusireba
xdeba sazogadoebriv struqturebze, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianebis

35
cxovrebas. sociologiuri analizis obieqts ki mocemul SemTxvevaSi
garkveuli socialuri erTobebi/jgufebi warmoadgens, romelTac
sociologi Tavisi miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad irCevs.
raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis erT-erT mTavar amocanas
Seadgens mizezebisa da Sedegebis gamovlena. am mizniT isini
sargebloben sakvlevi obieqtis niSniT – cvladiT, romelsac sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieniWos (mag., sqesi, asaki, statusi, Semosavali,
profesia da a.S.).

2. gazomva, rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis mniSvnelovani komponenti

sociologiis sagnis, misi konceptualuri aparatisa da

informaciis mopovebis meTodebis specifika gazomvis problemebisadmi
damoukidebel da originalur midgomas moiTxovs. aseTi midgomebis
SemuSavebasa da sxva mecnierebebidan (kerZod, fsiqologiidan,
ekonomikidan) gazomvis konkretuli procedurebis moSveliebaze uaris
Tqmam, SesaZloa, seriozul Teoriul, meTodologiur da praqtikul
problemamde migviyvanos. swored am praqtikis, konkretulad ki, gazomvis
ideis evoluciis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiyos sociologiuri
gazomvisadmi praqtikuli midgomebi. sociologiuri codnis
maTematizaciis procesis, misi pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebis
gaTvaliswineba uzrunvelyofs mis Sedegianobasa da vargisianobas.
empiriuli sociologiis Teoria da praqtika efuZneba Sesaswavli
socialuri realobis bunebis Sesaxeb garkveul meTodologiur
principebsa da konceptualur warmodgenebs. es principebi da
warmodgenebi iqceva gazomvis konkretul normalur modelebad, misi
validurobisa da sandoobis moTxovnebad. gazomvis modelebisa da misi
xarisxisadmi normatuli moTxovnebis evolucia sociologiis sagnis
specifikis, misi konceptualuri aparatisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sedegia
(Лазарсфельд, П. 1972).

36
 raodenobriv kvlevebSi gazomvis problemebisadmi sociologTa
yuradReba sam ZiriTad etapzea gamaxvilebuli.
TviT ideis evoluciis ZiriTadi etapebi gazomvis problematikiT
mzardi dainteresebis periodebs emTxveva. saxeldobr: a) socialuri
ganwyobebisa da subieqturi cvladebis gazomva (1930-1950 wlebis
dasawyisi); b) gazomvis xarisxis Sefasebisadmi axali midgomis
warmoSoba-gaCena (1960-1970 ww.); g) kavSiris - “konceptualizacia-gazomva” -
Sesaxeb warmodgenebis SemuSaveba, maT Soris urTierTkavSiris analizi
(1970-1980 ww.).
gazomvis ideis ganviTarebaSi perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa
gazomvisadmi modelebiT midgomis Teoriul-meTodologiuri dasabuTeba
da gazomvis samdoniani koncefciis procesi.
yoveli mecnieruli disciplinisaTvis mniSvnelovania realobis
sakvlev movlenaTa Teoriuli modelebis axsnisa da miRebuli
faqtobrivi masalis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi. p. lazarsfeldma,
amerikuli sociologiis daxasiaTebisas, miuTiTa, rom empiriul
monacemTa analizi sruliadac ar warmoebs zogad sociologiuri
Teoriis poziciebidan. tardeba socialur-politikuri, socialur-
samarTlebrivi gamokvlevebi, arsebobs medicinis, ojaxis, urbanizaciis
da a.S. sociologiebi. misi azriT, am mimarTulebebs Sors ver mivyavarT,
ramdenadac iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa “referentuli jgufi”, “roli”,
“stratifikacia”, “socializacia” da a.S., romlebic Zalian
mniSvnelovania analizisaTvis, sruliad ar qmnian urTierTdakavSirebul
mTlianobas, romelic “sazogadoebis Teorias” Seadgens (Лазарсфельд, П.
1972). mwvaved dgas empirizmis problema. robert makginisis azriT,
Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi, upirveles yovlisa, faqtebis
Semgrovebelia, romlis mTavar samuSao instrumentebsac jer kidev
interviuirebis teqnika da statistikuri analizi warmoadgens. “misi
mTavari meTodologiuri sazrunavi dakvirvebebis adeqvaturoba da
saimedooba da masTan dakavSirebuli gazomvis problemebia”. sociologs
uamravi faqti aqvs, magram esaWiroeba saimedo Teoriebi, romlebic am
faqtebs moawesrigeben. amiT Teoriis ena imdenad daSorda gamokvlevis
enas, rom erTi enidan meoreze gadayvana praqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxda
(TeoretikosTan – “kauzacia”, empirikosTan – korelacia da sxv.).

37
TeoriaSi arsebobs fundamenturi cnebebi: roli, statusi, Zalaufleba;
kvlevaSi gamoiyeneba empiriuli kategoriebi – asaki, sqesi, profesia da
a.S.

aseTi viTareba TviT kvlevis obieqtis sirTuliT aris

gapirobebuli. da amdenad erTiani sociologiuri Teoriis da axsniT
modelebTan misi kavSiris problema, romlebic empiriuli gamokvlevebis
donezea agebuli, gadauWreli rCeba.

gazomva sociologiur gamokvlevaSi garkveuli wesebis Tanaxmad

obieqtebisaTvis, maTi maxasiaTeblebisaTvis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis
miniWebaa empiriuli indikatorebis da maTi simboloebis saxiT. misi
daxmarebiT vRebulobT obieqtis niSnebis raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
Sefasebas. gazomva SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli empiriuli
sistemis maTematikuri modelis ageba. igi sam ZiriTad etaps moicavs: 1.
gasazomi sidideebis gamoyofa yvela SesaZlebeli sididis
erTobliobidan, riTac xasiaTdeba obieqti; 2. gazomvis etalonis moZieba;
3. gasazom sididesTan etalonis misadageba da Sesabamisi ricxviTi
maxasiaTeblis miReba.
sociologiaSi gazomvis obieqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
Sesaswavl, kvlevis obieqtTan. gazomvis obieqtis arCeva Semdegi
mimdevrobiT mimdinareobs: jer avirCevT kvlevis obieqts, Semdgom
kvlevis sagans, da bolos xdeba gazomvis obieqtis SerCeva. es
ukanaskneli unda gavigoT misi farTe azriT anu rogorc sxvadasxva
socialuri Tvisebisa da maxasiaTeblis nakrebi (erToblioba), romelTa
gazomvasac gegmavs mkvlevari, rac niSnavs maT gamosaxvas raodenobrivi
formiT da maT Soris kavSirebis dadgenas (Толстова, Ю. 1998).

sociologis Seswavlis obieqti, socialuri informaciis

matareblebi arian adamianebi – maTi jgufuri maxasiaTeblebi, Sefasebebi,
damokidebulebebi da a.S. isini arian aseve im TvisebaTa matareblebi,
romlebic unda gavzomoT. fsiqologisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac
konkretuli individis maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebs, an kidev is, Tu riT
gansxvavdeba A individi B-sagan, sociologs ainteresebs gansxvavebuli
socialuri jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa umravlesoba ise unda
gavigoT, rogorc individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gazomva. magaliTad,

38
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia icode romelime profesiuli jgufis Tavisi
saqmianobiT kmayofilebis xarisxi, Tu ar gazomav misi TiToeuli wevris
kmayofilebis xarisxs. amdenad, sociologiuri gazomvis ZiriTadi
problemaa SerCevis anu reprezentatulobis problema. igi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa da sociologiaSi sxvadasxvagva-rad
daismis da wydeba.
misi arsebiTi Taviseburebaa isic, rom SeuZlia kvlevis (gazomvis)
obieqtiT manipulireba. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom fizikuri,
qimiuri, biologiuri da a.S. obieqtebiT manipulirebis farglebi
(CarCoebi) sakmaod farTea – faqtobrivad, es maTi arsebobis sazRvrebia.
sociologiuri obieqtebi ki, romlebsac sakuTari neba gaaCniaT,
gacilebiT naklebad ganicdian amgvar manipulirebas. ufro metic,
mkvlevari SesaZloa TviTon aRmoCndes eqsperimentul situaciaSi,
dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis ibieqti gaxdes. damkvirveblisa da Sesaswavli
obieqtis urTierTqmedebis problema TavisTavad farTe, sadiskusio da
rTulia. misi ZiriTadi Taviseburebebia:
upirveles yovlisa, adamianTa Sesaswavli erToblioba, da aqedan
gamomdinare gasazomi Tvisebebi, damkvirveblis zemoqmedebiT,
SesaZlebelia deformirdes;
meore – erTsa da imave obieqtze (adamianTa erTobliobaze),
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar SeiZleba
ramdenjerme zedized eqsperimentis Catareba: isini iRlebian, pasuxze
uars amboben, interess kargaven da a.S.
mesame – yvela Tvisebas, rac mkvlevars ainteresebs, ver gazomav da
ver Seiswavli im martivi mizezis gamo, rom adamianebi yvela kiTxvas ar
pasuxoben. arsebobs kvlevis eTikuri normebi. da bolos – arsebobs, ase
vTqvaT, ideologiuri momentebi, msoflmxedveloba (rogorc mkvlevris,
ise Sesaswavli erTobliobis). gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri
struqturis sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvarad pasuxoben
erTsa da imave SekiTxvebs da afaseben movlenebs, aqvT gansxvavebuli
RirebulebiTi orientaciebi.
ase rom, sociologisaTvis gazomvis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebis
gamoyvana Ggasazomi da Sesaswavli obieqtis specifikidan sruliad
bunebrivia.

39
 Taviseburebebis Semdegi jgufi gazomvis erTeuls ukavSirdeba.
mraval sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi arsebobs gazomvis erTeulebis
ara marto erToblioba (nakrebi), aramed es erTeulebi garkveuli wesiT
imgvarad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rom qmnian gazomvis sistemas. amave
dros, yvela fizikuri sidide raRac zomiT xasiaTdeba.
ramdenadac sociologiaSi gasazomi xelsawyo aris skala, amdenad
arsebobs gazomvis doneebis problemac. magram es done mxolod
intervaluri da proporciuli skalebis meSveobiT miiRweva, romelTa
agebac mravali seriozuli saxis sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebuli. amas
garda rCeba gazomvis procedurebis unifikaciis problema, radganac
yovel axal kvlevaSi axali skalis konstruirebaa saWiro .(Толстова, Ю.
1998).

rodesac sociologiuri gazomvis im Taviseburebebze vlaparakobT,

romlebic meTods ukavSirdeba (romlis saSualebiTac igi iwarmoeba),
upirveles yovlisa unda davazustoT, rom sityva “meTodSi” sxvadasxva
ram SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. pirvel rigSi, es aris monacemTa
Segrovebis meTodi, meore – TviT skalis agebis meTodi, mesame – TviTon
gazomvis meTodi (procedura) da a.S.
sociologiuri kvlevebis yvela meTodi, rogorc cnobilia, iyofa
informaciis Segrovebisa da misi damuSavebis meTodebad. Sesabamisad,
ganasxvaveben monacemTa mopovebisa da misi damuSavebis etapebs. aseve,
saqme exeba Sedegebis analizisa da interpretaciis etapebsac. imasTan
dakavSirebiT, CamoTvlilTagan romel meTods miekuTvneba skalireba,
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs.
sociologiuri gazomvis Taviseburebac swored isaa, rom erTi da
igive gazomvis procedura SeiZleba gamoiyeno gamokiTxvis drosac da
dokumentebis analizisasac. metic, gamokiTxvis farglebSi, erTi da igive
skala SeiZleba CarTo safosto anketaSi, intervius procesSi, eqspertul
anketaSi da a.S. amasTan, miRebuli Sedegebi gansxvavebuli iqneba. amas
mivyavarT validurobisa da saimedoobis problemasTan (mis
gamwvavebasTan).
aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom erTi da igive Tvisebis gasazomad
socilogiaSi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva proceduris gamoyeneba. SeiZleba,

40
magaliTad, wyviladi Sedarebebis da mimdevrobiT intervalebis meTodis
gamoyenebac.

socialuri maxasiaTeblebis kvantifikacia - cnobilia, rom

ramdenadac sociologs saqme masobriv procesebTan aqvs, igi operirebs
ricxviTi maCveneblebiT, romlebic gamosaxaven (xataven) sixSires,
grZliobas da kavSiris simtkices sxvadasxva socialur maxasiaTebels
Soris. socialuri obieqtebisa da procesebis TvisebaTa raodenobrivi
gamosaxvis yvela operaciis wanamZRvari aris raodenobrivi niSnebis
pirveladi gazomva anu maTi kvantifikacia. Nnebismieri gazomva iwyeba
martivi (ubralo) raodenobrivi niSnebis moZiebiT, romelTa Soris
mimarTeba SeiZleba romeliRac ricxviTi masStabiT iyos gamosaxuli
(gadmocemuli).
igi aris procedura, romlis meSveobiTac gasazomi obieqti
Sedardeba raRac etalonTan da Rebulobs ricxviT gamoxatulebas
garkveuli masStabiT an skaliT (skalaze). mas uwodeben aseve empiriuli
sistemis calsaxa (erTmniSvnelovan) asaxvas mis elementebs
(Semadgenlebs, mdgomareobebs, Tvisebebs da a.S.) Soris mimarTebebTan
ricxviT sistemaSi ricxvebs Soris Sesatyvis mimarTebebs Soris. Sedegad
yalibdeba gasazomi obieqtis ricxviTi modeli, ufro zustad -
Tvisebrivi analizisas gamoyofili misi zogierTi mxaris. ramdenadac
zusti analogis (izomorfuli modelis) miReba praqtikulad ar
xerxdeba, SemuSavdeba miaxloebiTi analogi (homomorfuli modeli),
romelic ricxviTi gamosaxulebiT pirobiTad Seesabameba originals.
socialur gazomvebs xSirad kvalimetruls uwodeben, anu Tvisebrivi
mimarTulebebis pirobiT raodenobriv analogebs.
kvantifikaciis problema mxolod nawilobriv aris maTematikuri.
imisaTvis, rom socialuri obieqtis Tvisebebs garkveuli wesis mixedviT
mivuweroT ricxvebi, unda gavarkvioT maTi Sinaarsobrivi struqtura da
Sesabamisoba movnaxoT massa da gazomvis instruments Soris, e.i. es
Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi analizis amocanaa (Паниотто, В., Максименко В.1982).
principulad, cvlileba SesaZloa socialuri obieqtis nebismierma
Tvisebam ganicados: Tvisebrivmac da raodenobrivmac. raodenobrivTan
(rogoricaa asaki - Sesrulebuli wlebis ricxviT, Semosavali - fulad

41
erTeulebSi, ganaTleba - swavlebis wlebiT) mimarTebaSi saqme SedarebiT
martivad aris. maTTvis ukve arsebobs sayovelTaod miRebuli gazomvis
etalonebi: erTi weli asakis an saganmanaTleblo momzadebisaTvis, erTi
lari xelfasis gamosaangariSeblad, erTi adamiani ojaxis zomis
dasadgenad da a.S.
raodenobrivisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebs
(socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, adamianTa Sexedulebebi da a.S.) ara aqvT
dadgenili gazomvis etaloni. MmaTi konstruireba Sesaswavli obieqtis
bunebis Sesabamisad da kvlevis hipoTezebis Tanaxmad xdeba. Aamitomac
Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebTa gazomvis procedurebi erTgvari
gamogonebebia, romlebic garkveuli tipobrivi xerxebiT xorcieldeba.
pirvel miaxloebaSi gazomvis xerxebi or kategoriad SeiZleba
daiyos. pirvel kategorias is xerxebi Seadgens, romelTa meSveobiT
obieqtTa raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi izomeba drosa da sivrceSi maTi
fizikuri arsebobis TvalsazrisiT.
sivrceSi grZlioba SesaZloa gamoviyenoT rogorc adamianTa
daSorebis zoma industriul-kulturuli, politikuri centridan
politikuri moZraobebis kvlevebSi. urTierTqmedebaSi myof
(urTierTqmed) adamianTa Soris komunikaciis fizikuri gangrZobadoba
axasiaTebs maTi erToblivi moRvaweobis erT-erT pirobas. teqstis
striqonebis ricxvi, romlebic garkveuli azris mqonea, azris
ganmeorebis sixSiris mixedviT teqstebis klasifikaciis saSualebad
gamoiyeneba (an movlenis).
droSi gangrZobadi EerTeulebi - movlenis sixSire, xangrZlioba,
drois intervalis sidide - aseve axasiaTebs socialur procesebs
raodenobrivi mxriv. Yyvela am SemTxvevaSi gamosadegia “bunebrivi”
gazomvis etalonebi (Осипов, Г., Андреев, Э. 1980).
gazomvis meore kategoria miekuTvneba obieqtebs, romelTaTvisac
sayovelTao skalebi ar arsebobs. magram yvelaze rTuli socialuri
movlenebic ki SeiZleba kvantificirdes maTi grZlivobis., intensivobis,
ganmeorebadobis sixSiris mxriv. amgvari mtkicebis ontologiuri
safuZveli - realobis obieqtebis Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi garkveulobaa
(gansazRvrulobaa), rogoric xasiaTdeba zomis filosofiur kategoriaSi.
rac Seexeba gazomvis praqtikul SesaZleblobebs, isini mTlianad

42
damokidebulia Cvens unarze, - movnaxoT an movigonoT saimedo gazomviTi
procedura.

raodenobriv kvlevaSi gazomvasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi

cnebebia:
indikatori – Sesaswavli obieqtis maxasiaTebelia, romelic
eqvemdebareba dakvirvebasa da gazomvas. man SeiZleba uSualod
warmoadginos Sesaswavli obieqti, aseve SesaZloa gadmosces iseTi
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian uSualo dakvirvebasa da
gazomvas. sociologiur kvlevaSi specialuri procedurebis
msvlelobisas gamoyofili indikatorebi Teoriulad da empiriulad
dasabuTebuli unda iyos.

gazomvis skala – soc. gazomvis ZiriTadi instrumentia, etalonis

saxiT axdens mniSvnelobaTa ama Tu im erTobliobis fiqsacias, rac
mkvlevars ainteresebs. skala daadgens indikatorebis garkveul
Tanmimdevrobas. amasTanave igi statistikuri masalis analizis
saSualebaa. gazomvis procesSi skalis meSveobiT Tvisebrivad
sxvadasxvagvar monacemebs Seupirispireben raodenobriv maCveneblebs.
gasazomi maxasiaTeblebis xasiaTisa da maTi analizis amocanebidan
gamomdinare, Semdegi skalebi gamoiyeneba: nominaluri anu saxeldebis
(obieqtebisa da maTi maxasiaTeblebis klasifikaciisaTvis), rigis (niSnis
gamoCenis intensivobis Sesada-reblad zrdis an klebis mixedviT),
ranguli (rangebis, rigis dasadgenad), intervaluri (niSnis ama Tu im
maxasiaTeblis intensivobis analizisaTvis), fardobiTi (fardobis
proporciebis asaxvisaTvis).

maCvenebeli sociologiur gamokvlevaSi – logikuri da

maTematikuri wesebis mixedviT ganzogadebuli gamokvlevis mona-cemebia,
romlebis hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad da daskvnebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. mag.,
asakobrivi jgufis Semadgenlobis maCvenebeli – 45% - 25 wlamde.

43
 indeqsi – specialurad Seqmnili maCvenebelia, romelic gamoxatavs
kavSirs, indikatorebis kombinacias, gamoiyeneba garkveuli hipoTezebis
Sesamowmeblad. mag., jgufis simWidrovis indeqsi.

safuZvlianoba sociologiuri informaciis – kvlevis monacemTa

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi daxasiaTeba; maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac dgindeba informaciis validuroba, analizis procedurisa
da monacemTa Segrovebis, maTi Sesatyvisoba Teoriul da meTodur
moTxovnebTan; informaciis mdgradoba anu sxvadasxva pirobebSi gazomvis
Sedegebis msgavseba.

saimedooba kvlevis Sedegebis – maTi xarisxis maxasiaTebelia,

Sesaswavli obieqtis realuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisoba gamotanil
daskvnebTan.

gazomva aris procedura, romlis meSveobiTac garkveul

TanamimarTebaSi myofi gazomvis obieqtebi aisaxebian raRac maTematikur
sistemaSi, am sistemis elementebs Soris Sesabamisi mimarTebebiT.
gazomvis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes respodenti, esa Tu is
jgufi, organizacia, yofiTi pirobebi da a.S. urTierTobebSi, romelTa
modelirebac xdeba gazomvisas, obieqtebi erTvebian rogorc garkveul
TvisebaTa matareblebi. sakvlevi erTobliobis respodentebi SegviZlia
ganvixiloT iseTi niSnis matareblad, rogoricaa kmayofileba
SemosavliT, cxovrebis doniT, Sromis pirobebiT, sakuTari mTavrobis
politikiT, ojaxuri mdgomareobiT, statusiT da a.S. SesaZlebelia
ganvixiloT maT Soris Tanasworobis mimarTeba (“Tanaswori” an
“araTanaswori”) kmayofilebis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. amave
respodentebs gaaCniaT sxva maxasiaTebelic _ asaki. cxadia, maT Soris
Tanaswori mimarTeba SeiZleba arsebobdes pirveli maxasiaTeblis, magram
araTanaswori _ meore maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.
gazomvisas yovel obieqts miewereba gamoyenebuli maTematikuri
sistemis garkveuli elementi. sociologiaSi gamoiyeneba ricxviTi
maTematikuri sistemebi, anu iseTi sistemebi, romelTa elementebsac
namdvili ricxvebi warmoadgenen. Tumca SesaZlebelia araricxviTi

44
maTematikuri sistemebis efeqturi gamoyenebac _ nawilobriv
mowesrigebuli simravleebis, grafebis, matricebis da a. S.
adekvaturi gazomva gulisxmobs dakvirvebis obieqtebze da maT
Sesaswavl mxareebze zogadi warmodgenis arsebobas. es ukanaskneli
saSualebas iZleva gamovyoT mimarTebebi obieqtebs Soris, romlebic
unda aisaxon gamoyenebuli maTematikuri sistemis elementebs Soris
Sesatyvis mimarTebaSi. ramdenadac gazomvis praqtikulad
ganxorcielebisas sociologebi umravles SemTxvevaSi ricxviT sistemebs
iyeneben, SevCerdebiT sociologiaSi maTi gamoyenebis principebze.
cvladebis operacionalizacias vaxdenT imisaTvis, raTa
abstraqtuli cnebebi warmovadginoT raodenobrivad da ganvaxorcieloT
realuri samyaros movlenaTa azrobrivi Sedareba am cnebebiT
gadmocemul TvisebaTa terminebSi. ricxobriv mniSvnelobaTa miweras
TvisebaTa warmosadgenad vuwodebT gazomvas. nebismier konkretul
SemTxvevaSi gazomvis Sedegad cvladebTan raRac mniSvnelobebi
asocirdeba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom meti sazustiT SegviZlia vimsjeloT
imis Sesaxeb, Tu dakvirvebis mocemuli obieqti (adamiani, qalaqi, eri,
organizacia) ramdenad avlens im Tvisebas, romelic gasazom cvlads
axasiaTebs. davuSvaT, imis magivrad, rom vTqvaT “qalaqSi cudi
mdgomareobaa damnaSaveobasTan dakavSirebiT”, SegviZlia uSualod
damnaSaveobis konkretul zomaze vimsjeloT (Осипов, Г., Андреев, Э. 1980).
gazomvis procedurebi warmoadgenen movlenaTa kategorizaciisaa
(kategoriebad dayofa) da mowesrigebis saSualebas. amasTanave, zogierTi
proceduris meSveobiT gamovlindeba movlenebs Soris ufro detaluri
da niuansobrivi gansxvaveba. amitomac saWiro xdeba gazomvis sxvadasxva
donis konstatacia.
Aam doneebidan gamovyofT: saxeldebis (nominaluri), rigis,
intervalurs. nominaluri gazomva movlenis Sesaxeb minimalur
informacias iZleva. igi mxolod diskretul kategoriaTa nakrebia,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT esa Tu is
obieqti. mag., erovneba nominalur doneze gaizomeba adamianTa
klasifikaciis meSveobiT: qarTveli, ingliseli, frangi, rusi, germaneli
da a.S.

45
 rigiTi done met informacias iZleva, ramdenadac arsebobs ara
mxolod kategoriebad dayofis, aramed movlenaTa rigobiTi warmodgenis,
ranJirebis SesaZlebloba. rigiTi gazomva yovel obieqts mianiWebs
ricxvs, romelic aRniSnavs ara mxolod imas, rom mocemuli obieqti
sxvaTagan gansxvavdeba an maTi msgavsia gasazomi cvladis TvalsazrisiT,
aramed es ricxvi aseve miuTiTebs Tu ramdenad aris mocemuli obieqti
sxvasTan dakavSirebuli im konkretuli Tvisebis raodenobriv terminebSi,
romliTac igi xasiaTdeba. SegviZlia obieqti ganvasxvavoT sididis,
simciris, agreTve misi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebis odenobis mixedviT. mag.,
socialuri klasis cneba izomeba rigiT doneze: yovel adamians miewereba
dabali, saSualo an maRali klasi.
intervaluri gazomva kidev ufro met informacias iZleva. am dros
klasificirebisa da ranJirebis garda SegviZlia vimsjeloT gasazomi
Tvisebis metoba-naklebobaze sxva obieqtebTan SedarebiT. intervaluri
gazomva efuZneba gasazomi Tvisebis raRac standartuli erTeulis
arsebobas. standartuli erTeuli gulisxmobs daSorebas obieqtis
gasazomi Tvisebis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs Soris. mag., standartuli
erTeulis gamoiyenebiT Cven SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom yovelTviur
Semosavals - 200 da 300 lars - Soris absoluturad iseTive sxvaobaa,
rac 800 da 900 lars Soris. (skalebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT
qveviT).

3. validuroba da saimedooba

validurobis cneba

sociologiur TeoriebSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis uSualod

gazomvis saSualeba arcTu ise xSirad gvixdeba xolme. cnebebis:
Zalaufleba, mobiloba, demokratia, organizacia, konfliqti, -
raodenobrivad warmodgena ar aris ise martivi, rogorc cnebebis: sigrZe,
wona, simaRle da sxv. Cven iseTi maCveneblebiT operireba gviwevs,
romlebic iribad Seesatyviseba warmodgenil cnebebs. am dros imis
saSiSroeba Cndeba, rom SerCeulma maCveneblebma adekvaturad ver asaxos

46
maTi meSveobiT gasazomi cnebebi. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis gamoiyeneba
termini validuroba (validity). semantikurad igi miRebuli informaciis
“simyaris”, “mdgradobis” elementebs Seicavs. gazomvis validurobiT
sargebloba niSnavs, rom dainteresde, marTla aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli
gazomvis mocemuli saSualebiT ama Tu im (Cvens mier SerCeuli) cnebebis
gazomva. validurobis uzrunvelyofa xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi
gazomvasTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad problemad miiCneva. gazomva rom
validurad CaiTvalos, igi unda iyos amomwuravi da sruli (Толстова, Ю.
1998).
am dros Cndeba ori kiTxva: 1) rogor ganvaxorcieloT amomwuravi,
sruli da Sesatyvisi gazomva; da 2) rogor davrwmundeT imaSi, rom amas
mivaRwieT.
pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxi iwyeba operacionalizaciis procesiT.
validurobis gansazRvra SegviZlia rogorc xarisxis, romliTac
gazomvis SefasebaTa sxvaoba asaxavs gansxvavebebs mxolod gasazomi
cvladis mniSvnelobaTa ganawilebaSi. farTo azriT, sityva validuroba,
anu meTodis dasabuTebuloba, niSnavs misi meSveobiT miRebuli empiriuli
monacemebis Sesabamisobas (Sesatyvisobas) kvlevis ZiriTad miznebTan.
ramdenadac albaT sruli da sayovelTao validuroba Znelad
misaRwevia. Cvens mizans iseTi gazomvis SerCeva unda warmoadgendes,
romelic minimalurad mgrZnobiare iqneba yvela sxva gansxvavebaTa
zemoqmedebisadmi (CvenTvis saintereso cvladiT gapirobebuli
gansxvavebebis garda). amisaTvis aucilebelia yvela Cvens gazomvasTan
dakavSirebuli procesebis yuradRebiT ganxilva SefasebebSi
gansxvavebaTa SesaZlo mizezebis dadgenis mizniT. am etapze
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile da yuradRebaa saWiroa, raTa dazRveuli
viyoT sistematuri Secdomebis daSvebisagan. mag., SeiZleba dagvWirdes
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebis TavianT mTavrobaTa politikiT
kmayofilebis xarisxis gasazomva. amisaTvis Cven vuSvebT, rom mTavrobis
politikiT kmayofileba-ukmayofilebis maCveneblad CavTvaloT
respodentTa pasuxebi specialurad SemuSavebul kiTxvebis blokze. am
SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebaTa erTaderT wyarod respodentTa pasuxebSi
gansxvaveba miiCneva, magram faqtobrivi viTareba gvafiqrebs amgvari
daSvebis arasakmarisobaze da variaciaTa sxva SesaZlo wyaroebis

47
arsebobaze. Tu sakvlev saxelmwifoebs Soris aris saxelmwifoebi
mmarTvelobis avtoritaruli sistemiT, romlebic mimarTaven saidumlo
policiis samsaxurs disitenturi azrovnebis CasaxSobad da TavianTi
politikis kritikis nebismier mcdelobas aRiqvamen saxelmwifoebrivi
Ralatis aqtad, maSin savsebiT SesaZlebelia, am saxelmwifoTa
moqalaqeebi interviuSi SiSobdnen TavianTi ukmayofilebis gamoTqmas
TavianTi mTavrobis politikis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi gasazomad miRebul
Sefasebebs SeiZleba iseve gansazRvravdes mTavrobis damokidebuleba
nonkonformistebisadmi, ramdenadac respodentTa mosazreba. ramdenadac
amgvari gazomvis Secdomis albaToba Zalian maRalia, momzadebuli
kiTxvebi operacionalizaciis sruliad Seusabamoa.
validurobis Sefasebis process validizacia ewodeba.
validurobis tipologia damokidebulia kvlevis im instrumentze,
romelic ganixileba rogorc amomwuravi, argumentebis ganmamtkicebeli
da maTi specifikuri gamoyenebisa da gamarTlebis procesisadmi
mgrZnobiare.
validurobisadmi midgomas mecnierebi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilaven
da Sesabamisad klasifikaciac cotaoden gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilavT validurobis oTx formas.
zogadad gazomvis validuroba, mas sxvanairad konstruqtorul
validurobas uwodeben (Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. 1992), SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT, rogorc cnebebs, konstruqtebsa da operacionalur
gansazRvrebebs Soris myari Sesabamisobis maqsimaluri gazrda
(maqsimizacia). ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli Sedegebis, rogorc
specifikuri niSnebisa Tu konstruqtebis mniSvnelovnebis maCveneblis,
interpretacia? am kiTxvaze pasuxi moiTxovs empiriuli monacemebis gziT
Sesabamisobisa da axsnis logikur analizs. tradiciulad diskusia
warmoebs fsiqologiur TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT, magram am SemTxvevaSi
igi ganixileba socialur mecnierebaTa kvlevebSi zogadi formiT
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, mxolod am gamartivebuli
gansazRvrebiT monacemebis mopovebisa da kvlevis instrumentis Sefasebis
procesSi xelmZRvaneloba garkveul siZneleebs warmoSobs. aqedan
gamomdinare, unda ganxilul iqnes ara marto konstruqtuli validuroba
(mag., IQ-testis SemTxvevaSi vikvlevT Tu ramdenad SeuZlia mas

48
inteleqtis donis realuri gazomva), aramed, agreTve sxvadasxva
indikatorebis gamoyenebis validuroba, romelic ganixileba rogorc
individebis sxvadasxva socialur klasebSi ganawilebis safuZveli.
specialur literaturaSi terminis “konstruqtoruli validuroba”
gamoyeneba erTmniSvnelovnebiT ar xasiaTdeba. gazomvis problemebze
arsebul sociologiur saxelmZRvaneloebi ZiriTadad orientirdebian
kvlevis calkeul arealsa da instrumentebis gamoyenebis sakiTxebze. am
TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli termini gazomvis instrumentis (an homogenuri
qveseqtorebis), dakvirvebis teqnikisa Tu klasifikaciis sqemis
validurobis farTe gansazRvrebaa socialur kvlevebSi konstruqtis
warmodgenis (reprezentacia) mizniT. qronbaxi (Cronbach,1990) amtkicebs,
rom konstruqtuli validuroba faqtobrivad validurobis sxva
formebisagan gancalkevebulad ar ganixileba, gansxvavebiT kriteriuli
da kontenturi validurobisagan. konstruqtuli validurobis farTe
mniSvneloba gulisxmobs, zogadad, gazomvis validurobas. viwro
mniSvnelobaSi ki argumentebis logikuri urTierTSesabamisoba
(Tanmimdevroba) igulisxmeba.
qronbaxi ganixilavs validurobas rogorc damajerebel
arguments. igi SeniSnavs – aucilebelia Sedegidan gamomdinareobis
dacva. bevri SemTxveva (magaliTi) moiTxovs Sedegidan gamomdinareobis
dacvas. es magaliTebi Sexedulebis savaraudo axsnebs warmoadgens,
romelTagan zogi gamoxatavs apelirebas sayovelTaod aRiarebul
mosazrebaze, cxad upiratesobasa Tu logikur wanamZRvarze. Tu saTanado
auditoria cdilobs moZebnos SesaZlo SemTxvevebi da gasagebi
argumentebi, es niSnavs, rom maTTvis daskvna misaRebia. roca diskusia ama
Tu im profesiis specifikiT SemoisazRvreba, eqspertTa interpretaciebis
gaziareba aucilebelia. sxva interpretaciebi sajaro ganxilvis xasiaTs
Rebulobs. fsiqologTa Tvalsazrisebis gaziareba im SemTxvevaSi xdeba,
roca maTi argumentebi arsebul alternativaTa Soris marTebulad
miiCneva (Cronbach, L.J. 1951)..
termini kriteriuli validuroba gulisxmobs instrumentis
rogorc obieqtTa klasifikaciis saSualebis (meTodis) gamoyenebas
kvantitatiuri (raodenobrivi) niSnebis safuZvelze. raodenobrivi
instrumentis validizaciis erT-erTi xerxia im respondentTa Sefasebebis

49
ganxilva, romlebic mocemuli maxasiaTeblis matareblad iTvlebian. igi
ganisazRvreba specialuri teqnikiT da SesaZlebelia kvlevis miznis
Sesabamisad ramdenime xerxTan erTobliobaSi gamoiyenebodes. erT-erTi
xerxia maTi konkurentuli validurobis Sefaseba Semowmebis meSveobiT,
paraleluri gazomvis an klasifikaciisagan gasxvavebiT. subieqtTa
(romelTac fsiqikis moSla aReniSnebaT) indetifikaciis instrumenti,
SeiZleba individTa or jgufze Semowmdes, romelTagan erTma icis am
faqtis Sesaxeb, meorem ki – ara. Tu Sedegebi gamoavlens raime gamorCeul
(sxvisagan gansxvavebul) Tvalsazriss, romelic am jgufebs
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs, maSin es testi validuria. amis
sapirispirod, sainteresoa, korelirebs Tu ara garkveuli instrumentiT
miRebuli Sedegebi sxva instrumentTan, romlis validurobac
damtkicebulia. meore xerxia prognozul validurobaze fokusireba
testis Sedegebis savaraudo SedegebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze. mag.,
ramdenad korelirebs maTematikaSi meore safexuris swavlebis
skolebisTvis SemuSavebuli akademiuri unarebis (moswrebis) testis
Sedegebi umaRlesi maTematikis programis aTvisebis kursdamTavrebulTa
SedegebTan.

sxva situaciaSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT testis kontenturi

validuroba. adeqvaturad warmoadgens Tu ara testi subieqtis saqmeebsa
Tu unarebs ama Tu im subieqtisa Tu sakiTxTa erTobliobisTvis. mag.,
ramdenad asaxavs semestris bolos gamocda mSobliur literaturaSi
literaturis Sesaxeb faqtebs da agreTve individis interpretaciul da
analitikur unarebs.

kontenturi validurobis gaZliereba xdeba testiT

gaTvaliswinebuli teqnikis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri
procesebis saSualebiT. detaluri ganxilva naTels hfens problemas:
sad gavavloT zRvari validurobis formebs Soris da romeli maTgani
gamoviyenoT? am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia kvlevis mizansa da
instrumentis gamoyenebaze. calkeuli instrumentebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
erTze meti mizniT da Sesabamisad, moiTxovs Semowmebas validurobis
erTze meti formis meSveobiT. mag., SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT sajaro
gamocdis Sedegebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebi, magram sxva

50
kvlevebSi maTi specifikuri gamoyeneba uCvenebs problemis xasiaTs. mag.,
AA safexuris swavlebis gamocdebi rogorc codnis garkveuli donisa da
specifikur sakiTxebSi garkveuli unar-Cvevebis gansazRvruli indikatori
inglissa da uelsSi potenciuri dasaqmebis sazomad miiCneva. garda amisa,
gamomcdelebi universitetSi misaReb gamocdebze mas Tvlian
sauniversiteto warmatebis ganmsazRvrelad da studentTa SerCevis
kriteriumad. am testebis gamomSvebi sagamomcdelo dawesebulebebi icaven
kontenturi validurobis moTxovnas mocemuli testis Sinaarsis
namdvilobis dadgenis meSveobiT. meore mxriv mravali gamokvleva
gviCvenebs, rom es gamocdebi mcired Tu gansazRvravs sauniversiteto
warmatebas. garkveuli sirTule iqmneba amasTan dakavSirebiT. am
SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs specialurad erTi miznisTvis Seqmnili instrumenti
(testireba), romelic sxva miznebisTvis (kvlevisTvis _ konkretuli
validuroba, akademiuri warmatebisTvis _ prognozuri validuroba) didi
validurobiT ar xasiaTdeba.

marfi (Marphy, D. 1991) da devidshoferi (Davidshofer, 1991) aviTareben

da amtkiceben, rom validurobis oTxi tipi ganixileba rogorc
Sedegebidan daskvnis gamoyvanis validurobis dadgenis oTxi strategia.
mkvlevarzea damokidebuli yvela instrumentis aTviseba da maTi
ganviTareba imdenad, rom TiToeuli instrumenti kvlevis amocanis
Sesabamisi iyos. yovelive es win wamoswevs im praqtikul problemas, Tu
rogor gadawyvitos mkvlevarma kriteriumis SerCevis sakiTxi axali
testis agebisas an validurobis tipis misadageba ukve SerCeuli
instrumentisadmi.
pirveladi instrumentis ganviTareba yovelTvis ar aris
SesaZlebeli. mkvlevarma unda daasabuTos, ramdenad sasurvelia
arsebuli instrumentis gamoyeneba da TiToeuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia validurobis Semowmeba. zogjer SesaZloa erTi
instrumentis validurobis Sefaseba, romlis gamoyenebac sxvasTan
SedarebiT korelaciuri kavSiris meSveobiT ufro iolia, ramdenadac igi
ufro kontrolirebadia (konkurentuli validuroba). mag., SizofreniiT
daavadebulTa unarebis kvleviTi proeqti pirvel rigSi moiTxovs
instrumentis Semowmebas maTi unarebis klasifikaciisaTvis.

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 ramdenadac ukve kvlevis mravali instrumenti arsebobs, sasurvelia
daisvas sakiTxi konkurentuli validurobis Sesaxeb.
institucionalizebulad SizofreniiT daavadebulad miCneuli
individebis ranJireba asaxavs Tu ara maT problemebs? Tu instrumenti
validuria, ufro advilad unda gaizomos farTe skalaze, vidre
intervius ramdenime seriis meSveobiT.
prediqtuli/prognozuli (predicted) validuroba xSirad dgindeba
gazomvis instruments an sazomsa da prognozirebadi Sesrulebis zomas
Soris korelaciis moZiebiT. mag., unarebis testis Sedegebis gamoyeneba
umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli konsultaciis mizniT, validurad asaxvs
Tu ara maT potenciur warmatebas specifikur sferoebSi. arcerTi
instrumenti validurobiT ar xasiaTdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
validurobis dacvis Sedegi aris Sefaseba instrumentis validurobis
skalaze erTsa da aTs Soris. ra ufro mniSvnelovania: - is, rom amgvar
skalaze instrumenti SeiZleba dabla daeSvas, Tu is, ramdenad fasdeba
validuroba da ramdenad kargadaa dokumentirebuli Semdgomi ganxilvisa
da analizisTvis. kvlevis erT-erTma gamiznulma Sedegma ufro SeiZleba
gamoiwvios cnebis an konstruqtis Secvla an modifikacia, vidre kvlevis
instrumentma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is SeiZleba ar zomavdes imas,
rac navaraudevi iyo, magram SesaZlebelia CvenTvis saintereso gamodges
sxva romelime cnebis gasazomad. mag., dRes inteleqtis bunebis
gaazrebis garkveuli Sefaseba arsebobs, romelic inteleqtis gazomvis
gamoyenebasa da ganviTarebas efuZneba. pirovnuli dakvirveba SeiZleba
daemTxves im Tvalsazriss, rom inteleqtis donis dadgena SesaZlebelia
daswavlisa da axali problemebis daZlevis unaris mixedviT da igi
ufro metia, vidre faqtebis damaxsovrebisa da cnebebis gagebis unari.
es exmaureba klinis Tvalsazriss, rom inteleqtis gazomva
umTavresad moicavs orive tipis unaris kombinacias: kristalizebulsa
(verbaluri, meqanikuri, ricxviTi da socialuri) da fluidurs
(azrovnebis aucilebloba problemis gadawyvetis procesSi). adre
arsebuli testebi ZiriTadad gamiznuli iyo kristalizebuli unarebis
gasazomad, romlebic xSirad kulturul Rirebulebebs asaxavs. dRes
ukve sabuTdeba am ori tipis unaris balansirebis aucilebloba. maTi ra
Tanafardoba miiReba memkvidreobiT da ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli maTi

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gaZliereba swavlebis (rogorc formaluri, aseve araformaluri
swavlebis) gziT. sainteresoa inteleqtis gazomvis mcdeloba, roca
aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs mimdinare debatebis garda. arsebobs
argumentTa garkveuli rigi, romelic cxadad miuTiTebs abstraqtuli
cnebebis validizaciis bunebaze.
da bolos, fasaduri/zedapiruli validuroba (face validity) aris
termini, romlis gamoyenebac ar ukavSirdeba konstruqtul validurobas,
magram amis miuxedavad mkvlevris instrumentisadmi garkveul interess
amJRavnebs (Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D.1992).
daismis sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad validuria kvlevis mocemuli
instrumenti? Tu respondentebisTvis igi misaRebi ar aris, maT SeuZliaT
pasuxze uari ganacxadon an SekiTxvas gulwrfelad ar upasuxon,
seriozulad ar moekidon mocemul amocanas an SecdomiT gascen pasuxi.

validizaciisadmi ZiriTadi midgomebis sxva tipologiasac

moviyvanT, romelic garkveuli aspeqtiT gansxvavebulia zemoT
moyvanilisagan, Tumca ara urTierTgamomricxavia.
1. pragmatuli validuroba. ramdenadac gazomvis validuroba
fasdeba im monacemTa safuZvelze, Tu raoden kargad SeiZleba qcevebis an
movlenebis prognozireba (winaswarmetyveleba). gazomvas, romelsac
movlenebis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlia, prognostuli validuroba
axasiaTebs. amgvari validizaciisaTvis saWiroa raime alternatiuli
maxasiaTeblis arseboba, rac maTi (am cvladebis) validuri asaxva iqneba.
Cveni gazomvis Semowmeba SesaZloa alternatiuli maxasiaTebliT iseve,
rogorc, vTqvaT, dabadebis Sesaxeb cnobis sizuste SeiZleba SevamowmoT
dabadebis mowmobis meSveobiT. samwuxarod, sociologiur kvlevebSi
gamoyenebul cnebebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba cxadi (calsaxa) validuri
alternatiuli maCveneblebi. sabolood ki mivmarTavT meore tipis
validizacias – konstruqtuls.
2. konstruqtuli validizacia Semdegnairad xorcieldeba –
gazomvis validuroba gamogvyavs monacemebidan, romelic gadmoscems
Sesatyvisobis xarisxs molodinebis sxvadasxva ganzomilebis Sefasebebis
Sesabamisobas Soris. es ki im Teoriidan unda gamomdinareobdes,
romelic mocemuli maCveneblis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. am dros

53
msjeloba warimarTeba ori mimarTulebiT. Tu X cneba dadebiT kavSirSia
YY cnebasTan da uaryofiT kavSirSia Z cnebasTan (rogorc varaudobs
mocemuli Teoria), maSin swori iqneba isic, rom validuri gazomvis
SemTxvevaSi X cnebasTan dakavSirebuli Sefasebebi dadebiT kavSirSi
iyos Y cnebasTan dakavSirebul SefasebebTan da uaryofiT kavSirSi Z
cnebis SefasebebTan. ar SegviZlia gazomvis validizeba am gazomvaSi
cnebebis Sefasebebis Sedarebis meSveobiT sxva gazomvaSi imave cvladis
SefasebebTan, romelic viciT, rom validuria (rogorc dabadebis
mowmobis SemTxvevaSi). Tumca gazomvis validurobis dadgena
SesaZlebelia imdenad, ramdenadac cvladis maCveneblad gamoyenebuli
gazomva qmnis imave tipis urTierTobebs mocemul cvladsa da sxva
cvladebs Soris, romelic Cveni Teoriis Tanaxmad aris mosalodneli.
konstruqtuli validizaciis erT-erTi saxea garegani validizacia.
am dros xorcieldeba SefasebaTa Sedareba erTi mxriv, gazomvaSi,
romelic validizacias eqvemdebareba da meore mxriv, SefasebebTan sxva
cvladebisTvis gazomvaSi. validizaciis am meTodis gamoyenebisas
gamokvlevaSi unda CavrToT gazomvebi sxva cvladebisTvis. es ki niSnavs,
rom Cveni gazomvebisTvis validizaciis xerxebis dadgena kvlevis
procesis sawyis etapzeve unda movaxdinoT. rasakvirvelia, am droisaTvis
unda vicodeT rogor SevamowmebT gazomvis validurobas. es
aucilebelia saWiro informaciis mopovebis uzrunvelsayofad. xSirad
cvladebisaTvis validuri maCveneblebis aRmoCena, romelTac ZiriTadi
cvladi unda ukavSirdebodes, gaZnelebulia; amitom Sinagani
validizaciis procedura frTxilad unda Catardes. yovelive es Zalian
hgavs hipoTezis Semowmebis proceduras. calke aRebuli arc erTi Sedegi
ar iZleva gazomvis validurobis (an aravalidurobis) garantias. swori
validizaciis SemTxvevaTa zrdasTan erTad Cven metad vrwmundebiT
gazomvis validurobaSi. am mizezis gamo Sinagan validizaciaSi
marTebulia TeoriiT nakarnaxevi ufro meti urTierTobebis Zieba.
validizaciis Semowmebis rac ufro meti xerxi gvaqvs, miT ufro saimedoa
Sedegi (mravlobiTi maCveneblis gamoyeneba).
msjelobaTa igive logika miesadageba konstruqtuli validizaciis
meore tips _ Sinagan anu konvergentul validizacias. validizaciis es
tipi moicavs erTi da imave cvladisaTvis ramdenime gazomvis SemuSavebas

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da maT urTierTSedarebas. Tu AA, BB da C validuri gazomvebia X- Tvis,
maSin AA, BB da C gazomvebSi yoveli konkretuli obieqtis Sefase-bebi
Zalian daaxloebuli unda iyos erTmaneTTan (Frankfort-Nachmias, C., &
Nachmias, D. 1992).
3. validizaciis mesame xerxs diskriminantuls uwodeben. am
SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi ase daismis – ZiriTadad Cven gvainteresebs,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara raime cnebis maCveneblad mocemuli gazomvis
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, es cneba ganvasxvavoT sxva cnebisagan. mag., Tu
gvsurs gavzomoT politikuri moRvaweebisadmi ndobis cneba sxvadasxva
kiTxvis meSveobiT, xolo Cvens kiTxvarSi aris SekiTxvebi, zogadad,
adamianebis mimarT ndobis gasazomad, am ori gazomvis Sefasebis
Sedarebisas, Cndeba kiTxva – xom ar asaxavs kiTxvaTa pirveli wyeba
saerTod adamianTa mimarT ndobis gazomvis sxvagvar xerxs? roca
pasuxebi erTmaneTs Zalian uaxlovdeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikuri
ndobis gazomvas ar gaaCnia diskriminantuli validuroba, ramdenadac ar
iZleva am ori cnebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebis saSualebas. sxvanairad
Tu vityviT, diskriminantuli validizacia niSnavs maCveneblis Sesaxeb
daskvnis gakeTebas sxva cnebebisadmi Seusabamobis xarisxis safuZvelze,
romlebic gasazomi cnebebisagan Teoriulad gansxvavebulia.
4. cxadi validuroba. zogierTi gazomva sakvlevi qcevis imdenad
pirdapir da uSualo dakvirvebas efuZneba, rom maTi validurobis
Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmac ugunureba iqneba: aseTi gazomva garegnuladac ki
validurad gamoiyureba. vTqvaT, gvinda saxelmwifoebrivi kanonis dacvis
xarisxis gazomva saaqcizo niSnebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. damkvirvebeli, am
SemTxvevaSi ubralod afiqsirebs am gamoyenebis arseboba-ararsebobas.
amiT ki vRebulobT kanonis Sesrulebis cxad validur gazomvas. magram
mxolod amgvar validurobaze dayrdnoba SecdomaSi Segviyvanda. Tu
gamokvlevis safuZvelze swori daskvnebis miReba gvsurs, gazomvis
validuroba zemoT CamoTvlili procedurebiT unda damowmdes.

saimedooba - rodesac saqme validurobas exeba, gvainteresebs,

ramdenad zustad Seesabameba ama Tu im gazomvis Sedegad miRebuli
mniSvnelobebi gasazomi cvladis realur (namdvil) mniSvnelobebs.
rodesac gazomvis saimedoobas vexebiT, gvainteresebs gazomviT miRebuli

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mniSvnelobebis simyare (mdgradoba). SesaZlebelia Tu ara gazomvis
ramdenjerme gamoyenebiT nebismieri mocemuli obieqtisTvis miviRoT erTi
da igive mniSvneloba? Tu saqme sxvagvaradaa da saxvadasxva midgomis
Sedegad erTsa da imave obieqts sxvadasxva mniSvneloba eniWeba?
Tu romelime gazomvis araerTjeradad gamoyenebisas erTi da igive
obieqti ar Rebulobs erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas, es gazomva Sesabamisi
cnebis arasaimedo maCvenebelia. mag., saxazavis saimedoobis garantiis
mizniT, maT amzadeben iseTi masalisagan, romelic ar iweleba, ar iWimeba.
welvadi masaliT damzadebis SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT erTi da igive
obieqtis sxvadasxva sigrZe gviCvenon.
roca gazomva arasaimedoa, igi ver iqneba validuri, ramdendac
zogi gazomva SefasebebSi, romlebsac obieqtebs mivawerT, gazomvis
SecdomebiTaa gapirobebuli da ara obieqtebs Soris realuri
gansxvavebiT (erTi da igive sagnis wona).
SesaZlebelia gazomva savsebiT saimedo iyos, magram mainc
aravaliduri aRmoCndes. mag., ramdenad moswonT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
adamianebs TavianTi mTavrobis politika. kvlevis dros dasmulma
kiTxvebma aravalidur gazomvasTan SeiZleba migviyvanos, ramdenadac
avtoritarul qveynebSi xalxs simarTlis Tqmis eSinia da rasac fiqrobs,
imas ar ambobs. radgan mocemuli faqtori ganapirobebs ufro sistematur,
vidre SemTxveviT Secdomas, SekiTxva sakmaod myar da mdgrad Sedegebs
mogvcemda. imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenjer SeekiTxebi, xalxi
erTsa da imave pasuxs iZleva. amiT ki, cxadia, gazomva validuri ver
xdeba.
igi saimedo iqneba, Tumca SeiZleba ar iyos validuri, magram igi
veranairad ver iqneba validuri, Tu saimedo ar aris. saimedoobas
safrTxe mxolod SemTxveviTi Secdomis mxriv emuqreba (maSin, roca
safrTxe validurobas sistematurobis da SemTxveviTi Secdomis mxriv
aqvs). es niSnavs, rom Tu wina (adre Catarebul) kvlevebSi gazomva
damajereblad validizebuli iyo, misi gamoyeneba SegviZlia ise, rom
saimedoobis gamo SiSi ar gvqondes: Tu gazomva validuria, is saimedoc
unda iyos.
rogor davizRvioT Tavi arasaimedoobisagan? rogor ganvsazRvroT
saimedoa Tu ara mocemuli gazomva?

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 arasaimedooba rom aviSoroT, aucilebeblia gazomvis SemTxveviTi
Secdomebis wyaroebis codna da maTze kontrolis daweseba. kerZod, unda
moviazroT gazomvis realuri procesi da movaxdinoT gazomvis
instrumentis winaswari testireba, riTac gamovlindeba SemTxveviTi
Secdomebis adre ucnobi mizezebi.
socialur mecnierebebSi rTulia gansazRvro, saimedoa Tu ara
gazomva. es ki imiT aris gamowveuli, rom im cvladebis mniSvnelobebi,
romelTanac saqme gvaqvs, SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva
garemoebaTa gamo, Zireulad Seicvalos: adamianebi icvlian Sexedulebebs
gamocdilebis dagrovebasTan erTad; qveynebi cvlian polotikas,
resursebs da a.S. roca realuri mniSvnelobebi ase Tu ise icvleba,
rTuldeba gazomvis SemTxveviTi Secdomebis zemoqmedebiT Sedegebi
ganasxvavo realuri meryeobisagan gasazomi cnebis farglebSi. es niSnavs,
rom saimedoobis testebi unda Catardes maqsimalurad mcire droiT
SualedebSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, saimedooba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria
raodenobriv kvlevebSi gazomvis dros. socialur mecnierebebSi gazomvis
saimedoobis gansazRvris meTodebis sami tipia:
1. araerTjeradi testirebis meTodi – am SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive
gazomva ramdenjerme gamoiyeneba erTi da imave obieqtebisadmi. Tu isini
(obieqtebi) yovel jerze erTnair Sefasebas Rebuloben, gazomva saimedod
iTvleba. am meTodTan dakavSirebiT sirTuleebi maSin Cndeba, roca
gazomva interviuirebas ukavSirdeba (gansxvavebiT usulo obieqtebis
maxasiaTeblebis gazomvis an adamianebze faruli dakvirvebisagan). Tu
SekiTxvebs drois xanmokle periodis Semdeg vimeorebT, respondentebs
xSirad axsovT maT mier gacemuli pasuxebi, da im mosazrebiT, rom
Tanmimdevrulni iyvnen TavianTi poziciis gamoxatvaSi, imeoreben xolme
maT, imis nacvlad, rom gulaxdili da marTali pasuxebi Tqvan. roca
aseTi situacia iqmneba, nakleb savaraudoa da TiTqmis SeuZlebelic, rom
sworad SevafasoT kiTxvebis saimedooba, rogorc am cnebis maCvenebeli.
amgvari situacia rom aviciloT, ganmeorebiTi gamokiTxvis Catareba
mxolod da mxolod drois mniSvnelovani Sualedis Semdeg SegviZlia.
Tumca am dros sxva problemas vawydebiT: drois ganmavlobaSi cvladis
namdvili mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, da aRmovCndeT im

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mdgomareobaSi, rom ver movaxdinoT SefasebebSi sxvaobebis dadgena, rac
SeiZleba ganapirobos gazomvis arasaimedoobam an cvladis realurma
cvalebadobam (Толстова, Ю. 1998).
2. aRniSnulma problemam warmoSva saimedoobis sxva testis Seqmnis
saWiroeba – es aris alternatiuli formis meTodi. mis Tanaxmad,
gazomvis sxvadasxva formebi erTsa da imave momentSi erTi da imave
jgufis obieqtebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, an erTi da igive gazomva gamoiyeneba
obieqtTa sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi test-efeqti
SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac erTze metad arc erTi obieqti ar izomeba, da
radganac gazomvebi erTmaneTisagan aranairi droiTi intervalebiT ar
arian daSorebulni, gazomvis Sedegebze sakvlevi cvladebis realuri
cvlilebebi ver moaxdenen gavlenas (ar aisaxebian). am strategiis
warmateba imazea damokidebuli, ramdenad kargad SevupirispirebT
erTmaneTs gazomvis alternatiul formebs, rogorc mocemuli cnebis
gazomvas da aseve imaze, namdvilad ekvivalenturia Tu ara ori jgufi
gasazomi cvladis distribuciis TvalsazrisiT. Tu imis varaudis
safuZveli arsebobs, rom pirobebi sruldeba, maSin, rac ufro axloa
ori gazomvis an ori jgufis Sefasebebi, gazomvis saimedooba miT metad
sarwmunoa. magram Tuki Sesadarebeli gazomvebi an jgufebi ar gvaqvs, am
meTods saTanadod ver gamoviyenebT.
3. da bolos, gazomvis saimedoobis testirebis bolo xerxia
qveSerCevis meTodi. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom obieqtebisagan
vayalibebT SerCevas, mas vyofT ramdenime qveSerCevad ise, rom isini
erTmaneTs hgavdnen. Semdeg erTsa da imave gazomvas viyenebT yvela
qveSerCevisadmi da gamoviyenebT Sedegebis msgavseba-gansxvavebas, rogorc
gazomvis saimedoobis maCvenebels. ramdenadac erTsa da imave gazomvas
viyenebT, aucilebebli ar aris Sepirispireba-Sejereba, rogorc
alternatiuli formis dros.
zemoT moyvanili saimedoobis testebidan nebismieris Sedegebis
interpretaciisaTvis mravali statistikuri procedura arsebobs. magram
romeli maTganic ar unda moviSvelioT gazomvis saimedooba kvlevis
dawyebamde unda dadgindes.

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 rogori rTulic ar unda iyos sociologiuri gazomva, misi
erTaderTi mizania Sedegebis miReba.
sociologiuri gazomva ar mTavrdeba skalis meSveobiT ricxviTi
maxasiaTeblebis miRebis Semdeg. igi iTxovs sistematizacias, sxva
ricxviT maCveneblebTan Sedarebis saSualebas da aqedan gamomdinare,
miRebuli socialuri informaciis analizis saSualebaa.
aq vawydebiT sociologiuri gazomvis iseT Taviseburebebs,
romlebic mas sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, kerZod ki,
fsiqologiaSi gamoyenebuli gazomvisagan ganasxvavebs.
istoriulad ise moxda, rom gazomvis procedurebi Tanamedrove
saxiT sazRvargareTul sociologiaSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiidan
Sevida. isini sakmaod iyvnen ganviTarebuli da Seesatyvisebodnen
socialur maxasiaTebelTa pirveladi kvantifikaciis amocanebs, radganac
garkveulwilad hqondaT validurobasa da sandoobaze Semowmebis unari.
sociologebs xandaxan kidec aviwydebaT, rom sociologiasa da
fsiqologias principulad gansxvavebuli gazomvis obieqtebi aqvT. (...)
socialuri statistikis monacemebi aseve SeiZleba iyos
sociologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. magram aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT socialuri da siciologiuri maCvenebeli. aucilebeli ar
aris, rom mainca da mainc sociologiuri maCvenebeli miviCnioT
socialurad. socialuri SeiZleba iyos aseve ekonomikuri, demografiuli
da a. S. maCveneblebi. ar aris aucilebeli, rom sociologiuri
maCvenebeli gazomvis Sedegebze aigos, magram gazomvis Sedegi yovelTvis
sociologiuri maCvenebeli unda iyos.

gazomvis meTodebi da procedura - sociologiaSi gazomvis yvela

procedura sam damoukidebel klasad an tipad SeiZleba daiyos. es
damokidebulia gazomvis obieqtze, agebis wessa da gamoyenebaze. pirvel
klass miekuTvneba gazomvis procedurebi; mas SeiZleba subieqtur
SefasebaTa meTodi ewodos. misi mizania obieqtebis mowesrigeba erTi an
ramdenime maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, yoveli obieqtisaTvis im ricxvis
miwera, romelic adamianTa erTgvarovani jgufis cnobierebaSi raRac
maxasiaTebels gamoxatavs.

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 Semdegia ganwyobebis (damokidebulebebis) skalebis agebis
procedurebi, romlebic maT (ganwyobebis) gazomvas ukavSirdeba. maTi
mizania ricxviTi maCveneblis miwera, romelic sakvlevi erTobliobis
yoveli individis ganwyobis gamoxatvis intensivobas axasiaTebs.

gazomvis problema, romelic monacemTa analizis xerxis arCevisas

warmoiSveba
sociologiaSi gazomva xSirad ukavSirdeba Segrovil mona-cemTa
analizis xerxebs. es ki metad mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom
gazomva swored Sdegebis Semdgomi SeswavlisaTvis gvWirdeba.
gazomvisadmi midgomebis xarisxi swored im TvalsazrisiT unda
Sefasdes, rom konstruqciulad ganisazRvros is SesaZleblobebi, Tu
rogor moveqceT am Sedegebs. am dros mravali KkiTxva Cndeba.
1) monacemTa analizis xerxis SerCeva damokidebulia amosaval
skalebze. es garemoeba intuiciur doneze nebismieri sociologisaTvis
aris cnobili. yvelam icis, rom vTqvaT, saSualo ariTmetikulis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia intervaluri da SeuZlebeli - saxeldebis
(nominaluri) da rigis skalebisaTvis. magram situacia arc ise martivia,
rogorc gveCveneba. ganvmartoT magaliTze.
erTi mxriv, ugunureba iqneboda mniSvneloba migveca saSualo
ariTmetikulisaTvis, mag., ricxvebisaTvis 3 da 4, romelTagan 3 aris
inJinris kodi, 4 – farmacevtis. magram meore mxriv, ganvixiloT aseTi
situacia: vTqvaT “0” aRniSnavs kacs, “1”- qals, Sesabamisi saSualo
ariTmetikuli respondentTa raRac erTobliobisaTvis tolia 0,4 -is. es
savsebiT misaRebia, Tu saSualos mniSvnelobas vainterpretirebT ara
imgvarad, rom ganxiluli erTobliobis yvelaze tipuri warmomadgeneli
40%-ad gvevlineba qalad, aramed es aris qalebis xvedriTi wilis
Sefaseba erTobliobaSi – isini 40% -ia. raRa Tqma unda, es cxadia. am
magaliTebs miRma problema imaleba. saWiroa Teoria, romelic nebismier
situaciaSi imis gansazRvris saSualebas mogvcemda, ra meTodi da ra
azriT aris gamosadegi konkretul monacemTa analizisaTvis.
aRniSnuli problema ar dgeba im monacemTaTvis, romlebic dabali
tipis skalebis meSveobiT miiReba, Tu maTi analizisTvis gamoviyenebT
amisaTvis specialurad arsebul meTodebs. magram aqve sxva sakiTxi

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daismis. arc Tu bevri aseTi meTodisaTvis, romlebic sociologis
bunebriv logikas pasuxobs (sociologis, romelic amgvar monacemebs
Seiswavlis), aris SemuSavebuli Sesabamisi maTematikur-statistikuri
koncefcia. xSirad sruliad bundovania, rogor unda gadaitano Sedegebi
SerCevidan generalur erTobliobaze. am mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs
muSaoba.
2) skalis xasiaTi damokidebulia gazomvis Sedegebis analizis
meTodze. es debuleba imaze metyvelebs, rom monacemTa Cveni
formulireba (interpretacia) gapirobebulia ara marto “gazomvamdeli”
nabijebiT (Tundac maTi fizikuri miRebis xerxiT), aramed “gazomvis
Semdgomi” warmodgenebiT im meTodebis arsze, romlebsac savaraudod
gazomvis Sedegebis analizisaTvis gamoviyenebT.
am aspeqtiT ori mxare SeiZleba gamoiyos:
a) Sinaarsobrivi mxare. rodesac cnobierebaSi im movlenis
garkveuli Sinaarsobrivi koncefcia gvaqvs, romelic gazomvis Sedegebis
analizis safuZvelze unda SeviswavloT, sociologi amosaval
monacemebSi debs azrs, romelic am koncefciiT da Sesabamisad analizis
meTodis xasiaTiTac aris gansazRvruli. warmodgenili aspeqtis kerZo
SemTxvevas pasuxobs bleilokis gazomvis damxmare Teoria, romelic man
Semoitana HhipoTezebis gazomvis procesSi Semdgomi Sesaswavli
kavSirebis Sesaxeb. daaxloebiT igive mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli gutmanis
mier, sadac igi ambobs, rom gazomvis farglebSi aucilebelia
specialuri Teoriuli konstruqciebis SemuSaveba da, rom gazomvis
Teorias, statistikurisagan gansxvavebiT, saqme aqvs ara SerCevis
daskvnebTan, aramed struqturuli hipoTezebis konstruirebasTan. magram
am SemTxvevaSi, gutmans viwro azriT aqvs gagebuli konstruirebuli
hipoTezebi, anu iseve, rogorc bleiloki, isic mxolod cvladebs Soris
korelaciis struqturas gulisxmobda .
b) formaluri mxare. monacemTa analizis zogierTi meTodi im
varaudebs eyrdnoba, rom es monacemebi garkveul pirobebs akmayofilebs.
es pirobebi xandaxan arc Tu uvnebelia.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociologiaSi gazomvis
problemebi arsebobs da bevri maTgani gadauWrelia. dgeba iseTi Teoriis
Seqmnis aucilebloba, romlis ZiriTadi miznebic iqneba: 1. skaluri

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mniSvnelobebis miRebis principebis SemuSaveba, romelic adekvaturad
asaxavs realobas ama Tu im konkretul, sociologisaTvis saintereso
situaciaSi; 2. aparatis SemuSaveba, romelic saSualebas mogvcems
mkafiod ganvsazRvroT skaluri mniSvnelobebis interpretaciis
principebi; 3. dasaSvebobis (ardasaSvebobis) cnebis SemuSaveba aseTi
mniSvnelobebis analizis konkretuli xerxebi (Татарова, Г. 998).
aseTi Teoria jer ar arsebobs.

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 Tavi III

1. Tvisebrivi kvleviTi midgoma - fuqciebi da SesaZleblobebi

30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi socialuri kvlevebi, romlebic

Tavdapirvelad, rogorc socialuri reformebis “mecnieruli
dasabuTeba”, ise warmoiSva, sakuTari mecnierulobis ufro mkacri
kriteriumebis SemuSavebis winaSe dadga. gaCnda imis aucilebloba, rom
adamianTa qcevebis, zraxvebis, Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb empiriuli
monacemebis Segrovebis ekleqturi praqtikidan gadasuliyvnen socialuri
statistikis, eqspertTa da elitis warmomadgenelTa gamokiTxvebiTa da
cxovrebis pirobebze dakvirvebiT “subieqtur maCvenebelTa” gazomvis
pirdapir da irib standartebze. ise ki, 1920-30-iani wlebis
zogadnacionalur gamokvlevebSi, zog SemTxvevaSi, axalgazrdobis
Sexedulebebisa da ganwyobebis, profesiuli gegmebis, migraciis
mizezebis gamovlenis mizniT gamokiTxvis procedurebi gamoiyeneboda.
magram, ramdenadac SerCevisa da gazomvis problemebi SeumuSavebeli da
dasaxvewi iyo, aseve ar arsebobda cnebebis “ganwyoba” da “Sexeduleba”
mkafio konceptualizacia, amgvari cdebi kritikas ver uZlebda. kritika
ki upirveles yovlisa, modioda akademiuri mecnierebidan, sadac
“realuri cxovrebis” aseTi farTomasStabiani kvlevebis praqtika da
gamocdileba iyo.
30-iani wlebidan Camoyalibeba daiwyo subieqturi cvladebis
gazomvis sociologiurma tradiciam, romelic gansxvavdeboda
fsiqologiurisagan, Tumca am ukanasknelis mxriv did zegavlenas
ganicdida. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki socialur fsiqologiaSi didi
mniSvneloba qceviT da SemecnebiT komponentebs eniWeboda, sociologiur
definiciebSi ufro SefasebiTi komponenti Warbobda (mag.,
terstouniseuli ganwyobis gansazRvreba, romelic mis Tanaxmad
pozitiur an negatiur grZnobaTa daZabulobaa, romelic ganwyobis
obieqts ukavSirdeba). Tumca, ZiriTadi ara gansazRvrebaTa Soris
gansxvaveba, aramed midgomebsa da procedurebs Soris sxvaoba iyo.

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fsiqologebi, romlebic ganwobebs Seiswavlidnen, eqsperimentul
tradicias misdevdnen, mis normebs icavdnen da naklebad cdilobdnen,
miesadagebinaT laboratoriuli samyaro realuri socialuri
konteqstisaTvis. Tavis mxriv, sociologebic ar TanaugrZnobdnen
eqsperimentuli meTodebis Rirsebebs da naklovanebaTa miuxedavad, maTi
azriT, masobrivi gamokiTxvebi iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom monacemebi
miviRoT jgufebze, subkulturebze da a.S. oRondac, gansxvavebulia
gazomvis teqnika, respondentTa SerCeva da kvlevis Catarebis pirobebi,
aseve indikatorebis mizanSewoniloba (vin romels miiCnevs m.b.).
1920-30-ian wlebSi fsiqologiaSi ganwyobaTa gazomvis Sesaxeb mravali
Sroma gamoCnda. maTi avtorebi, erTi mxriv, cdilobdnen kvantifikacia
SemoetanaT kvlevebSi da amiT alternativa SeeqmnaT radikaluri
biheviorizmisaTvis, da meore mxriv – fsiqometruli midgomisa da
testebis Teoriis gamoyenebis sferoebi gaefarToebinaT. fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis monawileni ZiriTadad studentebi iyvnen. 1935 wlis klasikur
mimoxilvaSi (gordon olportis), arc aris naxsenebi, rom kvlevebi
studentebsa da moswavleebze tardeboda, Tanac studentebi
ganixileboda ara rogorc specifikuri jgufi, aramed rogorc “xalxis
nawili” zogadad.

amis ZiriTad mizezTagan CvenTvis sainteresoa da arsebiTi Semdegi:

1) fsiqologebi, Cveulebriv, iyenebdnen gazomvis ufro rTul

instrumentebs da ufro zust hipoTezebs im pirobebSi, romlebic ufro
axloa laboratoriul eqsperimentTan kontrolis xarisxiT.

2) es ki iTxovda standartul procedurebsa da maRal mzaobas

TanamSromlobisaTvis sakvlevTa mxriv. ramdenadac Sedegebis aRwera
SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo eqsperimentuli tradiciebis kanonebTan,
masSi unda yofiliyo validurobisa da saimedoobis cnobebi, sakvlevi
nawili unda yofiliyo kompetenturi da TviTrefleqsiis CvevebiT. amas
garda, arsebiTi faqtori iyo sakvlev studentebTan eqsperimentis
“siiafe”.

socialur-fsiqologiuri tradiciiT ganwyobaTa kvleva aRniSnul

periodSi efuZneboda irib indikatorebs – gamoTqmul Sexedulebebs.
marTalia, ganwyobaTa struqturis mravaldonianoba da ganwyobebisa da

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Sexedulebebis kavSiris arawrfivoba mkafiod aRiqmeboda, fsiqologebs
sociologebze naklebad eparebodaT eWvi TavianTi gasazomi instrumentis
validurobaSi, da TviT gasazomi konstruqtis anu ganwyobis statusSi.

am mosazrebebis safuZvlianobas ufro eWvqveS ayenebdnen

sociologebi.

raodenobrivi sociologiuri midgomis Tavisebureba ara marto

sociologiis saganze da meTodze SexedulebebiT ganisazRvreboda,
aramed profesiuli erTobis konkretuli TaviseburebebiTa da saukunis
pirvel mesamedSi Camoyalibebuli kvleviTi praqtikis tipebiTac.

empiriul sociologiaSi indeividualur SexedulebaTa da

ganwyobaTa kvlevebis Tanmimdevruli kritika mogvianebiT, 50-ian wlebSi
daiwyo kritikuli sociologiis warmomadgenelTa mier...

amerikul akademiur sociologiaSi “raodenobrivi” mxariT

ZiriTadad demografebi da statistikis sferos calkeuli
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen dakavebuli. sociologiaSi, fsiqologiisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar arsebobda eqsperimentuli tradicia misi kvantifikaciis
Sesaxeb.

rogorc j. konversi aRniSnavs: “sociologTa didi nawili,

romelic dainteresda ganwyobebiT, jer kidev cudad flobda
raodenobriv teqnikas. isini, ZiriTadad, intuitiurad muSaobdnen
arastruqturirebuli interviuTi, arastandrtizebuli kiTxvarebiTa da
intervius blankebiT, gamoiyenebdnen dRiurebs, werilebs da sxva pirad
dokumentebs cxovrebis Tvisebrivi mxaris Sesaxeb.

zogierTi sociologi cdilobda erTmaneTisaTvis Seerwya

Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi radgan miiCnevdnen, rom Tvisebriv
monacemebze dafuZnebuli hipoTezebis gamyareba SesaZlebelia mkacri
statistikuri SemowmebiT ufro farTe masalaze. Tumca aq winaaRmdegoba
SesaZlebelia sociologisTvis xelmisawvdomi TviT statistikuri masala
yofiliyo. standartuli meTodebi praqtikulad ar arsebobda, SerCevis
problema 30-ian wlebamde Teoriuladac ki ar iyo gadaWrili
(sociologiaSi Tanamedrove SerCevis meTodis safuZvlebis mkacri
dasabuTeba eJi neimanma mogvca 1934 wels, xolo sociologiuri kvlevebis
praqtikaSi albaTuri SerCevisa da stratifikaciis ideam damkvidreba
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mxolod 40-ian wlebSi daiwyo).sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis
meTodebi raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad iyofa.

raodenobrivi meTodebi xasiaTdeba rogorc “formalizebuli” da

‘masobrivi’. formalizaciaSi mocemul SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: a)
ramdenad aris mimarTuli meTodika gasaanalizebel cvladTa mkacrad
gansazRvrul erTobliobaze da b) maTi raodenobrivi gazomva.
formalizebuli meTodikuri instrumentebis Taviseburebaa, rom maTSi
sakvlevi cvladebi winaswar aris mocemuli. misi Secvla kvlevis
procesSi (Semdgomi misadageba) SeuZlebelia. sociologiuri kvlevis
formalizebuli raodenobrivi meTodebis ricxvs miekuTvneba: statistika,
anketa daxuruli kiTxvebiT, struqturirebuli dakvirveba, kontent-
analizi .

istoriulobis TvalsazrisiT orive tradicia praqtikulad

Tanadroulad warmoiSva. pirvel seriozul empiriul (Tvisebrivi
midgomis TvalsazrisiT) naSromad frangi mkvlevris f. le-ples Sroma
SeiZleba CaiTvalos (sxvadasxva fenis 300 ojaxis kvleva, monografiuli
aRwera). wigns erqva “evropeli mSromelebi”, gamoica 1855 wels. manamde
ki, 1835 wels gamovida a. ketles naSromi “socialuri fizikis cda”,
romelmac saTave daudo empiriuli raodenobrivi monacemebis gamoyenebas
socialur movlenaTa kanonzomierebis dasadgenad (Семенова, В. 1998)..

istoriulad raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi tradicia socialur

mecnierebebSi nawilobriv Tanaarsebobdnen, nawilobriv ki Teoriuli
konfliqtis mdgomareobaSi iyvnen.

me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi empiriul

sociologiaSi Tvisebrivma mxarem (avtobiografiebis, werilebisa da
dRiurebis analizi) daiwyo ganviTareba. savaraudoa, rom aseTi
dokumentebisadmi interesi ZiriTadad gamomdinareobda cnobierebis
kvlevebis filosofiuri Sromebidan, romlebic safuZvlad edo
Teoriuli sociologiis warmoSobas.

Semdgomi periodi, pirobiTad 30-60-iani da nawilobriv 70-iani wlebi

(XX s.) raodenobrivi meTodebis popularobis periodia. am gardatexas
ormagi buneba hqonda. erTi mxriv, es mizezebi ukavSirdeboda aSS-Si 20-30-
ian wlebSi masobrivi gamokiTxvebis meTodebis gamoyenebas (mis aTvisebas).

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meore mizezi ufro msoflmxedvelobrivi xasiaTis iyo da am istoriul
epoqaSi mecnieruli codnis bunebaze pozitivisturi Sexedulebebis
warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas ukavSirdeboda.

logikuri pozitivizmis Zireuli ideebi SemuSavda 30-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi venis logikuri wris mier, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyvnen
cnobili filosofosebi da maTematikosebi moric Sliki, oto neraiti,
rudolf karnapi; isini eyrdnobodnen vitgenSteinis “logikur-
maTematikur traqtats” (1921 w.). logikuri pozitivizmis erT-erTi
sakvanZo debuleba emyareba e.w. “verifikacionizmis princips”.
verifikacionizmi gadmoscems mecnieruli Semecnebis process, rogorc
faqtebis empiriuli Semowmebis proceduras, rac safuZvlad udevs
Sesatyvis mtkicebebs.

30-iani wlebis bolos am koncefciam krizisi ganicada, ramdenadac

damtkicda, rom mecnieruli Semecnebis realuri procesi ver jdeboda
mis farglebSi. kerZod, im problemaTa Soris, romlebic mocemul
CarCoebSi ver gadaiWra, aRmoCnda hipoTezebis warmoSobis problemac.
yuradReba gamaxvilda verifikaciis procedurebze, gadauWreli darCa
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Cndeba Sinaarsobrivi hipoTeza, romelic
Semowmebas moiTxovs.

30-ian wlebSi SexedulebaTa pozitivisturi sistema popularuli

gaxda samecniero inteligenciis wreebSi da sxvadasxva mecnieruli
disciplinis mecnierTa msoflmxedvelobaze iqonia gavlena. gamonaklisi
arc sociologia aRmoCnda, romelSic mkveTrad gaizarda interesi
mecnieruli codnis empiriuli verifikaciis problemebisadmi, empiriuli
kvlevebis raodenobrivi aspeqtebisa da gazomvis procedurebisadmi.

pozitivisturi da “raodenobrivi” Sexedulebebi sociologiuri

kvlevebis meTodologiasa da meTodikaze 60-ian wlebamde Warbobda.
Semdgom daiwyo maTi kritika, romlis wyaroebic, erTi mxriv, empiriuli
xasiaTis, xolo meore mxriv – msoflmxedvelobrivi iyo. kritikis
empiriuli wyaro is iyo, rom Catarebul kvlevebs mecnierulad dabali
donisad miiCnevdnen.

rac Seexeba msoflmxedvelobriv mizezebs, isini avtonomiuri

xasiaTisa iyo da mecnieruli codnis gagebis axlebur gnoseologiur

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midgomas ukavSirdeboda. 60-iani wlebis bolosa da 70-ianis dasawyisSi
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi (Tumca araerTmniSvnelovani) TviT
sociologiuri Teoriis SigniT moxda. da isini axali Teoriuli
mimarTulebebis – fenomenologiisa da eTnomeTodologiis warmoSobas
ukavSirdebida.

Tvisebrivi midgomis arsi

am meTodis gamoyeneba prioritetulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevris
yuradRebis centrSi eqceva calkeuli socialuri obieqtebis
Taviseburebebis Seswavla, movlenis an SemTxvevis saerTo suraTis kvleva
mis SemadgenlebTan erTobliobaSi, obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis
urTierTqmedeba. agreTve, igi saSualebas gvaZlevs SeviswavloT axali
movlenebi da procesebi, romlebic masobrivad ar aris gavrcelebuli,
gansakuTrebiT mkveTri socialuri cvlilebis pirobebSi.
Tvisebrivi midgomis zogadi strategia mdgomareobs problemuri
situaciis analizis Ria, ZiebiT, arastruqturirebul xasiaTSi. mkvlevris
yuradReba mimarTulia calkeuli subieqtebis ganxilvaze subieqturi da
obieqturi faqtorebis erTobliobaSi.
maqs veberis tradicias Tu mivyvebiT, “Tvisebrivi” mkvlevari-
sociologi arkvevs, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWebs subieqti Tavis qmedebas.
mkvlevari am subieqturi mniSvnelobebis interpretacias axdens da maT
garkveuli logikuri mimdevrobiT alagebs, raTa adamianis qcevis
tipiuri modelebis konstruireba moaxdinos.
mas aseve uwodeben mikrosociologias an “fragmentuls”,
ramdenadac amgvari midgomis pirobebSi xdeba yuradRebis koncentrireba
konkretuli urTierTqmedebebis (interaqciebis) mikroanalizze. g. zimels
miaCnda, rom globaluri socialuri Teoriebi sociologiaSi
SeuZlebelia. Tavis analizSi igi eyrdnoboda adamianuri gamocdilebis
“mikrosafuZvlebs”, pirvel rigSi – mis kulturul Semadgenels, romlis
wyalobiTac, zimelis azriT, SesaZlebelia erTi mxriv, realuri
cxovrebis individualuri gamocdilebis gageba, meore mxriv –
sazogadoebis xedva, rogorc erTiani mozaikuri tilos xedva, romelic
sxvadasxva fragmentebiT aris naqsovi.

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 Tvisebriv meTodologias xSirad uwodeben interpretaciuls an
gagebiTs, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi sociologi socialuri agentebis
qmedebas ganixilavs rogorc motivirebuls, romelsac aqvs sazrisi da
sxvebzea orientirebuli. es qmedebebi analizs swored im mniSvnelobebSi
SeRwevis meSveobiT eqvemdebareba, romelsac maT adamianebi aniWeben anu
socialuri moqmedebebis gagebisa da interpretaciis gziT (veberi,
zimeli).
Tvisebriv paradigmaSi aqcentirebulia individualuri mxare da igi
erwymis am individualuris Sesaxeb bunebrivi gziT monacemTa mopovebis
xerxs. es niSnavs, rom sociologma imgvarad unda aagos kvlevis procesi,
rom ar daarRvios aqtorebisTvis Cveuli wesi. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT,
Tvisebrivi kvleva principulad uaryofs iseT kvleviT procedurebs,
romlebic respondentebs iyenebs “sacdel baWiebad” (magaliTad, rogorc
eqsperimentSi). gamokiTxvis meTodi, rogorc nebismieri kvleviTi
instrumenti, yovelTvis xelovnuria. Tumca ganicdis transformacias da
cdilobs iyos maqsimalurad bunebrivi. am TvalsazrisiT ki, Tvisebrivi
kvlevebi yovelTvis naturalisturia: “Tvisebrivi sociologebi”
upiratesobas aniWeben adamianebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis kvlevas
bunebriv garemoSi.
Tvisebrivi sociologia principulad aRiarebs indeterminizms,
radganac miiCnevs, rom socialur moqmedebaSi, romelic nebismieri
socialobis sawyisia, Sedis subieqturoba, refleqsuroba, situaciuri
gadmocemebi/gamovlinebebi, moulodneli siaxlis gamoCena. socialuri
realoba am SemTxvevaSi aris procesi, raRacis Camoyalibeba,
dausrulebeli ram.
“Tvisebrivi midgomisas mkvlevari velze gadis koncepciebiT,
hipoTezebiT da gazomviTi instrumentebiT SeiaraRebuli da im
ganzraxviT, rom am fokusis gavliT wesrigi Seitanos gansxvavebuli
obieqtebisa da movlenebis erTobliobaSi. anu mkvlevari miemgzavreba
eqspediciaSi SeuiaraRebeli, magram momzadebuli winare gamocdilebiT,
mocemul problemebTan dakavSirebuli winaswari codniT, im ganzraxviT,
rom amoxsnas da Cawvdes, Tu ra xdeba sinamdvileSi da es aRweros
Teoriulad”. rogorc vxedavT, Tvisebrivi midgomisas Teoria

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agvirgvinebs kvlevis process, sawyisad ki mxolod “mocemuli
problemebis Sesaxeb arsebuli socialuri gamocdileba” gvaqvs.

socialuri movlenebis Seswavlisas sociologebi iseT kvleviT

strategias irCeven, romelic Sesaswavli movlenis bunebas Seesatyviseba
da mis ufro srulyofilad gaxsnas uwyobs xels. erTi romelime
strategiis gamoyenebam SesaZloa miRebuli informaciis calmxrivobasTan
migviyvanos. nebismieri meTodologiuri Sexeduleba nawilobrivi da
arasrulia. Cveni azriT, raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi midgomebis
dapirispireba, romelsac jerac kidev vxvdebiT kvleviT poziebSi,
sakmaod iluzorulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT principul sxvaobebs
amosaval wanamZRvrebSi, SegviZlia es midgomebi ganvixiloT rogorc
urTierTSemavsebeli, romlebic socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebul,
magram dialeqtikurad urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqtebs ikvleven:
movlenis unikalurobasa da tipurobas, mis statistikasa da dinamikas da
a. S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kvleviT praqtikaSi didi xania, rac arsebobs
orive meTodikis gamaerTianebeli tendenciebi (triangulacia).
triangulaciis cneba sociologiaSi pirvelma gamoiyena denzinma wignSi
“kvleviTi aqti”, romelSic igi ganmartavs, rom triangulacia aris
mravalmxrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba erTi da imave empiriuli movlenis
analizisas.
dencinis naSromebze dayrdnobiT, sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi
terminiT “triangulacia” aRiniSneboda socialuri movlenis sizustis
amaRlebis Seswavlis aucilebloba mravali meTodis meSveobiT. p.
lazarsfeldis azriT, triangulacia gvexmareba davazustoT obieqtis
realuri mdgomareoba sxvadsxva mxridan da mimarTulebidan dakvirvebis
Sedegad.
ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas – kvleviTi meTodikebis arCeva xdeba
kvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad: rodesac ama Tu im movlenis
sruli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa aucilebeli, prioriteti
triangulacias anu orive meTodikis gamoyenebas eniWeba.
Tvisebrivi meTodis arastandartuloba, misi SedarebiTi siaxle da
SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebi XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis

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sociologiisTvis unikalur SesaZleblobad iqca, ramac socialuri
movlenebis ufro siRrmiseul Seswavlas Seuwyo xeli. mizezebis ori
jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos, romelmac sociologiur kvlevaSi am
alternatiuli midgomis warmoSobas ubiZga:
1. globaluri xasiaTis mizezebi, romlebic XX saukuneSi Teoriuli
paradigmebis cvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli
2. lokaluri, Sinagani, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo
daukmayofileblobiT klasikuri midgomis “SemecnebiTi
horizontisadmi”.

pirvel (globalur) jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT XX saukuneSi

mecnierebis mkveTri prestiJis dacema axal droebaSi. da saqme marto is
ki ar aris, rom mecnierebas bevri ramiT ukavSireben kacobriobis
globalur katastrofebs. kritikas imsaxurebs mecnierebis intencia –
daipyros samyaro.
meore (lokalur) jgufs miekuTvneba klasikuri midgomis CarCoebSi
SemecnebiTi procesis is mxareebi, romlebic kritikas Signidan
imsaxurebs: sociolog-empirikosTa mxridan, romelTac aseTi kvlevebis
sakmaod didi gamocdileba daigroves. yvelaze metad sociologebis
ukmayofileba gamowveuli iyo maTematikuri gamocdilebiT _
mravalganzomilebiani statistikis meTodebiT, maTematikuri
modelirebiT socialur movlenaTa aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.
sinamdvileSi, statistikuri tradicia, romelic klasikurma
sociologiam aiTvisa, gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebi
erTurTisagan damoukideblad arseboben; maTi calkeuli Tvisebebi
kargad aris gamonawevrebuli da aseve daukidebelia an umartivesi
damokidebulebebiT arian dakavSirebuli. es tradicia aseve gulisxmobs,
rom sirTules ar warmoadgens im maxasiaTebelTa gamovlena, romlebic
maTi elementaruli Tvisebebidan obieqtebis mTlianobas aRweren.
sociologTa Soris sul ufro metad ikidebs fexs da myardeba azri imis
Taobaze, rom maTematikisa da sociologiis Serwyma-adaptacia
warmoudgenlad rTuli da problemuria miuxedavad maTematikosTa da
sociologTa didi Zalisxmevisa – sociologiis mecnierebis moTxovnebs

71
miusadagon uaxlesi maTematikuri modelebi da originaluri
maTematikuri aparati.
kidev erTi principuli Sinagani pretenzia is aris, rom
SeuZlebeli iyo klasikuri midgomis farglebSi aRweriliyo socialuri
obieqtis realuri mTlianoba-erTianoba, radgan zogjer es iyo
araTavsebadis, winaaRmdegobrivis Serwyma. magram ra vuyoT rTul
socialur maxasiaTeblebs, realur mTlianobebs, rogoric aris
cnobierebis tipi, cxovrebis stili, moxmarebis xarisxi (Tvisebriobis
aspeqtiT)?
klasikuri sociologiis uaryofiT mxareebs akuTvneben imas, rom
socialuri obieqtebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia mis droiT cvalebadobaSi,
romelic ganpirobebulia rogorc obieqtis genetikuri bunebiT (mag.,
mozardTa zrda), ise socialuri procesebiT. longituduri kvlevebi,
romlebic cdiloben aRweron TaobaTa cvlilebebi qcevis formebSi,
cnobierebis tipebSi, sadac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive
adamianebi Seiswavlebian, romlebic cxovrebiseuli ciklis sxvadasxva
etapze imyofebian; ufro egzotika, vidre realuri kvleviTi praqtika da
aseve, naklvanebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT subieqturoba.
amas garda, gaCnda imis gancda, rom Tvisebrivi monacemebi,
romlebic gamokiTxvebiT miiReba, sruliadac ar aris obieqturi – es
aris pasuxebis jami standartizebul SekiTxvebze – pasuxebis, romlebic
Tanamedrove frangi sociologis d. bertos azriT, sruliad subieqturia
TavisTavad da aseTad rCeba, gind cifrebiT moaxdino maTi kodireba,
gind Seurio da ise gamoiyvano saSualo statistikuri maCvenebeli. “ra
xerxiTac ar unda moamzado katebi an katebis reprezentatuli SerCeva
moaxdino, isini verasdros gadaiqcevian bocvrebad” (Берто, Д. 1997).
warmodgenili naSromis avtori srulad ver daeTanxmeba da
gaiziarebs am pozicias. amis pasuxad ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
sociologiuri kvlevis xarisxi tradiciul samecniero midgomisas
fasdeba misi obieqturoba-subieqturobis kriteriumebiT da gulisxmobs,
rom mxolod obieqturi kvleva SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc sando,
saimedo, validuri, dasabuTebuli. Tvisebriv kvlevebSi aRniSnuli
problema yovelTvis maTi SemecnebiTi bunebis kritikis centrSi rCeboda.
amis mizezi aris Semdegi: Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesi, ZiriTadad,

72
monacemTa mopovebis etapze araformalizebuli da naxevrad
formalizebuli intervius Catarebas gulisxmobs. amasTan, yoveli
interviu aris unikaluri saubari, romelsac kritikulad SeuZlia
gavlena moaxdinos Semdgom monacemTa analizis msvlelobasa da ZiriTad
daskvnebze. am azriT, sakvlevi piri, ise rogorc interviueri,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
cxadia, rom Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, rodesac obieqtTan xdeba
socialuri daaxloeba, obieqti-adamiani iwyebs kvlevis msvlelobaze
gavlenis moxdenas, anu sul ufro metad iZens kvlevis procesis
subieqtis Tvisebebs, e.i. xdeba kvlevis procesis subieqtivizacia
(Савинская, И. 2002).
subieqturobis daZlevis mizniT avtorTa nawili Semdeg gzebs
gvTavazobs:
 jgufuri analizi da monacemTa interpretacia
 triangulacia da sxva procedurebi, rac saSualebas iZleva
gaizardos rezultatebis sandooba da saimedooba
 “kritikosis” yofna/arseboba kvleviT jgufSi

imisaTvis, rom sociologiur kvlevebSi romelime midgoma

gamoiyeno, unda Seiswavlo misi ganviTarebis istoria, raTa obieqturad
Sefasdes misi kvleviTi SesaZleblobebi da miRebul monacemTa xarisxi.
ar aris didi xani, rac Tvisebrivi sociologiis formireba da mis
mier sxvadsxva kvleviTi meTodisa da strategiis gamoyeneba xdeba.
amitomac misi cnebiTi aparati da kvleviTi procedurebi bolomde
mkacrad formulirebuli ar aris.
Tvisebrivi sociologiis aRmavlobas ukavSireben XX saukunis 20-30-
ian wlebSi Cikagos skolis ganviTarebas da iseT saxelebs, rogoric
aris u. Tomasi da f. znanecki, k. bogardusi, r. parki da sxv. maTi
gamokvlevebi exeboda gadaxril qcevebsa da kriminologias, eTnikur
problemebs da urbanistikas, aseve iyo Teoriuli Sromebi Case study,
cxovrebis istoriebi, piradi dokumentebi da avtobiografiebi
(Баньковская, И.П. 1998).
simbolurma interaqcionizmma (j. midi, i. habermasi, h. blumeri)
Semoitana warmodgena enis Sesaxeb, rogorc safuZveli socialuri

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komunikaciis sazrisebis interpretaciisTvis. am midgomis Tanaxmad,
sazogadoebaSi interaqcia xorcieldeba enis meSveobiT, Jestebis
gacvliT, simboloebiT.
fenomenologiur tradiciaSi es ideebi ganviTarebulia im
warmodgenamde, rom adamianis qcevis motivebis gageba SesaZloa mxolod
misi biografiuli situaciidan gamomdinare, alfred Siucis mixedviT,
“cxovrebiseuli samyarodan gamomdinare”. adamianebi subieqturad ageben
socialur realobas, yovel socialur situaciaSi TavianTi motivebi da
qcevis modelebi SemoaqvT (p. bergeri da t. lukmani) da, roca aseTi
situaciebi meordeba, imave motivebsa da modelebs iyeneben, axdenen maT
tipizacias.
eTnomeTodologia eyrdnoba qcevis mniSvnelobaTa kvlevas
adamianTa rutinuli yoveldRiurobis taqtikas empiriuli dakvirvebis
gziT. aq eqspertebad iTvlebian rigiTi adamianebi, romlebic ufro
kompetenturi arian yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi, vidre romelime
profesionali sociologi. analizis mocemul aspeqts aseve uwodeben
folklorul sociologias (g. garfinkeli).
amgvarad, sociologiuri literaturis analizma problemasTan
dakavSirebiT saSualeba mogvca gamogvevlina Tvisebrivi meTodis
gansxvavebuloba raodenobrivisgan, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas
SeuZlia axsnas socialuri movlenebisa da procesebis adamianuri “arsi”,
kvlevis obieqti masSi aris individi, misi socialuri samyaro, mis mier
gare realobis da misi TviTSecnobis samyaros axsna. Tvisebrivi midgoma
dasavleTSi me-20 saukunis 20-30 wlebSi warmoiSva. amas xeli Seuwyo
raodenobriv kvlevaSi kvleviTi krizisis gaCenam, romelic im axsnas
emyareboda, rom mas ar SeuZlia axsnas individis Sinagani samyaro, misi
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualo gavlenas axdenen
sociumTan urTierTqmedebaze.

gagebiTi sociologia - viwro azriT, es aris maqs veberis

sociologiuri koncefcia, farTe azriT, sociologiis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa, romelic orientaciiT mimarTulia misi
naturalisturi ganwyobebisa da pozitivisturi meTodologiis
daZlevisken, romelmac XIX-XX saukunebiis mijnaze saTave daudo mis

74
Semdgom araklasikur versiebs: fenomenologiur sociologias,
eTomeTodologias, kognitur sociologias da a.S. mis postmodernistul
proeqtamde (z. baumani, v. velSi da sxv.); agreTve, sociologiuri
analizis iseT araklasikur mimarTulebebs, rogoricaa kulturis
sociologia da codnis sociologia (Ионин Л.Г. 2004)..
gagebiTi sociologia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
sociologiuri codnis humanisturi alternativis erT-erTi pirveli
redaqcia. gagebiTi Teoriul-meTodologiuri paradigmis Camoyalibeba
socio-humanitarul codnaSi, upirveles yovlis, ukavSirdeba dilTeis da
veberis, aseve, zimelis da nawilobriv j. midis saxelebs. mis uSualo
wyaroebad ganixilaven sicocxlis filosofias da neokantianelobas
(pirvel rigSi, badenis skolis saxiT). Tvisebrivis Semobruneba
ukavSirdeba a. Siucis saxels, romelmac gviandeli huserlis
fenomenologiis orientiri Secvala sociologiisken, xolo Semdeg
sociologiuri analizis fokusSi moaqcia enis problemebi, rac
vitgenSteinis lingvistur midgomaSi iyo mocemuli da aseve Tanamedrove
hermenevtikuli analizi.
gamaerTianebel Teoriul-meTodologiur amosavlad “gagebis”
sociologebisTvis gvevlineba principulad gansxvavebuli ontologiebis
mtkiceba bunebrivi da socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. am wanamZRvarTan
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli meore, romelic eWvqveS ayenebs socialur
cxovrebaSi obieqt-subieqtis SemecnebiTi sqemis SesaZleblobas.
gagebis sociologiSi kvleviTi interesi Sereulia socialuri
aqtivobis uSualo subieqtebis analizis doneze, aqcentirebulia
“pirovnebis CarCoebi” sociologiur codnaSi. es xazi Semdgom gamoikveTa
fenomenologiur variantSi da, gansakuTrebis, eTnomeTodologiaSi.
Sinagani sazrisebis aspeqtebis da socialuri moqmedebis aqtualizaciam
gardatexa Seitana gagebiT orientaciaSi kulturis analizis, rogorc
obieqturi mniSvnelobebis sferos mimarT, rogorc “me”-s da “sxva”-s
gagebis SesaZleblobis maorganizebelma. am TvalsazrisiT gagebiTi
sociologia meore gavlenian sociologiur mimarTulebasTan –
simbolur interaqcionizmTan - sakmaod axlos aRmoCnda. Tumca, ufro
koreqtulia, rom movaxdinoT am mimarTulebebis diferencireba. da
bolos, am wris moazrovneTa gamaerTianebeli Tema, sakuTriv gagebis

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problemaa, romelmac saxelwodeba misca mTlian Teoriul
moTodologiur mimarTulebas. veberma mogvawoda gagebis koncefcia,
rogorc procedurebi (meTodis), romlebic, mxolod da mxolod,
sociologiur axsnas qmnian. socialuri moqmedebis konstituireba xdeba
azris/sazrisis gacnobierebiT, romelsac subieqti ganicdis da iTxovs,
mivakuTvnoT SesaZlebeli moqmedeba sxvaTa aseve SesaZlebel moqmedebebs.
aseTi mikuTvnebuloba warmoSobs qcevis azrobriv kavSirs (veberi). es
ukanaskneli sociologiuri Seswavlis uSualo sagania, romlis amocanac
aris socialuri moqmedebis gageba, interpetaciis safuZvelze. gagebis
saSualebad ki moviazrebT logikurad konstuirebad idealur tipebs
(Семенова, В. 1998).
gageba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi
movlena, rogorc erTi sulis damokidebuleba meorisadmi, rogorc
sicxadis kritikis universaluri xerxi. dilTeis koncefciaSi SeiZleba
gagebis sami tipi aRmovaCinoT; 1. rogorc Sinagani xedviT adamianuri
cxovrebis saboloo realobis uSualo ganxilva; 2. rogorc Secnoba –
Tanagancda sxvisa garedan mocemuli niSnebiT; 3. rogorc sakuTari Tavis
gagebis ganviTareba cxovrebiseuli konteqstebis gafarToebiT da maTi
mudmivi reinterpretacia, romelic enobrivi saSualebebiT xdeba
garkveul teqstebSi.

eTnomeTodologia
moZRvreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqcevian xalxebi/eTnosebi.
radikaluri Teoriul-meTodologiuri mimrTuleba amerikul
sociologiaSi, romelmac principulad axali interpretacia moaxdina
fenomenologiuris da kulturuli da socialuri anTropologiis
safuZvelze sociologiis sagnisa da amocanebis, rogorc mecnieruli
disciplinis. eTnografiis sxva wyaroebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT
vitgenSteinis lingvisturi filosofia da J. gurviCis “dialqtikuri
hiperempirizmi”.
kritikis ZiriTadi obietebi – funqcionalizmi diurkemis saxiT
(upirveles yovlisa, misi klasikuri Tezisi socialuri faqtebis rogorc
nivTebis/sagnebis mimarT) da parsonsis saxiT, aseve, pozitivizmi da
marqsizmi.

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 tradiciul sociologiur meTodologias daupirispires “savele
anTropologiis midgomebi da xerxebi”, rac gulisxmobda sakvlevi
erTobebis cxovrebaSi uSualo CarTvas da romelTa univesalizaciac
moxda Semdgom zogadsociologiur meTodebad. 1970 wels (es
eTnomeTodologiis aRmavlobis mwvervalis xanaa) eTnomeTodologias
sauniversiteto sociologTa mxridan winaaRmdegoba Sexvda (misi
swavlebis uflebas ar aZlevdnen).
eTnomeTodologiis rogorc damoukidebeli mimarTulebis
Camoyalibebas ukavSireben g. garfinkelis krebulis “eTnomeTodologiis
kvlevebis” gamosvlas, 1967 wels.
meore didi warmomadgeneli iyo a. sikureli, romlis koncepciasac
avtorTa nawili ganixilavs, rogorc kognituri sociologiis proeqts.
sxva warmomadgenelTagan gamovyofT g. saqss, a. blums, b. lutars, m.
polners da a.S.
eTnomeTodologia, fenomenologiuri sociologiis kvaldakval,
sociologiis yuradRebas aaqtiurebs yoveldRiurobis samyaroze, Tanac
aqcentirebas axdens meTodebis gamovlenaze im mxriv, Tu rogor qmnian
adamianebi varaudebs imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri samyaro namdvilad
realuri saxiT arsebobs da igi mowesrigebulia. am miznobrivi
disciplinaruli damokidebulebis ganxorcielebam moiTxova Svidi
klasikuris alternatiuli meTodologiuri varaudis wamoyeneba (j.
terneri) socialuri samyaros bunebis mimarT. amosavali daSveba iyo –
adamianTa swrafva, urTierTqmedebaTa yvela situaciaSi moCvenebiTi
Tanxmobis miRweva “urTierTqmedebis garemos relevanturi niSnebis”
mimarT (Given L. 2008). es Tanxmoba, SesaZlebelia, daefuZnos ganwyobebs,
rwmenebs, codnas urTierTqmedebis situaciis bunebis Sesaxeb. igi
gulisxmobs pirovnulSoris urTierTqmedebis praqtikebs da misi
Sesatyvisi konstruirebis, mxardaWeris, moCvenebiTi Tanxmobis cvlilebis
meTodebs, romlebic SeiZleba iyos rogorc eqsplicituri, ise –
implicituri. am praqtikebsa da meTodebs imis aRqma uzrunvelyofs, rom
urTierTqmedebis situaciebs aqvT mowesrigebuli struqtura. Tanxmobis
moCvenebiToba ara mxolod SeTanxmebis (konvenciis) Sedegia, aramed
yoveli monqwilis Tanxmobis gamoxatulebaa “wesebTan da procedurebis”
SeqmnasTan da am Tanxmobis darRvevasTan, anu moCvenebiTi Tanxmoba

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niSnavs, rom igulisxmeba “usityvod” yvelas mier daSvebuli pirobebi -
urTierTqmedeba-urTierTqmedebis wesebi. yoveli situacia TavisTavad
unikaluria da gulisxmobs sakuTar gansazRvras da TviTgamorkvevas
SeTanxmebaSi, romelic SeuZlebelia ukritikod gadaitano romelime sxva
situaciidan. yovel jerze, rodesac qmni, xelaxla amtkiceb an cvli
situaciis gansazRvris wesebs, masSi CarTuli adamianebi erTmaneTs
sTavazoben TiTqosda/moCvenebiTad mowesrigebul “maT miRma/gareSe”
samyaros, romlebic maT garkveuli aRqmebisa da qmedebebisken ubiZgebs
(Silverman, D. 2000).
amgvarad, gamodis, rom urTierTqmedebis nebismieri situacia
problemuria, da adamianTa mudmivi mcdelobis Sedegia, anu im saerTo
azris Sesaqmnelad aris, rom realurad saxezea erTmaneTSi gardamavali
situaciebi, romelzec adamianebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen.

fenomenologia
al. Siuci - avstrieli filosofosi, fenomenologiuri
sociologiis fuZemdebeli, romlis ZiriTadi naSromia “socialuri
samyaros fenomenologia” (1932 w.). misi fenomenologiis filosofiur
safuZvels huserlis ideebi Seadgens, gadauwyveteli winaaRmdegoba
obieqtur samyarosa da mis Semmecnebel subieqtebs Soris, SeiaraRebuli
mecnieruli cnebebiT – “ganivTebuli bunebrivi samyaro”. am
winaarmdegobis dasaZlevad Siucma SemogvTavza ori reduqciis
ganxorcieleba. pirveli – es aris fenomenologiuri reduqcia: uari Tqva
samyaros kvlevaze “bunebrivi ganwyobis’ gziT da cxovrebiseuli samyaro
ikvlio “intencionalobis” gziT. yvela empiriul mecnierebas Tavis
sagnad aqvs samyaro, rogorc “winare mocemuloba”, magram TviTon isini,
ise rogorc maTi instrumentebi, am samyaros elementebia. e.i. Tuki
mecnierebas surs, rom iyos mkacri misTvis aucilebelia, misi genezisis
da winare mocemulobebiT ganpirobebulobis dadgena, saidanac is Cndeba
da romelSic cxovrobs. es samyaro, romelic mecnieruli refleqsiis
winmswrebia, aris “cxovrebis samyaro”. Siuci gansazRvravs Cvens uSualo
“intuiciur garemos”, romelSic “Cven rogorc adamianuri arsebebi Cvens
msgavsTa Soris, viziarebT kulturas da sazogadoebas, garkveuli wesiT
vebyrobiT Cvens irgvliv obieqtebs, vzemoqmedebT maTze da vimyofebiT

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maTi zemoqmedebis qveS. sociologiam es samyaro unda Seiswavlos sul
dasawyisidanve. magram es ver gvpasuxobs kiTxvaze, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli sazogadoeba? amisTvis ki Siuci gvTavazobs meore
reduqcias – transcendentalurs – uari vTqvaT subieqtis analizze da
gavaanalizoT misi “wminda cnobiereba”. fenomenologs araferi saqme ar
aqvs TviT obieqtebTan. mas ainteresebs maTi mniSvnelobebi, romelic
Cveni gonis mier aris agebuli, konstruirebuli. misi analizis sagani
aris ara realuri socialuri obieqtebi, aramed reducirebuli,
romlebic individis cnobierebis nakadSi aRmoCndebian da aorganizeben
Siucis azriT es aris konstruirebuli “intersubieqturi samyaro”. es
paradigma gadamwyvetia fenomenologiur sociologiaSi da saSualebas
iZleva avxsnaT cnobierebis socialuri arsi da adamianTa
urTierTkavSirebi, romlebic cxovrebiseuli samyaris arsebebia.
intersubieqtur ZiriTad formas Siuci aRwers konstruqtiT
“urTierTperspeqtivebi”, rac ori idealizaciis arsebobas gulisxbobs.
pirvelia “Tvalsazrisebis, Sexedulebebis urTierTSenacvlebadoba”.
rodesac socialur adgilebs cvlian sunieqtebs cxovrebis gancdis
identuri xerxebi aqvT. meore idealizacia aris wesi – “relevantobaTa
sistemebis damTxveva”. Siucis mixedviT, “me” da “nebismieri sxva”
vRebulobT im faqts, rom miuxedavad Cveni biografiuli situaciebis
unikalobisa, mniSvnelobaTa kriteriumebis sistemis gansxvaveba
arapirobiTia arsebuli miznebis TvalsazrisiT. Cven orives migvaCnia,
rom “me da is, anu Cven” sakmaod erTnairad vaxdenT CvenTvis saerTo
obieqtebis, faqtebisa da movlenebis interpretacias. Semdegi
mniSvnelovani intersubieqturobis elementia “alter ego – sxva me”.
Siucis mixedviT “meore me” aRwers individis mier sxvisi aRqmis zogierT
aspeqts mis “cocxal awmyoSi”. erTurTis Tanadrouli aRqma niSnavs, rom
“me” garkveuli azriT “sxvaze, meoreze” mocemul momentSi meti vici,
vidre man Tavis Sesaxeb. rogorc fenomenologiur filosofiaSi, ise
fenomenologiur sociologiaSi erT-erTi centraluri konstruqtia
“intencialoba”, romelic motivirebuli moqmedebis, aseve cnobierebis
arsobrivi maxasiaTebelia da gamoxatavs im fundamentur faqts, rom
cnobierebis/Semecnebis obieqti aris “nagulisxmevi”, yovelTvis
“mniSvneladi” cnobierebisaTvis. intencionalobis urTierTdamatebiT

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aspeqtebad fenomenologiur sociologiaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi
“noezisi” da “noema”. intencionaluri cnoebierebis gansakuTrebuli
modusi (“vazrovneb, aRviqvam”) iwodeba “noezisad”, xolo obieqturi
korelati (is, rasac vazrovneb an aRviqvam) – “noemad”. am terminebs
SiucTan meTodologiuri mnisvneloba aqvs, ramdenadac emsaxureba
cnobierebis Semecnebis obieqtis aRweras (noema) da maTi konstruirebis
procesis aRweras (noezisi).
Siucma mogvca Tavisi sociologiis mniSvnelovani paradigmebisa da
konstruqtebis monaxazi da amiT daasabuTa, rogor unda yalibdebodes
sociologiuri Teoria. igi gvTavazobs Semdegs: sociologma unda
daiwyos mniSvnelobis donidan; sociologis cnebebi da konstruqtebi am
SemTxvevaSi iqceva “meore rigis” konstruqtebad, ramdenadac isini
pirveli namdvili yofiTi konstruqtebidan momdinareobs, romelTac
individebi yoveldRiurobaSi moixmaren. isini arian obieqturi
(verificirebuli) idealur – tipuri konstruwtebi, romlebic efuZneba
pirveli donis yofiT konstruqtebs e.i sxva rigis/donis konstruqtebia.
Siuci ikvlevda socialuri moqmedebis motivTa konstruqtebs,
yoveldRiuri cnobierebi formebsa da meTodebs, adamianis urTierTobis
struqturas, socialur aRqmas, racionalobas da agreTve, meTodolgiasa
da procedurebs 9socialuri cnobierebis). am kvlevebis Sedegebi
gadmocemulia misi naSromebis mraval gamocemaSi 1970-1980 wlebSi.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis mniSvnelovani komponentebi
sami mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba gamoiyos. pirvel rigSi,
monacemebi, romlebic sxvadasxva wyaroebidan SeiZleba
momdinareobdes/miviRoT. interviu da dakvirveba yvelaze gavrcelebuli
wyaroebia.
meore komponenti sxvadsxva analitikuri da interpretaciuli
procedurebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic monacemebisa da Teoriebis misaRebad
gamoiyeneba. es procedurebi gulisxmobs/moicavs teqnikebs monacemebis
konceptualizaciisTvis (Becker, G.1970). sxva procedurebi aseve
analitikuri procesis nawilad gvevlineba. isini moicavs arastatistikur
SerCevas (ix. Schatzman, Strauss), analitikuri “SeniSvnebis” daweras da
cnebobrivi urTierTkavSirebis diagramebis agebas.

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 werilobiTi da zepiri angariSebi mesame Tvisebrivi kvlevebis
komponents Seadgens. isini SeiZleba warmovadginoT samecniero
Jurnalebsa da konferenciebze da sxvadasxva saxes Rebuloben
auditoriisa da warmodgenili rezultatebis aspeqtebisa Tu Teoriebis
mixedviT. mag., viRacas SeuZlia warmoadginos an Sedegebis mimoxilva an
kvlevis erTi nawilis CaRrmavebuli mimoxilva.

2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis ZiriTadi saxeebi, teqnikebi, procedurebi

mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT Tvisebrivi kvlevis sxvadasxva

tipebsa da maT SesaZleblobebs.

arsebobs Tu ara Tvisebrivi kvlevis sxvadasxva tipebi?

am kiTxvaze pasuxi araerTgvarovania da damokidebulia imaze, Tu
realurad razea laparaki. mag., kvlevis tipebs exeba SekiTxva, miznebs Tu
analizis Catarebisadmi midgomebs, rasac xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi
Tvisebrivi kvlevis aRwerisas.
Tvisebrivi kvlevebis sxvadasxva tipebidan gamovyofT: grounded theory-
is, eTnografias, fenomenologiur midgomas, cxovrebis istorias da
saubris analizs (conversational analysis). es tipebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
disciplinis mkvlevarTa mier (Yan Hutchly and Robin Wooffit. 2001). mag.,
avadmyofTa, uZlurTa da bavSvTa momvlelebi, anTropologebi; an
sociologebs SeuZliaT gamoiyeon anTropologia ama Tu im problemis
Sesaswavld, romelic TavianT disciplinas ukavSirdeba. aseve SeuZliaT
gamoiyenon grounded theory an cxovrebis istoria.
rac Seexeba miznebs, isini sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs garkveulwilad
gansxvavebuli aqvT. kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
raodenobrivi Sedegebis sailustraciod da axsnisTvis, kvlevis
instumentis asagebad, marTvis problemebis SesamuSaveblad, politikuri
da aseve mecnieruli miznebisTvis. mag., fundamenturi codnis
ganviTarebisTvis.
midgomis problema, romelic mTavari winaaRmdegobrivi problemaa.
anu rogor unda moxdes monacemTa interpretacia? zogi mkvlevari Tvlis,
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rom saerTod ar unda xdebodes monacemTa analizi, mkvlevris amocanaa
monacemTa Segroveba da imave saxiT warmodgena “raTa informantebma
TviTon Tqvan TavianT Sesaxeb”.

MO ZiriTadi meTodebi, romlebic Tvisebrivi midgomis farglebSi

gamoiyeneba

taqtikebis mravalferovneba, romelic dRes Tvisebrivi

sociologiis sferoSi gamoiyeneba, mTlianobaSi SeiZleba Semdeg
gavrcelebul saxeebze daviyvanoT: case study, eTnografiuli kvleva,
zepiri istoria, cxovrebis istoria, ojaxis istoria, grounded theory,
fokus-jgufis meTodi, naratiuli interviu.
Case study – calkeuli SemTxvevis/erTobis kvlevaa, romlis
Seswavlis vels warmoadgens unikaluri obieqtis Seswavla misi
urTierTkavSirebis erTobliobaSi.
amgvarad, upirveles yovlisa, SeiZleba iyos Caketili erToba,
romelic Znelad misadgomia sxva meTodebiT gaanalizebis
TvalsazrisiT: sazogadoebis “fskeri” – damnaSave dajgufebebi, bomJebi,
Ratakebi, socialuri elitebi, religiuri seqtebi da a.S. xangrZlivad
(ramodenime Tve, SeiZleba weli) kvleviT velSi yofna saSualebas iZleva
yovelmxrivad ganvixiloT “SemTxveva - case” misi urTierTobisa da
ganviTarebis dinamikasTan urTierTkavSirSi, SeviswavloT jgufuri
normebi da Rirebulebebi, rolebis struqtura an sxva damokidebulebaTa
sistema (Zalauflebrivi). Cikagos skolis warmomadgeneli, sociologi
kliford Sou mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi akvirdeboda cxovrebiseul
mdgomareobas jer mcirewlovan, xolo Semdeg damnaSave “jek-rolers”.
mas mraval SekiTxvaze mouwia – zepirad Tu werilobiT – pasuxis gacema.
amgvari strategiebi damajerebel da STambeWdav rezultats iZleva, Tu
igi literaturulad kargad aris gadmocemuli.
am dros obieqti aris erTeuli SemTxveva. dakvirvebis dRiurSi
detalurad xdeba rogorc yoveldRiuri, ise eqstremaluri situaciebis
dafiqsireba dakvirvebis obieqtis cxovrebaze, mis saqmianobaze droiTi
erTeulebis mixedviT (saaTebi, dReebi, kvirebi). ZiriTadad, informaciis

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wyaroa CarTuli dakvirveba, fotografiebi, fokus-interviuebi an
CaRrmavebuli interviu, bolo xanebSi amas daemata videomasalebi.
Case studys-s specifika gulisxmobs obieqtis Taviseburebis Rrma
Seswavlas, daskvnebi Sedegebis Sesaxeb, lokaluri, gamoyenebiTi
xasiaTisaa da emsaxureba konfliqtebis mogvarebis rekomendaciebis
Seqmnas an erTobis ufro ukeT funqcionirebas.
eTnografiuli kvlevebi, wesisamebr, aRweriTi xasiaTisaa da
garkveuli erTobis yoveldRiuri praqtikis mravalmxriv analizs
warmoadgens misi kulturis (normebi, Rirebulebebi, ena, miTebi)
TvalsazrisiT, romlebic stiliTa da qcevis nimuSebiT mosaxleobis
ZiriTadi masis kulturisagan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad SeiZleba
moviyvanoT manCesteris universitetis moqmedi profesoris, teodor
Saninis xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulebuli ruseTis glexobis kvleva,
romelsic TviT glexebis sityvebidan ikveTeba, rom es kultura
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ucnobi da daxuruli sfero iyo rogorc
mkvlevarTaTvis, ise farTe sazogadoebisaTvis. informaciis wyaros
eTnografiul kvlevaSi warmoadgens werilebi, piradi dokumentebi,
fotoebi, folkloris nimuSebi, aseve, jgufuri interviuebi.
istoriuli kvlevebi, anu zepiri istoria, aRwers garkveuli
istoriuli movlenebis gancdis subieqtur gamocdilebas. sociologiis
interesia lokaluri zogadi mniSvnelobis istoriuli movlenebis
Seswavla (moZraobebis, organizaciebis, dasaxlebuli punqtebis). aseTi
gamokvleva gansakuTrebulad Rirebulia, rodesac zogadsocialuri
masStabis movlenis Sesaxeb dokumenturi informaciis naklebobaa.
magaliTad, gakulakebis Sesaxeb 20-30-ian wlebSi, stalinis represiebis, II
msoflios omis epizodebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba “zepiri arqivis” Seqmna. am
mimarTulebis Taviseburebaa informantisadmi, rogorc istoriuli
movlenis TviTmxilvelisadmi, damokidebuleba. amitomac, meTodikis
TvalsazrisiT, aq wina planzea wamoweuli namdvilobis problemebi,
mogonebebis adekvaturobis, misi mexsierebis SesZleblobebi. amisaTvis
aucilebelia socialur-istoriuli konteqstis Rrma analizi.
informaciis Cveuli wyaroebia: memuarebi, dRiurebi, werilebi, interviu
da raRa Tqma unda, arsebuli oficialuri istoriuli mtkicebulebebi.

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 ojaxis istoria. es mimarTuleba Seiswavlis ojaxisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTqmedebas TaobaTa mimdinareobaSi. ojaxi
ganixileba rogorc istoriul perspeqtivaSi aRebuli SedarebiT myari
mcire jgufi, romelic yovel TaobaSi nawevrdeba da gardaiqmneba, rac
ar gamoricxavs misi rogorc fenomenis “uwyvetobas”. xdeba ojaxis
wevrTa teritoriuli da socialuri mobilobis procesebis gaanalizeba,
aseve memkvidreobiTobisa da ojaxis socialuri statusis cvlileba
Taobidan Taobaze, “kulturuli kapitalis“ gadacema an RirebulebaTa
transformacia.
Tvisebrivi midgomis specifika socialuri mobilobis problemis
mimarT sxva Temaa. rigi aseTi Ziebebis Sedegad, faqtobrivad, socialuri
mobilobis problematikis axali aspeqti gaCnda ojaxuri strategiebis
Seswavla da kulturuli kapitalis gadacema Taobidan Taobaze;
socialuri statusisa da qalTa socialuri mobilobis problema; ojaxis
statusis dacema socialuri revoluciis Sedegad da revoluciis
Semdgom situaciasTan adaptacia; ojaxuri sacxovreblis tipi rogorc
socialuri statusis amsaxveli. CamoTvlili Tematikis ganxilva ki
raodenobrivi strategiis farglebSi Znelia (Riessman, К.1993).
am SemTxvevaSi informaciis wyarod vargisia ojaxuri arqivebi,
CaRrmavebuli interviuebi sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebTan,
genealogiuri grafebi.
adamianis cxovrebis istoria bavSvobidan zrdasrulobisa da
xandazamuloba-siberisken, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli mimarTulebaa Tvisebriv sociologiaSi. informaciis
miRebis meTodi – biografiuli interviu warmoadgens cxovrebiseuli
Txrobis Tavisebur “sceniur warmodgenas” (e. hofmanis metafora)
sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb. biografiul meTods bevri saerTo
aqvs CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodTan da arseobrivad “case study”-sadmi
eTnografiuli midgomis kidev erTi saxesxvaobaa. biografiuli meTodis
gansxvavebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos fokusirebis maRali xarisxi adamianis
cxovrebis istoriis unikalur aspeqtebze (zogjer es aris jgufebi,
organizaciebi) da subieqtur, pirovnul midgomaze adamianuri cxovrebis,
karieris, siyvarulis istoriis da a.S. aRwerebisadmi.

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 biografiuli Txrobebi SesaZloa analizis sagnad iqces, rogorc
garkveuli socialuri situaciis “arsebobis” koleqtiuri gamocdileba.
didi raodenobis analogiuri situaciis SedarebiTi analizi aris
socialuri problemis aRweris safuZveli, romelic ikveTeba msgavsi
garemoebebis da qmedebebis saerTo socialuri praqtikis kvalobaze.
aseTi meTodologiuri midgoma saSualebas iZleva cxovrebiseuli
strategiebis tipologia movaxdinoT msgavs situaciebSi, avagoT qcevis
nimuSebi (normatuli modelebi) an kulturulim orientaciebis,
cxovrebis stilis tipebi.
jgufuri diskusia anu fikus-jgufis meTodi gvexmareba, adamianTa
jgufebis meSveobiT gamovavlinoT gansxvaveba raime problemis, movlenis,
cxovrebiseuli procesis aRqmasa da gagebaSi. mocemuli meTodis
gagebisaTvis aseve arsebobs terminebi “fokusirebuli interviu jgufSi”,
“CaRrmavebuli jgufuri interviu”. saxelwodebaTa mravalferovneba imiT
aixsneba, rom meTodis gageba da moxmareba imTaviTve moeqca sxvadasxva
Teoriuli mimarTulebebis gavlenis qveS. r. mertoni sociologiaSi am
terminis SemotaniT mas gansazRvravda, rogorc “fokusirebul intervius
jgufebTan, romlebSic yvela gamokiTxuli garkveul situaciaSi
imyofeboda: naxes filmi, mousmines radioprogramebs, waikiTxes broSura,
statia an wigni...“. jgufuri diskusiis meTodi farTed gamoiyeneba
marketingul kvlevebSi, myidvelTa moTxovnebis, reklamaze reaqciis,
politikur moRvaweTa mimarT damokidebulebebis Seswavlisas da a.S.
diskusias uZRveba moderatori anu TviT mkvlevari an kvleviTi
koleqtivis wevri. igi sTavazobs Temas (romlis Sesaxebac wevrebi ukve
informirebuli arian) da kamaTisken da sakuTari azrebis gamoTqmisken
mouwodebs monawileebs. moderatoris kiTxvebi kargad aris mofiqrebuli
programul miznebs Seesabameba. igi SemoqmedebiTad warmarTavs
diskusias, xolo diskusiis Sinaarsi, ise rogorc monawileTa qceva,
Tvisebrivi analizis sagania rogorc argumentaciis TvalsazrisiT, ise
leqsikis, intonaciis, anu yvela mtkicebulebis, romlebic saSualebas
iZleva CavwvdeT gamonaTqvamebis azrs anu swored im azrs, rasac qmedebis
wevrebi (fokus-jgufis monawileebi) msjelobebSi deben (Selltiz, C ,
Wrightsman, T. S. et Cook, S. W. 1977.

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 mkvlevari yuradRebis fokusirebas axdens sadiskusio saganze da
romelime gansakuTrebuli erTobis warmomadgenelTa konkretul jgufze
(socialuri fena, profesia, romelime sazogadoebrivi moZraobis
mxardamWerebi da a.S.)
jgufis Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba kvlevis miznebiTa da
amocanebiT. SesaZlebelia eseni iyvnen sapirispiro/polaruli erTobebis
warmomadgenlebi (romelime politikuri partiis momxreebi da
mowinaaRmdegeebi, xelovnebis Janris moyvarulebi da misadmi gulgrilebi
da a.S.), homogenuri jgufebi (studentebi, samxedroebi, pensionerebi),
amianebi“miznobrivi” (romelime masobrivi sainformacio wyaros
mayurebeli, msmeneli, mkiTxveli), “SemTxveviTi” jgufi (adamianebi,
romlebmac erTi da igive gasaWiri an ubedureba gadaitanes). diskusia
iwereba firze (audio/video), raTa Semdgom dawvrilebiT gaanalizdes
misi Sinaarsi da moxdes misi gaazreba kvlevis amocanebis Sesabamisad.
ra aris Grounded theory? es aris Teoria, romelic induqciurad
gamoiyvaneba im fenomenis Seswavlidan, romelsac igi warmoadgens. anu
Teoria iqmneba, viTardeba da mowmdeba sxvadasxva pirobebSi monacemTa
sistematuri Segrovebisa da analizis meSveobiT, romelic Sesaswavl
movlenas ganekuTvneba. maSasadame, monacemTa Segroveba, analizi da
Teoria urTierTkavSirSia. ar SeiZleba daiwyo TeoriiT da Semdeg
daamtkico igi. ufro metad, iwyeben kvleviTi sferoTi da yvelafers,
rasac am sferosTan aqvs saerTo, Sansi aqvs gamovlindes.

ratom avagoT Teoria, romelic sabuTdeba?

imisaTvis, raTa vimsjeloT, ramdenad esadageba movlenas/fenomens
Teoria, kargad konstruirebuli Grounded theory oTx centralur
kriteriums unda pasuxobdes: igi unda Seesatyvisebodes realobas, unda
iyos gamgebi/gasagebi, ganmazogadebeli da kontrolirebadi. Tu Teoria
konkretul sagnobriv sferos esadageba yoveldRiuri realobis
mimarTebiT da gamomdinareobs/gamoiyvaneba sxvadasxva monacemebidan, igi
unda Seesatyvisebodes am sferos realobas. ramdenadac igi am realobis
reprezentacias axdens/warmoadgens, igi gasagebi unda iyos aseve da azri
hqondes maTTvis, visac igi Seiswavlis da maTTvis, vinc mas Tavis
praqtikul sferoSi iyenebs. Tu monacemebi, romelTac is efuZneba,

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gasagebia, interpretaciebi farTea da konceptualuri, maSin Teoria
sakmaod abstraqtuli unda iyos da mraval variacias mocavdes, raTa misi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxdes mravali konteqstisTvis, rac am
fenomenTan aris dakavSirebuli. da bolos, Teoriam unda uzrunvelyos
kontroli, romlebic fenomenTan dakavSirebul qmedebebs ukavSirdeba. es
ukanaskneli imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom hipoTezebi, romlebic cnebebs
Soris iseT kavSirebs gulisxmobs, romlebic mogvianebiT imisTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, raTa moqmedebas mimarTuli saxe mivceT –
sistematurad gamoiyvaneba faqtobrivi monacemebidan, romlebic mxolod
da mxolod am fenomens ukavSirdeba (Glaser В. 1992.).

ra aris Grounded theory -is midgoma?

es midgoma warmoadgens Tvisebriv meTods, romelic gulisxmobs
sistematuri procedurebis serias, raTa SemuSavdes raime movlenis
induqciurad gamoyvanili gr. Teoria. Sesaswavli realobis Teoriuli
formulireba ufro metad kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze, vidre cifrebis
an sustad dakavSirebuli Temebis jgufebis safuZvelze. am
meTodologiis wyalobiT maT Soris cnebebi da kavSirebi ara mxolod
Cndeba, aramed winaswar Semowmebasac gadis. am midgomaSi bevri
proceduraa da isini sakmaod specifikuria.
Grounded theory-s mizania avagoT Teoria, romelic ndobas imsaxurebs
da gvexmareba ukeT gavigoT kvlevis mocemuli sfero. am tradiciis
mimdevari mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom maTi Teoriebi aucileblad
daukavSirdeba sxva Teoriebs Sesabamisi disciplinis farglebSi
kumulaturobis principiT da rom am Teoriis daskvnebis gamoyeneba
sargebliani iqneba.
Grounded theory-s sawyisebi/saTave
es Teoria, rogorc meTodologia, imTaviTve ori sociologis –
barni glazerisa da anselm strausis mier SemuSavda. imis miuxedavad,
rom isini sxvadasxva filosofiuri da kvleviTi wanamZRvrebidan
amodiodnen, maTi damsaxureba Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. isini mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen Tvisebriv monacemTa analizis teqnikebis SemuSavebaSi,
romlebSic asaxulia rogorc maTi ganaTleba, aseve maTi biografiuli
monacemebi.

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 anselm strausma Cikagos universiteti daamTavra. am universitets
Tvisebrivi kvlevebis didi tradicia gaaCnia. im periodSi igi
interaqcionistuli da pragmatistuli midgomebis gavlenas ganicdida.
strausma ganicada robert parkis, uiliam tomasis, jon diuis, jorj
midis, everet hiuzis da herbert blameris gavlena. amis Sedegad man
Tavis meTodSi (sxva rameebTan erTad) CarTo: 1. velze gasvlis
aucilebloba, raTa gaigo, Tu ra xdeba; 2. Teoriis mniSvneloba, romelic
realurad dasabuTebulia, disciplinis ganviTarebisTvis; 3. cdis buneba
da gancdebi (rogorc uwyvetad ganviTarebadi); 4. subieqtebis aqtiuri
roli im samyaroTa formirebaSi, romlebSic isini cxovroben; 5.
aqcentireba cvlilebebsa da procesebze, cxovrebis cvalebadobasa da
sirTuleebze da 6. urTierTkavSirebi pirobebs Soris, mniSvnelobebsa da
qmedebebs Soris. amas garda, strauss mniSvnelovani gamocdileba savele
kvlevebSi ukve hqonda, bevrs fiqrobda monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis Znelad SesamCnev kavSirze da kodirebis procedurebze.

glezeri barni – sruliad sxva tradiciidan movida, magram

mniSvnelovanma saerTo maxasiaTeblebma xeli Seuwyo am ori adamianis
TanamSromlobas. man kolumbiis universiteti daamTavra, ganicada p.
lazarsfeldis gavlena, romelic novatori iyo raodenobriv meTodebSi.
SemdgomSi, rodesac glezerma Tvisebrivi analizi daiwyo,
gansakuTrebuli aucilebloba dainaxa kargad gaazrebuli,
eqspliciturad formulirebuli da sistematizebuli meTodebis nakrebis
rogorc kodirebisTvis, ise hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad, romlebic
kvleviT procesSi iqmneba. kolumbiis universitetis tradiciisTvis aseve
damaxasiaTebeli iyo aqcenti empiriul kvlevaze Teoriis SemuSavebasTan
Serwymulad. Cikago-kolumbiis samecniero kvleviTi tradiciebi
mimarTuli iyo kvleviT midgomaze, romelic rogorc profesionali, ise
araprofesionali auditoriisTvis iqneboda sasargeblo. am mizezis gamo
mravali Sroma Gr. Th-sTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic am ori avtoris
kolegebs.
ra aris aucilebeli am midgomis Sesaswavlad?

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 Grounded theory-is meTodiT kvlevis unari misi xangrZlivi Seswavlisa
da gamoyenebis Sedegad vlindeba. misi gamoyenebis yoveli msurveli
SeZlebs miaRwios garkveul dones, Tuki Semdeg pirobebs daicavs:
1. unda Seiswavlos sxvadasxva wignSi aRwerili procedurebi da
Seasrulos isini. procedurebi imisTvis iqmneba, rom sistemurad da
akuratulad aigos Teoria. samuSaos Sekvecas moaqvs cudad agebuli da
viwrod gagebuli Teoria, romelic ver SeZlebs realobis
reprezentatulad asaxvas.
2. unda daicva procedurebi da mTeli kvlevis manZilze maTi
gamoyenebiT gaigeb, rogor muSaoben isini.
3. aucilebelia Riaobis da moqnilobis erToblioba, raTa SeZlo
procedurebis adaptireba sxvadasxva fenomenebisa da kvleviTi
situaciebisadmi (Glaser, Barney G. et Strauss, Anselm L. 1965).

aris Tu ara grounded theory mxolod sociologiis meTodi?

igi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva disciplinaSi. mniSvnelovania
procedurebi, es ki disciplinas ukavSirdeba. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
sxvadasxva disciplinis mkvlevrebs gansxvavebuli fenomenebi
ainteresebT, an erTi da igive fenomeni sxvadasxvagvarad, TavianTi
sferos perspeqtivaSi da interesis mixedviT ganixilon. mag., bavSvebi
damwyeb klasebSi. bavSvebis movlis specialists ainteresebs maTi
janmrTelobis problemebi, fsiqologs – maTi adaptacia, sociologs –
maTi jgufuri qceva, skolis pedagogs – procesi da paternebi,
fenomenologs – gancdebi. grounded theory-s midgomas SeuZlia mkvlevrebi
uzrunvelyos analizisTvis procedurebiT da teqnikiT, rac yvela
disciplinaSi gamoiyeneba. disciplinaTSorisi proeqti SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes dasabuTebuli meTodikebiT ise, rom yvela mkvlevars aqvs
saSualeba Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xedva Seitanos. sabolood, nebismieri
SemuSavebuli Teoria asaxavs Sesatyvis perspeqtivebs.

aris Tu ara grounded theory mecnieruli meTodi? Tu es asea, rogor

vlindeba masSi SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi?
diax, es aris mecnieruli meTodi. misi procedurebi isea Sedgenili,
rom Tu zustad sruldeba, igi akmayofilebs “kargi” mecnierebis

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kriteriumebs: mniSvnelovnebas, Teoriisa da dakvirvebis Tavsebadobas,
ganzogadebas, kvlavwarmoebas, sizustes, simkacres da verifikacias
(Glaser, B. et Strauss, A. 1973). problema aq is ki ar aris, Seesabamebian Tu ara
isini kanonebs, aramed rogor xdeba maTi interpretacia da gansazRvreba
gr. theory-s midgomis CarCoebSi. kanonebi zogad princips warmoadgens da
Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi Tavs arideben maT Zalian konretulad
interpretacias, rac raodenobrivma mkvlevrebma ganaviTares. aRmoCenis
yoveli xerxis momxreebi realurad unda aviTarebdnen ufro metad
konkretul kriteriumebs, romlebic garkveul kriteriumebs efuZneba, rac
sasargeblod CaTvales TavianT kvlevebSi (Glaser, B. et Strauss, A. 1973)..
SemoqmedebiTi midgoma Grounded theory-s meTodis sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis komponentia. procedurebi mkvlevars ubiZgeben gaarRvion
varaudebi da Seqmnan Zvelidan axali wesrigi/wyoba. SemoqmedobiToba
vlindeba mkvlevris unarSi swori saxelwodebebi misces kategoriebs;
amas garda imaSic, gasaqani misce azrebs da warmoqmna axali asociaciebi,
romlebic aucilebelia mastimulirebeli sakiTxebi/kiTxvebi warmoSobisa
da SedarebebisTvis, romelTac aRmoCenamde mivyavarT. Sedarebebi
amaRlebs mkvlevris mgrZnobelobas da mas unarians xdis, amoicnos
potenciuri kategoriebi da saqmesTan dakavSrebuli pirobebisa da
Sedegebis identificireba moaxdinos, roca isini monacemebSi Cndebian.
efeqturi Teoriis ganviTarebisTvis SemoqmedebiTobis aucileblobis
miuxedavad, mkvlevari yovelTvis unda axdendes nebismieri kategoriis da
kavSirebis formulirebbis validizirebas, romlebTanac is
SemoqmedebiTad mivida kvlevis procesis dros.

ra gansxvavebaa Teoriasa da aRweras Soris?

am sakiTxis ori xedva arsebobs. pirvel rigSi, Teoria iyenebs
cnebebs. erTmaneTis msgavsi monacemebi jgufdeba da maT cnebobrivi
(konceptualuri) iarliyebi miewereba. es niSnavs interpretaciebis
mikuTvnebas monacemebisaTvis. meore – cnebebi erTmaneTs urTierTkavSiris
formulirebis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba .
aRweraSi monacemebis organizeba SeiZleba Temebis mixedviT. es
Temebi SeiZleba iyos monacemTa konceptualizaciebi, magram ufro
sarwmunoa, es iyos gamonaTqvamebis reziume, romlebic uSualod

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monacemebidan aris aRebuli. aq, Tuki is aris, monacemTa interpretacia
umniSvneloa.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Grounded theory aris Tvisebrivi
kvleviTi midgoma, romelic erToblivad SeimuSaves glezerma da
strausma. misi sistematuri teqnikebi da analizis procedurebi
mkvlevars SesaZleblobas aZlevs SemuSavdes Teoria, romelic
konkretul sagnobriv sferos miekuTvneba, akmayofilebs “kargi”
mecnierebis Semdeg kriteriumebs: mniSvnelovnebas, Teoriisa da
dakvirvebis Tavsebadobas, ganzogadebas, kvlavwarmoebas, sizustes,
simkacresa da verifikacias.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis gansazRvreba kvleviT praqtikaSi sakmaod

farTo da araerTgvarovania.
Cven vemxrobiT gansazRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac es aris kvleva,
romelSic monacemebis mopoveba xdeba dakvirvebis, intervius, piradi
dokumentebis (teqsturi Tu vizualuri, videowyaroebi) meSveobiT,
ramdenime gansxvavebuli xerxiT.
Tvisebriv kvlevaSi pirveladia monacemebi adamianTa subieqturi
Sexedulebebis da azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamoxatulia ganvrcobili
gamonaTqvamebiT, ufro iSviaTad – JestebiT an simboloebiT, romlebic am
Sexedulebebs asaxavs.
aseTi monacemebis analizi xdeba ara maTematikurad, aramed maTi
subieqturi azris analitikuri gaxsnis gziT.
Tvisebrivi kvlevebi tardeba upirvelesad socialuri praqtikis
individualuri aspeqtis – konkretul situaciebSi konkretuli
adamianebis realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaswavlad. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom am tipis analiziT ufro farTe socialuri
problemebis kvlevac aris SesaZlebeli, mag., romlebic exeba socialur
jgufebs, moZraobebs, socialuri institutebis funqcionirebis xasiaTs
konkretul situaciaSi. informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
raodenobrivi monacemebis (mag., statistikis) gamoyenebac, magram maTi
analizi analitikuri midgomis safuZvelze xorcieldeba.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis sxvadasxva komponentisagan SeiZleba sami

ZiriTadi gamovyoT:
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 - empiriuli arakonstruirebuli monacemebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
dokumentebiT moipoveba: dakvirvebisa da intervius teqsturi Canawerebi,
piradi da oficialuri dokumentebi, fotoebi da a.S.
- interpretaciuli procedurebi, romlebic analizisTvis
gamoiyeneba da gulisxmobs sxvadasxva teqnikebs (aRweriTa da
komentirebiT dawyebuli da kodirebiTa da kategorizaciiT
damTavrebuli).
- mesame komponentia TxrobiTi angariSi, romlis stili da Janri
gansazRvruli da damokidebulia erTi mxriv kvlevis miznebze da meore
mxriv – adresatze; es SeiZleba iyos farTe auditoria, samecniero
moxseneba an diskusia. stilis mxriv es aris cocxali aRwera, romelSic
mravlad gamoiyeneba citatebi respondentTa monaTxrobidan, Janris mxriv
– interpretaciebi, hipoTezebi, msjelobebi an Teoretiizireba
socialuri sferos mocemuli fenomenis/movlenis Sesaxeb.
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, Tvisebrivi kvleva, rogorc calkeuli
problemis Seswavlis procesi, gulisxmobs rogorc gansakutrebuli
Tvisebivi monacemebis arsebobas, ise maTi mopovebisa da Segrovebis,
damuSavbisa da analizis specifikur xerxebs. amitomac, Tvisebrivi
kvlevis aRmniSvnelad xSirad vxvdebiT ufro ganzogadebul termins,
rogoricaa Tvisebrivi meTodi an meTodebi, rogorc sxvadasxva
taqtikebis erToblioba (Berg, B. 2008).
am meTodis gamoyenebas ZiriTadad sakvlevi problemis buneba
ganapirobebs. araerTi socialuri problema (mag., religiuri rwmena,
narkotikebis moxmareba, avamyofobebi da a.S.) swored Tvisebriv midgomas
moiTxovs. misi meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli socialuri cxovrebis viwro
segmentebis siRrmiseuli kvleva, an aqamde ucnobi movlenebis bunebis,
agreTve cnobili problemebis ucnobi aspeqtebis kvleva, rac saSualebas
mogvcems dafaruli subieqturi sazrisis gaxsnisaTvis da amisaTvis igi
(Tvisebrivi midgoma) Seucvleli instrumentia.
SeiZleba Tu ara Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis SeTavseba?
rasakvirvelia, SesaZloa da es xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi.
Tumca, mkvlevrebi Cveulebisamebr, ama Tu im proceduraze axdenen
aqcentirebas, gamomdinare Sesaswavli problemis specifikidan an

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sakuTari momzadebidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli monacemebi kargi
sailustracio masalaa Sedegebis aRwerisas.

Tvisebrivi meTodebis saxesxvaobebi

interesis fokusis an kvlevis Catarebis taqtikis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben: SemTxvevis Sewavlas (case study), eTnografiuli aRwera,
Teoriisken svla (grounded theory), cxovrebis istoria, ojaxis istoria,
istoriuli kvleva (zepiri istoria).
saboloo Sedegebis analitikuri warmodgenis formis mixedviT
(esec sakamaToa) kvlevebs yofen upiratesad aRweriTad da upiratesad
analitikurad. es damokidebulia, Tu ramdenad vereviT pirvelad
monacemebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sam SesaZlo midgomas ganixilaven.
erTi nawili amjobinebs miRebuli monacemebis sityvasityviT
aRweras mkvlevris interpretaciis gareSe, rac subieqtivizmisgan
gvazRvevs.
meore nawili irCevs miRebuli monacemebis redaqtirebisa da
Semdgom maTi sistematizaciis strategias mcire komentarebiT, rasac
ufro aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs, vidre analitikuri.
mesame nawili Teoriis agebazea orientirebuli. maTi azriT,
Tvisebrivi kvlevis mniSvnelovani Sedegia konceptualuri warmodgena
realur praqtikaze da Teoriuli msjelobebi movlenis bunebis Sesaxeb.
amrigad:
Tvisebivi meTodebi farTed gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi (da
ara marto) da upirvelesad socialuri yofierebis/yofis individualuri
aspeqtis Sesaswavlad. kvleviTi interesis garda, amgvari kvlevebi
moiTxovs specialur momzadebasa da codnas Catarebis taqtikisa da
analizis logikis Sesaxeb, rac miRebuli Teoriuli codnis da aseve
sociologis zogadi kvleviTi gamocdilebisa da unarebis safuZvelze
xdeba.

r. mertoni amtkicebda, rom jgufis zoma ori mosazrebiT unda

ganisazRvros. ig ar unda iyos imdenad didi, rom umarTavi gaxdes an
sxva wevrebis adekvatur monawileobas SeuSalos xeli, da ar unda iyos

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ise mcire, rom monacemi arsobrivad ar gansxvavdebodes arTi
adamianisgan miRebulisgan.
monawileTa raodenobis qveda zRvari imiT ganisazRvreba, rom
sakiTxis ganviTareba ver xerxdeba mcire zomis jgufSi (mag., 4-ze
naklebi), diskusia swrafad “qreba”. monawileTa didi raodenoba bariers
uqmnis zogierTs azris gamosaTqmelad da interaqcia moderatorsa da
wevrebis erT nawils Soris xdeba anu jgufSi iwyeba defragmentacia anu
nawilebad gaxleCa amitomac zoma iSviaTad Tu aRemateba 8 adamians.
xSirad ki misi zoma 8 wevriT ganisazRvreba.
rogorc yvela kvlevaSi, scenaris ganviTareba problemis detaluri
konceptualizaciiT da operacionalizaciiT iwyeba (programuli
sakiTxebis terminebSi). daaxloebiT 10 ZiriTad sakiTxsa da qvesakiTxebs
Seicavs da 1,5-2,5 sT. grZeldeba

sabolood ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis filosofias

safuZvlad udevs idea imis Sesaxeb, rom Cveni sinamdvile aris
akumulirebuli gamocdileba adamianebisa, romlebic CarTuli arian
komunikaciis procesSi (Morgan, 1980). am meTodis gamoyenebiT, Tvisebrivi
mkvlevrebi cdiloben konkretul socialur konteqstSi mimdinare
movlenebis zustad aRweras, sworad gaSifvrasa da interpretacias.
interpretacia aris Tvisebrivi kvlevis safuZveli, romlis drosac
mkvlevrebi yuradRebis fokusirebas axdenen hipoTezis sisworeze,
sirTuleebis seswavlaze, Sesaswavli movlenis da mkvlevris konteqstebs
Soris kavSirebze, aseve, daskvnebis uzustobebis minimizaciaze (Fryer,
1991).

umravles SemTxvevaSi Tvisebrivi kvlevebi bunebriv garemoSi

mimdinareobs. e.i. kvlevis Tema xdeba is problemebi, romelTac Cvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi vawydebiT da rogorc wesi, monacemTa
Segrovebisa da klasifikaciis procesi ufro Tavisufali da
SeuzRudavia, videre raodenobrivi kvlevis dros. kvlevis Sedegebi
SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli hipoTezisa da formatis CarCoebs gascdes,
agreTve, SesaZloa isini ideografiul an damaxasiTebeli Tendenciebis
aRweras warmoadgendes (Cassell & Symon, 1994).

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 amrigad, Tvisebriv kvlevas safuZvlad udevs interpretacia,
romelic sami niSnis mixedviT xasiaTdeba. pirvel rigSi, Tvisebrivi
kvleva aris diskursis Seswavla (teqsti da misi realisazia saubris
dros). meore, Tvisebrivi kvleva xels uwyobs interpretaciuli
principebis Seswavlas, rac gamoiyeneba informaciis gaSifrvis procesSi.
mesame, Tvisebrivi kvleva aris konteqstualuri faqtorebis gamovlena,
anu komunikantebis rolebis ganawilebis specifikis, urTierTobiTi
situaciis fizikuri konteqstis, situaciuri movlenebis modifikaciis,
romlebic diskursis interpretaciaze axdenen gavlenas (Ting-Toomey, 1984).

Tvisebrivi meTodis upiratesobebi:

 movlenis realisturi suraTis miReba, rac statistikuri

analiziTa da cifruli indeqsebiT ver miiReba;
 monacemTa Segrovebis, Semdgomi analizisa da interpretaciis
meTodebi moqnili da rbilia;
 urTierToba kvlevis monawileebTan maT bunebriv garemoSi (aseve,
maT enaze) (Patton, 1980);
 aRwerebis gamoyeneba, romelic efuZneba pirvelad
arastruqturirebul monacemebs.

Tvisebrivi meTodis naklovanebebi:

 kvlevis sawyisi amocanebis cvlileba konteqstis cvalebadi

xasiaTisdan gamomdinare;
 iseTi daskvnebis formulireba, romlebic mkvlevris pirovnuli
Seferilobis Semcvelia;
 Sesaswavl movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis kvlevis
SeuZlebloba;
 mkvlevris profesionalizmis maRali done, rogorc obieqturi da
saWiro informaciis aucilebeli piroba;
 sxvadasxva respondentebisgan miRebuli informaciis Tavisebriobasa
da raodenobas Soris gansxvavebis axsnis problemuroba da amis

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 safuZvelze susti da Seusabamo daskvnebis gamotana da
formulireba;
 araobieqturi da arasando daskvnebis SesaZlebloba, ramdenadac
respondenti TviTon gansazRvravs, Tu ra Tqvas.

3. raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi midgomebi - “rbili” da “xisti”

meTodebis Sedareba, upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi

raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi strategiebi, romlebic sociologiaSi

gamoiyeneb, zogadi orientaciiTa da sociologiuri analizis stadiebiT
arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. strategiebis gansxvavebebi kvlevis Teoriul
ganwyobebSi, interesis fokusSi, sakvlevi obietis damokidebulebaSi,
monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebSi vlindeba.
“adrindel sociologebs, rogorc konti da diurkemia, swamdaT,
rom sociologebs SeuZliaT da unda iyvnen miukerZoeblebi, ramdenadac
isini darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom mecnieruli codna miukerZoebelia da
“WeSmaritebas asaxavs”. k. marqssac swamda sazogadoebis Seswavlis
obieqturobis. m. veberic miiCnevda, rom raxan kvlevebi daiwyo,
sociologebi SeZlebdnen yofiliyvnen obieqturebi.
zogierTi, ufro Tanamedrove sociologi amtkicebda, rom sruli
Tavisufleba ideebisgan SeuZlebelia da sociologisTvis ar aris
sasurveli. elvin gouldneri amtkicebs, rom zogadad sociologiaze
gavlenas axdenda garkveuli ZiriTadi varaudebi sazogadoebis bunebis
Sesaxeb. mag., funqcinalizmi miiCnevs, rom sazogadobebi arsebiTad
stabiluria, maSin, roca marqsistebi maT arastabilurobaSi arian
darwmunebulni. gouldneri amas dominirebul varaudebs uwodebs da
amtkicebs, rom amgvari rwmenebi gavlenas axdens kvlevis mimarTulebebsa
da rezultatebze. isini gansazRvraven meTodis arCevas, anu
raodenobrivi Tu Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebas; struqturalistebi
upiratesobas pirvels – raodenobriv meTods aniWeben, interaqcionistebi
da feministebi ki meores – Tvisebrivs. ase rom, strategiis arCeva

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kvleviT amocanebze, miznebze, saganze da kvlevis obieqtzea
damokidebuli, mas ganapirobebs, agreTve, ama Tu im paradigmisadmi
mkvlevris interesze.
cvladis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis gavrcelebis xarisxis dasadgenad
did erTobliobebSi gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi midgoma, romelsac Semdegi
Tvisebebi aqvs:
1. gamoiyeneba obieqtebis sakmaod didi ricxobriobis
Sesaswavlad (socialuri jgufebi, erTobebi, didi odenobis
dokumentebi).
2. kvleviTi mizania mizezobrivi axsna da urTierTkavSirebis
gazomva.
3. Seswavlis koncentrireba xdeba makroanalizis faqtebisa
da movlenebis doneze.
4. analizis logika deduqciuria: abstraqciidan faqtebisken
operacionalizaciis cnebebis meSveobiT.
5. koncepciebis formulireba xdeba Teoriidan da gadaiyvaneba
monacemTa operaciebis enaze.
6. raodenobrivi kvlevebis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba
sociologiuri informaciis mopovebis meTodebis
standartizebuli saxeobebi, gazomvis meTodi, SerCevis
meTodi da analizis statistikuri meTodebi.
7. gazomvis instrumentebis SemuSaveba da Semowmeba xdeba
pilotaJis dros.
8. monacemebi warmodgenilia statistikuri ganawilebebis,
skalis mniSvnelobebis da urTierTkavSiris gazomvis
Sedegebis saxiT.
raodenobrivi meTodebi naklebad iTvaliswinebs individualur anu
subieqtur gamocdilebas. maT upiratesobas is sociologebi aniWeben,
romlebic sistemur an struqturul koncepciebs gamoiyeneben.
raodenobrivi monacemebi yvelaze xSirad pozitivistur meTodebTan
asocirdeba da ufro sarwmunod miiCneva. es niSnavs, rom arsebobs
kvlevis nawilis ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba da Tu Sedegi igive iqneba
amiT vaCvenebT, rom arsebobs kanonzomiereba, rasac mivyavarT Sesabamis
daskvnebamde.

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 raodenobrivi strategiis ganviTareba sociologiur kvlevebSi e.
diurkemis pozitivizms ukavSirdeba, romlis Tanaxmadac “sociologiis
mecniereba Sedgeba sazogadoebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb raodenobrivi
monacemebis Sekrebisa da statistikuri analizisagan”.
mniSvnelovani roli raodenobrivi strategiis ganviTarebaSi
Seasrula p. lazarsfeldis Sromebma, romlebic raodenobrivi meTodebis
aRweras eZRvneboda. misi azriT, am meTodologiisaTvis mniSvnelovania
klasifikacia – kvlevis sxvadasxva monacemTa sistematizaciis da
mowesrigebis xerxi.
“masalis klasificirebis xelovneba TvalnaTlad mowmobs
sociologis profesionalizmis dones”. lazarsfeldi gamudmebiT
imeorebda, rom “es xelovneba aucileblad unda aswavlo studentebs”.
amasTan, igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom meTodologiis dayvana
raodenobriv procedurebze ar SeiZleba. raodenobrivi meTodebi
TvisebrivTan erTobliobaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT socialuri
sistemis mdgomareobis modelireba da ganvaviTaroT metaTeoriuli
warmodgenebi.
Tvisebrivi meTodologiis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxda
mikrosociologiis wyalobiT, romelic warmodgenilia iseTi
mimarTulebebiT, rogoric aris simboluri interaqcionizmi (j. midi, i.
habermasi, h. blumeri), fenomenologiuri sociologia (a. Siuci) da
eTnomeTodologia (h. garfinkeli). mikrosociologiuri mimarTuleba
warmoadgens Tvisebrivi midgomis meTodologiur bazas sociologiuri
gamokvlevisTvis, romelic ganixileba, rogorc sociologiuri analizis
“sxva” meTodologia.
Tvisebrivi strategia emsaxureba socialuri problemebis
Seswavlas individualuris da kerZos TvalsazrisiT (Семенова, В. 1998)..
kvlevis obieqtebs calkeuli individebi an maTi viwro erToba
warmoadgens TavianTi specifikuri socialuri maxasiaTeblebiT. kvlevis
sagania socialuri rolebi da maTi Sesruleba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
konkretul praqtikaSi. isini monacemebs gvaZleven socialuri qcevis
mizezebze da sakuTar gamocdilebaze. amasTan, ufro metad xdeba
individualuri gamcdilebisa da grZnobebis gaTvaliswineba, vidre imisa,
Tu rogor zemoqmedeben adamianebze msxvilmasStabiani sazogadoebrivi

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struqturebi. Tvisebrivi informaciis mopovebis stanartuli meTodebia
dakvirveba da Tavisufali interviu. am meTodebs xSirad iyeneben is
sociologebi, romlebic iziareben socialuri moqmedebis,
interaqcionistul an feministur koncefciebsa da Sexedulebebs.
Tvisebrivi monacemebi asocirdeba kvlevis interpretaciul meTodebTan
da ufro dasabuTebulad, sarwmunod da validurad iTvleba.
dasabuTebulloba iZleva Sesaswavli fenomenis ufro realur da naTel
suraTs. Tvisebriv monacemebs ufro dasabuTebulad miiCneven, vidre
raodenobrivs, magram naklebad sarwmunod.
Tvisebrivi midgoma niSnavs, rom monacemebi miRebulia ara
statistikuri an sxva maTematikuri meTodebis moSveliebiT, aramed,
nominaluri pasuxebis interpretaciiT da azris wvdomiT, romlebic
gamoxataven mocemuli sagnis subieqtur Rirebulebas. amgvari kvlevis
miznebi mdgomareobs socialuri procesebis subieqturi aspeqtebis
gagebasa da interpretaciaSi. es mimarTuleba Tavisi meTodologiiT,
ideologiiT, kvlevis eniT da aseve interesebis doniT (kerZo, lokaluri,
konkretuli situaciebis mikro analizi) sociologiis calke sferos
warmoadgens.
Tvisebrivi midgoma Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
1. igi gamoiyeneba ricxobrivad mcire obieqtebis Sesaswavlad
(mcire jgufebi an calkeuli individebi).
2. kvleviTi mizania subieqturi sazrisebis da mniSvnelobebis
gamovlena da interpretacia.
3. Seswavla koncentrirebulia calkeuli SemTxvevvebis
mikroanalizis doneze da socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
mdgomareobaze.
4. analizis logika induqciuria: cxovrebiseuli faqtebidan
maTi klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciisken.
5. es ZiebiTi strategia, axdens Teoriuli koncepciebis
formulirebas kvlevis procesSi obieqtis Sesaxeb
araerTgvarovani informaciis ganzogadebis gziT.
6. monacemTa Sesagroveblad gamoiyeneba arastandartizebuli
saxeebi: dakvirveba, Tavisufali (CaRrmavebuli an
naratiuli) an naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu

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 (biografiuli, fokusirebuli), fokus-jgufi da piradi
dokumentebis analizi.
7. monacemTa analizisTvis ar gamoiyeneba statistikuri
meTodebi. Sedegebi warmodgenlia citatebis saxiT adamianTa
zepiri an werilobiTi wyaroebidan (Лаба Л.Я. 2004)..

Tvisebrivi strategia im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac kvlevis

mizani gulisxmobs Sesaswavli fenomenis gagebas, romelic ar iTxovs
raodenobriv interpretacias an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesaswavli
fenomeni ar eqvemdebareba zust gazomvas. aseTi kvlevebi saSualebas
iZleva SeviswavloT axali movlenebi da procesebi, romlebic
masobrivad ar aris gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT, mkveTri socialuri
cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi. gadawyvetilebas Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sesaxeb
Rebuloben Semdeg SemTxvevaSi:
pirveli - Tu mkvlevars ganzraxuli aqvs gaigos adamianTa
yoveldRiuri cxovreba da am rakursiT axsnas individualuris
funqcionirebis logika socialur struqturaSi.
meore - roca saerTod ar aris formulirebuli problema, aramed
igi mxolod bundovnad ganixileba. swored am SemTxvevaSi mas esaWiroeba,
rom igi ikvlion, ramdenadac standartuli meTodebiT ver xerxdeba misi
Semadgenlebis aRmoCena/dadgena, Teoria ki ver pasuxobs am SekiTxvas.
mesame – roca aucilebelia problemis detaluri, siRrmiseuli
aRwera, xolo masobrivi meTodebiT farTe ganxilva mis siRrmes
saTanadod ver asaxavs.
meoTxe – roca aucilebelia individebis aRwera bunebriv garemoSi,
savele pirobebSi.
mexuTe – rodesac movlenis uSualo monawileTa mtkicebulebebiT
aris saWiro problemis mdgomareobis dawvrilebiTi teqsturi gadmocema.
meeqvse – Tu problemis asaxsnelad saWiroa aqtiuri kvlevis
pozicia, rodesac mniSvnelovania monawileTa TvaliT nanaxi da maTi
sityvebiT gadmocemuli situaciis xedva da ara “samecniero eqspertis”
pozicia. anu is aspeqtebia Sesaswavli, romlebic pirvel rigSi adamianis
cxovrebiseuli moRvaweobisa da praqtikis emociur sferos ukavSirdeba.

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 spacialistebi Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis ZiriTad sferoebs
gamoyofen, romelTa Sorisaa: deviantologia, genderuli kvlevebi,
ojaxis sociologia, pirovnebis sociologia, kulturis sociologia,
politikis sociologia, urbanistika, socialuri mobilobis Seswavla da
a.S.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis CatarebisTvis gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, Semdegi
taqtikebi, romelSic moiazreba monacemebisadmi midgomis xerxebi (anu
rogor vikvlioT): case study, eTnografiuli kvleva, istoriuli kvleva,
cxovrebis istoria, ojaxis istoria, Teoriisken svla anu grounded theory.
informaciis mopovebis ZiriTadi meTodebia – dakvirveba,
Tavisufali interviu an naxevradstruqturirebuli, fokus-jgufi, piradi
dokumentebis analizi.
es midgomebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc urTierTdamatebiTi,
kvleviT praqtikaSi am meTodikebis gaerTianebis tendenciebi karga xania,
rac arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, arsebobs maintegrirebeli modelebic
Готлиб, А.2002).
integraciis pirveli klasikuri modeli jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi
SemogvTavazes a. bartonma da p. lazarsfeldma hipoTezebis SemuSavebisa
da formulirebisaTvis, romelTa Semowmebac Semdgom raodenobrivi
meTodebiT unda momxdariyo. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT es aris piloturi
kvlevis gafarToebuli modeli.
meore modeli – “meTodologiuri triangulacia” – meTodebis
integraciis kidev ufro gafarToebuli modelia. triangulacia SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes, rogorc: a) sami gansxvavebuli kvlevis gansxvavebuli
interpretaciebis Sepirispireba; b) rogorc interpretaciebis Sedareba
sxvadasxva meTodebis poziciebidan; g) rogorc mocemuli situaciis
Sepirispireba analogiur SedegebTan, rac sxva kvlevebis meSveobiT aris
miRebuli; d) rogorc Sedegebis gameoreba imave obieqtze garkveuli
drois Sualedis Semdeg. amrigad, kvleviTi parqtika axdens SeTanxmebis,
harmonizaciis da urTierTqmedebis meTodebTan dakavSirebuli problemis
aqtualizebas, romelsac Tanamedrove sociologia flobs da amis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia kvlevis xarisxis amaRleba. am mimarTulebiT
samomavlo amocanebad gvesaxeba kategoriul-cnebiTi aparatis

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ganviTareba, mravalferovani saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna, saswavlo
procesSi cvlilebebis Setana da a.S.

zogierTi mkvlevari terminebTan mimarTebaSi xedavs seriozul

meTodologiur problemas. a gotlibi miiCnevs, rom damkvidrebuli
termini “Tvisebrivi meTodebi” misi araadekvaturad asaxvaa, ramdenadac
aqcentireba xdeba procedurebis, teqnikebisa da xerxebis, rac
meorexarisxovania. ufro zusti iqneba sxva terminebis gamoyeneba,
rogoric aris Tvisebrivi meTodologia, Tvisebrivi midgoma, Tvisebrivi
paradigma, romlebic moiazreben Tvisebriv kvlevas, rogorc
sociologiuri gamokvlevis gansakuTrebul tips, romelic kardinalurad
gansxvavdeba klasikuri meTodologiuri safuZvlebisgan da, rogorc
Sedegi, aseve gansxvavdeba pirveladi informaciis mopovebisa da analizis
meTodebisagan. amasTanave, misi mxridan garkveuli pretenziebia
gamoTqmuli terminis “Tvisebrivi paradigma”-s mimarT. t. kunis Semdeg,
gasagebia, rom termini “paradigma” mecnieruli kvlevis ara mxolod
zogad principebs, wesebsa da nimuSebs afiqsirebs, aramed socialur
Semadgenelsac – profesiul erTobaSi “mecnieruli patiosnebis/Rirsebis
kodeqsis” aRiarebasac, romelic konkretuli paradigmisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. am azriT, sociologTa erTobaSi Tvisebrivi
mkvlevrebis, ise rogorc raodenobrivis arseboba xels uwyobs am
terminis gamoyenebas. amavdroulad, igi warumatebelicaa, radgan
aRniSnavs sociologiuri gamokvlevis TviTkmarobas, gancalkevebulobas,
upiratesad empiriulisa sociologiuri codnis struqturis Teoriuli
elementebidan, rac mcdaria. j. ritceris Semdeg sociologiuri
mecnierebis organizmSi ukve arsebobs paradigmebis tipologia, romelic
mTlianad sociologiuri mecnierebis korpuss miekuTvneba.
bunebrivia, analogiuri midgoma sakiTxisadmi vrceldeba
“raodenobrivi meTodebis” mimarTac.
am pirobebSi, Cemi azriT, umjobesia vilaparakoT ara Tvisebriv
paradigmaze, aramed Tvisebriv meTodologiaze, romelic gvevlineba
xelaxal gansazRvrebad, socialuri definiciebis paradigmis reduqciad
– ritceris terminologiiT – sociologiuri kvlevis realobisken. es
Tanabrad Seexeba klasikur/raodenobriv meTidologiasac, romelic

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socialuri faqtebis paradigmis principulad sxva tipis xelaxali
gansazRvrebaa. es niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva, zustad iseve, rogorc
raodenobrivi, ewereba/jdeba gansazRvrul Teoriul perspeqtivaSi,
romelic mis meTodologiur safuZvlebsac da konkretul kvleviT
praqtikebsac gansazRvravs.
amdenad, terminebis – Tvisebrivi meTodologia, midgoma an
paradigma – gamoyeneba ufro marTebulad unda CaiTvalos. am
damokidebulebis farglebSi moiazreba sociologiuri gamokvlevis
gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelic klasikuri meTodologiisagan
radikalurad gansxvavebulia (klasikurSi gulisxmoben raodenobriv
sferos).
sainteresod aqvs warmodgenili Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi midgomebis
Tanafardoba a. gotlibs (Готлиб, А.2002)., romelsac qveviT ganvixilavT.
igi miiCnevs, rom es Tanafardoba dasavleTSic da postsabWoTa
sivrceSic oTxi poziciiT vlindeba: 1. radikalisturi, 2.
egzistencialuri, 3. pragmatuli da 4. empiriuli.
radikalisturi poziciis Tanaxmad, raodenobrivsa da Tvisebriv
midgomebs Soris Tanafardoba ufskruls warmoSobs da Seurigebelia,
ramdenadac kanonmdeblobiT da interpretaciul gons hyofs da
gulisxmobs, rom “modernistuli proeqtis Senelebul daSlasTan erTad”
klasikuri sociologia (kanonmdeblobiTi goni), rogorc moZvelebuli da
mcdari, unda gaqres da man adgili unda dauTmos Tvisebrivs –
interpretaciul gons. mosazrebis meore nawils SeiZleba daeTanxmo,
ramdenadac dRes msoflioSi Tvisebrivi kvlevisadmi interesis zrdis
tendencia saxezea.
meore – egzistencialuri - poziciis Tanaxmad, raodenobrivsac da
Tvisebriv midgomasac SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis Tavisi speqtri,
Rirsebebi da amasTan, naklovanebebic gaaCnia. Tumca, kriteriumebi,
romlebic romelime erTi midgomis utyuar upiratesobas daamtkicebs
meoresTan mimarTebaSi, ar arsebobs da meTodologiis prioritetis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba uSualod mkvlevris egzistencialuri arCevania.
mesame pozicia, romelsac avtori pragmatuls uwodebs, gulisxmobs
Semdegs: am SemTxvevaSic gadawyvetilebas midgomis arCevis Sesaxeb
TviTon mkvlevari iRebs. erTi SexedviT, es TiTqos arafriT gansxvavdeba

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egzistencialuri midgomisagan. magram aq sagulisxmoa erTi ram: amodis
ra kvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan, mkvlevari iTvaliswinebs
relevanturobis zonas anu kvleviTi amocanebis sferos, rac
faqtobrivad ganapirobebs mis gadawyvetilebas.
meoTxe, viwro empiriuli poziciis Tanaxmad, gansxvavebebi arc Tu
didi da TvalSisacemia: sociologebi yovelTvis iyenebdnen gansxvavebul
meTodebs. aqed gamomdinare, amis Sesaxeb diskusiac araproduqtiulia da
veraviTar Sedegs ver mogvcems (Готлиб, А., 2005).
faqtia erTi ram – dRes yvelaze didi popularobiT Cvens mier
zeviT aRwerili mesame, pragmatuli pozicia sargeblobs, romelic
orientirebulia midgomebis integraciaze, Tuki es SesaZlebelia da
kvleviTi amocanebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
amis ara erTi magaliTi arsebobs dasavlur, postsabWour Tu
qarTul socialur sivrceSi, rodesac erT kvleviT ciklSi warmatebiT
xorcieldeba paralelur Tu mimdevrobiT reJimSi meTodebis
(raodenobrivisa da Tvisebrivis) paralelurad da mimdevrobiT
gamoyeneba.
amis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes frangi mkvlevris n.
lefoSeris mier ganxorcielebuli qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebis kvleva.
pirvel, raodenobriv etapze, statistikuri analizis meTodiT Mmoxda 250
axalgazrda martoxela dedis oficialuri dokumentebis (dosie,
samoqalaqo mdgomareobis baraTebi) Seswavla. meore, Tvisebriv etapze
gamoyenebuli iyo “cxovrebis istoriis” kvleviTi strategia, romlis
meSveobiTac 6 antilieli axalgazrda martoxela dedis istoria
moipoves. kvlevis aseTma logikam saSualeba Seqmna aReweraT cvlilebebi
socialur normebSi, rac erTi Taobis ganmavlobaSi moxda antiliis
kunZulebze.
aseve teodor Saninis kvleva, romelic ruseTis glexobas exeboda
da Catarda 1990-96 ww.
es iyo magaliTebi, romlebic am ori midgomis erTi-meoris
mimdevrobiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas adasturebs.
amasTanave, xSirad es Tanmimdevruloba sxvagvaria: pirvel etapze
Tvisebrivi, xolo meoreze – raodenonrivi meTodologia gamoiyeneba.

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xazi minda gavusva, rom mTavari, rodesac am ori midgomis Serwymaze
vlaparakobT, misi pragmatulobaa. eakiTxi.
niSnavs, rom srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli, rom Tvisebrivi etapi
dasruldes raodenobriviT. Tvisebriv etapze ukve iwarmoeba codna,
romelic aRwers mini-TeoriaSi, komentarebsa Tu informantis enaze
socialur fenomens. raodenonriv etapze gadasvla srulad da mTlianad
kvlevis amocanebiT ganisazRvreba.
da bolos, mesame sakiTxi. raodenobriv sociologiur kvlevaSi
arsebuli saimedoobis problema Tvisebriv sociologiaSi gardaiqmneba
gagebis siRrmis kriteriumad amocanebis Sesabamisad. gagebis siRrmis
gazomva, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, magram garkveuli receptebi
arsebobs: aseTia triangulacia (miRebuli monacemebis Sedareba sxva
kvlevebTan); kvlevis daskvnebis gasageboba da miReba/gaziareba maT mier,
visi Seswavlac xdeboda; kvlevis “samzareulos” Riaoba sxva
mkvlevarTaTvis interpretaciis proceduris ganmeorebis mizniT. amas
garda, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebs (mis samecniero mimarTulebiT)
Sinagani arawinaaRmdegobriobis, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis igive
kriteriumebi waeyeneba, rac raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebs. Tu am wesebs
mivyvebiT Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs miviRoT damajerebeli
Sedegebi.

Cveni mxridanac ara erTi magaliTis damateba SeiZleba, romelic am

ori midgomis Tavsebadobis da optimalurobis marTebulobas adasturebs.
warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis avtors sakuTari praqtikis
safuZvelze SeuZlia magaliTebis moyvana. aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
2006-2007, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli sociologiuri
gamokvlevebi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen narkotikebis momxmarebelTa da
zogadad, narkotikuli nivTierebebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebul
problematikas, agreTve, saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli narkopolitikis
efeqturobas (kvlevebi Catarda saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da
aRniSnuli profilis qarTul arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan
TanamSromlobiT). kvlevaSi gamoyenebul iqna orive strategia –
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi, agreTve, triangulaciis meTodi

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 narkotikebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo ori meTodi:

pirveli – raodenobrivi meTodi, romlis arsic imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom konkretuli situaciis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, narkotizmTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla) masStabis dasadgenad ricxviT
monacemebs gamoiyenebs. meore meTodi – Tvisebrivi – mkvlevars awvdis
Tvisebriv monacemebs (aRwers specifikas, romlis meSveobiTac mkvlevars
garkveuli klasificirebis da diferencirebis saSualeba eZleva).

mocemuli meTodebi specialists saSualebas aZlevs gadaamowmos

mocemul sferoSi arsebuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli monacemebis
damuSavebis siswore. amasTan, raodenobrivi kvlevebi uzrunvelyofs
statistikuri monacemebis sizustes. Tvisebrivi meTodebi saSualebas
iZleva Rrmad CavwvdeT procesebs, aRvweroT isini maTi specifikidan
gamomdinare.

Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis

mTavar instrumentebs warmoadgenda sami tipis kiTxvari, romelic
kvlevaSi sami kategoriis respondentebisTvis momzadda: 1. uSualod
narkotikebis momxmarebelTaTvis; 2. samarTaldamcavi struqturebis
warmomadgenlebisTvis da 3. samedicino sferos warmomadgenlebisTvis.
ukanaskneli ori kategoriis arCevani im garemoebam ganapiroba, rom
praqtikulad swored maT warmomadgenlebs uwevT yvelaze uSualo da
xSiri Sexeba narkomomxmareblebTan (Tu ar CavTvliT ojaxis wevrebs).
raodenobrivi meTodiT gamoikiTxa 550 momxmarebeli, samarTaldamcavi
sferos – 100 da medicinis dargis – 100 muSaki, romelTac
wamaldamokidebulebTan muSaobis kompetencia da gamocdileba hqondaT.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis farglebSi Catarda 2008 w. – 5 fokus-jgufi, 8

interviu, 2009 w. 4 fokus-jgufi, 10 interviu, 2010 w. – 4 fokus-jgufi, 10
interviu. triangulaciis meTodis farglebSi raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
kvlevebs garda, gamoyenebul iqna dakvirvebis meTodic.

Tvisebriv etapze kvleva warimarTa CaRrmavebuli interviusa da

fokus-jgufis teqnikiT. kvlevaSi Tvisebrivi meTodebidan upiratesoba

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mieniWa biografiul-naratiul meTods, cxovrebis istoriasa da zepir
istorias.

monacemebis statistikurma damuSavebam da analizma saSualeba

mogvca, daskvnebi gamogvetana sakvlevi sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis xarisxze.
amas garda, raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis kombinirebulma
gamoyenebam gaamdidra mocemuli kvleva informaciis TvalsazrisiT.

(kvlevis masalebis naxva SesaZlebelia naSromis avtorTan).

kvlevis Sedegebma, SesaZloa, samecniero TvalTaxedviT interesi

gamoiwvios praqtikos mkvlevrebSi, am sferoSi moRvawe arasamTavrobo
organizaciebSi, da yvela im adamianSi, romelic profesiulad aris
dakavSirebuli aRniSnul dargTan an am mimarTulebiT gegmavs Tavisi
saqmianobis gagrZelebas.

ilustrirebuli meTodebi adasturebs erTimeoris mimdevrobiT an

paralelurad erT kvleviT ciklSi ori midgomis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas.

zeviT moyvanili ucxoeTSi Catarebuli kvlevis magaliTebi

gviCvenebs, rom mkvlevrebma jer raodenobrivi strategia airCies da
Sesabamisad Catarda statistikuri analizi.

Cvens mier Catarebul kvlevaSi es Tanmimdevroba sxvadasxvagvari

iyo. pirveli kvleva ganxorcielda mxolod Tvisebrivi midgomis
gamoyenebiT. meore kvlevaSi jer Tvisebrivi, xolo Semdeg raodenobrivi
meTodologia iqna gamoyenebuli. mesame kvleva Catarda raodenobrivi,
xolo paralelurad Tvisebrivi midgomis gamoyenebiT, ramac
garkveulwilad Sedegebis verifikaciisa da Sedarebis saSualebac
mogvca. aq sagulisxmoa erTi ram, kerZod: rodesac am ori midgomis
Serwymaze vlaparakobT, mTavaria misi pragmatuloba anu, sxvagvarad Tu
vityviT, erTi romelime etapis dasrulebis Semdeg strategiis sxva tipis
gamoyeneba aucileblobiT aris/ar aris ganpirobebuli. am konkretul

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SemTxvevaSi, rac narkotizmTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs exeboda, Cveni
mizani iyo sawyis, Tvisebriv etapze gvewarmoebina garkveuli codna,
romelic informantis enaze aRwerda socialur fenomens an komentarebs
(Tundac mini-TeoriaSi). raodenobriv etapze gadasvla mTlianad kvlevis
amocanebidan gamomdinare ganisazRvra. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aseTi
dagegmva ufro produqtuli aRmoCnda informaciis TvalsazrisiT.

sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebisa da praqtikis

Zala/SesaZlebloba empiriuli kvlevebis, Teoriuli konstruirebisa da
profesiul moqmedebaSi mdgomareobs.
empiriuli kvlevebis garkveuli Taviseburebebi SeiZleba gamovyoT:
 imis gageba, rom realoba socialurad ganpirobebulia;
 rom ar SeiZleba socialuri sinamdvilisadmi “gagebiTi midgomis”
gverdis avla;
 rom centraluri momentia calkeuli situaciebis, SemTxvevebis kvleva
da maTi Semdgomi tipizacia;
 kvleva unda efuZnebodes praqtikas.

germaneli mecnieri berngardi miiCnevs, - rodesac am ori saxis

meTodebis mimarTebaze/Tanafardobaze vlaparakobT, xazi unda gavusvaT
im garemoebas, rom Tu raodenobrivi meTodebiT socialuri procesebis
raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas vaxdenT, Tvisebrivi – am
procesebis Tvisebriv mxarezea orientirebuli (Бернгард Г. 2001).
raodenobrivi meTodebi zogadi kanonzomierebebis fokusirebas
axdenen, romelTa drosac calkeuli SemTxvevebis rTuli
fenomenologiidan ganmeorebiTi an zogadi maxasiaTeblebi/niSnebi
gamoiyvaneba. amis gamo, Tvisebrivisagan gansxvavebiT, aq ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli kvlevis saganSi arsebuli erTeuli da
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi (situaciuri).
amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas saubari
gvaqvs im socialuri procesebis momcvelobaze, struqturul aRwerasa
da dinamikis axsnaze, romlebic sazogadoebrivi realobis CvenTvis
saintereso sferoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, anu kvlevis saganSi

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erTeulis da gansakuTrebulis Sesaxeb da ara regularulis da
Cveulebrivis yuradRebis centrSi moqcevaze. Tvisebrivi meTodebis
perspeqtividan SeuZlebelia cnebebiT gamoxato sistemuri struqturebi
maTi Semadgenlebisgan damoukideblad, aseve, sazogadoebaSi moqmedi
wevrebisgan damoukideblad.
ra principuli gansxvavebebia Tvisebrivsa da raodenobriv meTodebs
Soris?
es gansxvavebebi, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri sinamdvilis
ganxilvisas gansakuTrebul xedvas Seexeba. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi
sociologiur kvlevebSi zogad niSnebzea mimarTuli (monacemTa
analizze zogadi niSnebis mixedviT, raTa Semdeg maTi
tipizacia/tipologia moxdes), Tvisebrivi orientirebulia gansxvavebebis
dadgena/gansazRvraze da isini saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaanalizoT ori an
ramdenime niSan-Tvisebis saerTo.
raodenobrivi ki imis saSualebas iZleva, gansxvavebebi davadginoT
imiT, zogadi niSan-Tvisebebi/maxasiaTeblebi Sedarebis sabaziso
safuZvlad gamoviyenoT. amitomac ama Tu im meTodis miznobrioba
sxvadxvaa: erT SemTxvevaSi – kavSirebis gaxsna, meore SemTxvevaSi – ukve
cnobili gamoxatulebebis/gamonaTqvamebis gazomva.
raodenobrivi meTodebis SesaZlebloba, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi
vlindeba, rom isini saSualebas gvaZlevs safuZvlianad da
sistematizebuli saxiT aRmovaCinoT da gamovavlinoT siaxle. amgvarad,
specilistebi sociologiuri kvlevis raodenobriv meTodebs
gansazRvraven, rogorc socialuri diagnostikis saxesxvaobas.
xazgasasmelia, rom meTodebis orive klasi ara Tu ewinaaRmdegeba,
aramed piriqiT, erTimaneTs avsebs, Tumca maTi gamoyeneba sociologiur
kvlevebSi gansxvavebulad xdeba. raodenobriv meTodebs upiratesoba
eniWeba tradiciul, “klasikur” empiriul sociologiur gamokvlevebSi,
Tvisebrivs – socialuri realobis hermenevtikuli analizis principis
gamoyenebisas. amasTan, yoveldRiurobis/yofiTi sakiTxebis SeswavlisTvis
teqnikuri xerxebi socialur mecnierebaTa meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis
rezervuars Seadgens.

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 Tvisebriv meTodebs upiratesoba eniWeba socialuri muSaobis
sferos kvlevebSi. socialuri kvleva, ZiriTadad, verbaluri gadmocemiT,
sasaubro formiT xdeba. mniSvnelovania Tvisebriv-empiriuli kvlevis
iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa orientireba:
- subieqtze
- movlenis saerTo konteqstis gagebaze
- konkretul situaciaze
- movlenis hermenevtikul analizze

retrospeqtuli Sexeduleba gviCvenebs, rom empiriul socialur

gamokvlevebsa da socialur muSaobas saerTo Zirebi aqvT, ramdenadac
pirveli sociologiuri gamokvlevebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Raribebis
socialuri dacvis politikas, aseve socialur muSaoba (Бернгард Г. 2001).
ramdenadac Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis kombinacia
saSualebas iZleva kvlevis meSveobiT movicvaT rogorc movlenis
masStaburoba (socialuri gavrceleba), mag., umuSevrobis, siRatakis,
socialuri daucvelobis da a.S., igi aseve imis SesaZleblobasac iZleva,
rom ganvsazRvroT siRrme da Sesabamisi praqtikuli nabijebi gadavdgaT.
raodenobriv kvlevaSi gazomvisa da faqtobrivi masalis mopovebis
principebi dakavSirebulia klasifikaciis formebisa Tu gazomvis
formebis meSveobiT operacionalurad gansazRvruli cnebebis
warmodgenasTan. ramdenadac ZiriTadad sociologiur kvlevebSi arsebobs
reprezentatuli SerCevis moTxovna, aucilebeli xdeba sakvlev
erTobliobaTa mkacri gansazRvra. es procesi gulisxmobs adamianTa
dayofas kategoriebad aRweriTi (deskriptuli) atributebis (profesia,
sqesi, ganaTleba) an raodenobrivi (kvantitatiuri) niSnebis (asaki,
Semosavali, bavSvebis raodenoba ojaxSi) IQ - (inteleqtis koeficienti)
safuZvelze, raTa dadgindes sazRvrebi ganzogadebisaTvis. SemTxveviTi
SerCeva idealurad miesadageba sxva maxasiaTebelTa ganawilebis
uzrunvelyofas, romlebic Tanabrad axasiaTebs relevantur an
relevantur da sakontrolo jgufebs winaswar SerCeuli damoukidebeli
cvladis zemoqmedebis xarisxis dadgenis mizniT. obieqtebi amoirCeva
winaswar SerCeuli damoukidebel cvladTan asocirebuli niSnebis
(maxasiaTeblebis) Sesabamisad. amgvari kategorizebis Sedegia sakvlevi

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obieqtebis dajgufeba nominaluri (saxeldebis) Tu rigiTobis principis
safuZvelze, romelic xSirad ganixileba, rogorc damoukidebel
cvladTa gansazRvris procesis Semedgeneli nawili.

kategorizacia SeiZleba aucilebeli gaxdes aseve damoukidebeli

cvladebisTvisac. xSirad hipoTeturi damokidebuli cvladi SeiZleba
iyos (xelfasi, Semosavali) testirebis Sedegi. aman ki, Tavis mxriv,
SesaZloa gaugebroba gamoiwvios. hipoTezis xasiaTidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba zogierTi niSani an maxasiaTebeli erTi kvlevisTvis
damoukidebeli cvladi iyos, meore kvlevisaTvis ki – damokidebuli. mag.,
SesaZlebelia, erT kvlevaSi vivaraudoT, rom codnis odenoba (masa)
izrdeba swavlebis garkveuli midgomis Sedegad, maSin, roca meore
kvlevaSi TviT dagrovili codnis odenoba gansazRvravs ama Tu im
samuSaos miRebis albaTobas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi codnis odenoba
gvevlineba damokidebul cvladad, romlis zrdac gansazRvrulia
swavlebis garkveuli midgomiT. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi igi
damoukidebeli cvladia da TviTon gansazRvravs samuSaos miRebis
albaTobas.
kvlevis problemis gadaWris mizniT relevantur statistikur
meTodTa SerCeva ganisazRvreba kvlevaSi mocemuli cvladebis tipiT.
zogjer cvladebis erTi jgufi martivad klasifikaciis an rigiT
warmodgenis (ranJirebis) obieqtebia, maSin, roca cvladebis sxva jgufi
kvantifikaciis Sedegad gazomvis sruliad sxva formebs moiTxovs. es
procesebi (klasifikacia, ranJireba, kvantifikaciis zomebis gamoyofa)
gulisxmobs operacionaluri gansazRvrebebis dadgenas romelime cnebisa
Tu konstruqtisaTvis. isini damokidebulia cvladebze, magram SesaZlo,
relevanturi instrumentebi eqstensiuria. ASesaZleblobaTa
gansazRvrisaTvis pirveladi monacemebis ganawileba xdeba ramdenime
farTo kategoriad:
monacemebis klasifikacia an ranJireba (nominaluri an rigiTi),
romelic moiTxovs Sefasebebs gazomvis gareSe.
monacemebi, romlebic kvantitaturi niSnebis (intervaluri
mimarTeba) operacionaluri gansazRvrebebia, moiTxovs gazomvasa da
gazomvis instruments.

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 monacemebis mopovebisa da dafiqsirebis (registraciis) meTodebis
dajgufeba oTx tipad xdeba:
 uSualo faqtobrivi masalis mopoveba;
 kiTxvari – skalebi, alternativebi, Ria-daxuruli
tipis kiTxvebi Tavisi kodebiT;
 dakvirveba / struqturirebuli interviu;
 testebi
es kategoriebi mTlianobaSi gviqmnis warmodgenas gazomvis

sferos Sesaxeb.

pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT monacemTa mopovebis wyaroebi: 1.

klasifikaciuri niSnebi – monacemebi lagdeba kategoriebsa (nominaluri)
Tu rigebis (ranJirebuli) tipiuri Tu damoukidebeli cvladebis saxiT:
demografiuli (background) – asaki, sqesi, qorwinebis statusi,
bavSvebis raodenoba ojaxSi, Semosavali, sacxovrebeli oTaxebis an
farTis raodenoba, ganaTleba, eTnikuri kuTvnileba, profesia da a.S.
socialuri klasi, romelic efuZneba ramdenime indikators;
mikuTvnebuloba – politikuri (romelime partiis wevroba),
religiuri (aRmsarebloba) organizaciis wevroba;
miznebi, molodinebi (eqspeqtaciebi), miswrafebebi;
socialuri da ekonomikuri indikatorebi – damnaSaveobis done,
yofiTi pirobebi, saerTo nacionaluri produqti, umuSevroba, bavSvTa
sikvdilianoba, skolebSi moswavleTa saerTo ricxvi;
pirovnuli, abnormaluri, sulierad daavadebebi da a.S.
organizaciis an institutis tipi - saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi, biznesi, arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo.

2. sxva pirovnuli niSnebis kvantifikacia, romelic gangrZobadi

monacemebis saxiT arsebobs (tipiuri damokidebuli cvladebi):
damokidebulebebi (atitudebi), rwmenebi, Sexedulebebi, grZnobebi,
movaleobebi.
pirovnuli Tvisebebi: patiosneba, asertuloba (mizanswrafuloba,
Seupovroba), moqalaqeobis gancda;
unarebi;

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 miRwevebi;
inteleqtis done, SemoqmedebiToba (kreatuloba) da a.S.

raodenobrivisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebs

(socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, adamianTa Sexedulebebi da a.S.) ara aqvT
dadgenili gazomvis etaloni. MmaTi konstruireba Sesaswavli obieqtis
bunebis Sesabamisad da kvlevis hipoTezebis Tanaxmad xdeba. Aamitomac
Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebTa gazomvis procedurebi erTgvari
gamogonebebia, romlebic garkveuli tipobrivi xerxebiT xorcieldeba.
garkveuli sakiTxebis mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebulebis
Sesaswavlad raodenobrivi monacemebis mopoveba gamokiTxvis
(standartizebuli interviu, anketireba) meSveobiT xdeba, rac
gulisxmobs kvlevis instrumentis – kiTxvaris/anketis Sedgenas.

gansxvavebulia Tvisebrivi midgoma, Tumca gamokiTxvis meTodi erT-

erTi mniSvnelovania misTvisac, ise rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevisTvis
(ar igulisxmeba anketireba da struqturirebuli interviu).

qvemoT moyvanilia Morgan, Smircich-is mier SemuSavebuli cxrili,

romelSic naTlad aris asaxuli raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi
strategiebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

subieqtivisturi ◄ ◄► ► obieqtivist
midgomebi midgomebi

ontologiuri mravlobiTi socialurad realoba realoba realoba

safuZvlebi realobebi konstruirebadi rogorc rogorc rogorc
realoba informaciis konkretuli konkretuli
konteqstualuri procesi struqtura
epistemologiuri Cveni realobis gageba, Tu konteqstis sistemebis, pozitivistu
safuZvlebi safuZvelmdebare rogor aigeba asaxva procesebis, mecnierebis
daskvnebis realoba cvlilebebis konstruireb
aRmoCena gamokvleva

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 Morgan, Smircich, 1998.

d a s k v n a

meTodebis orive jgufi – raodenobrivicaDda Tvisebrivic,

gamokiTxvis saSualebiT axdenen garkveuli situaciis modelirebas.
raodenobrivi gamokiTxvebis Catarebisas Secdomis ZiriTadi wyaro
SeiZleba iyos: respondentTa mier dasmuli SekiTxvis araswori gageba,
Secdomebi maT mier sakuTari qcevis gaazrebasa da prognozSi, aseve
gulwrfelobis gamacnobierebeli an arasrulad gamacnobierebeli
elementebi, rac socialuri Nnormebis zewolas ukavSirdeba.

Mmkvlevrebi, romlebic raodenobriv meTodebs mimarTaven, Zalian

konkretulad iyeneben literaturas. igi imis saSualebas iZleva, rom
wina kvlevebis identifikacia movaxdinoT misi interesebis sferoSi, aseve

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mivakvlioT - sad aris xarvezebi gagebis TvalsazrisiT. igi aseve
gansazRvravs (moxazavs) Teoriul da konceptualur CarCoebs, sazRvrebs,
romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleba, raTa swori mimarTuleba mivceT
raodenobriv kvleviT proeqtebs da maTi daskvnebis interpretacia
movaxdinoT. Aamas garda, specialuri Lliteratura mkvlevars exmareba
mniSvnelovani Sesaswavli cvladebis gamoyofaSi da maT Soris
kavSirebis dadgenisaken gvibiZgebs. Ees yvelaferi raodenobrivi
kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovania, imitom, rom mkvlevrebs ZiriTadad
ainteresebT cvladebs Soris kavSirebis Semowmeba an imis gansazRvra, Tu
rogor jgufdebian isini klasterebad. sanam Seswavlas daiwyebdnen, maT
unda icodnen, Tu romeli cvladebi ainteresebT, Semdgom, rogor
movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, romlebsac Semowmebis standartuli
xerxebiT vRebulobT.

zogadi daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Secdomebi orive

SemTxevaSi xdeba. aseTi Secdomebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos esa Tu is
formulirebebi. amasTanave, gamocdilebis dagroveba Secdomebis
gaazrebaSi meTodikebis srulyofisa da mkvlevarTa kvalifikaciis zrdis
wyaroa. Tvisebrivi midgomis specifika mdgomareobs ara am kvlevebis
“uzustobaSi”, aramed imaSi, rom amgvar kvlevebSi pirveladi monacemebis
mopovebis etapsa da Sinaarsobrivi analizis etaps Soris ar aris
formalizebuli maTematikuri operaciebis rgoli, riTac
uzrunvelyofilia raodenobrivi gamokvlevebi.

sociologiuri kvlevebis yvela meTodi, rogorc cnobilia, iyofa

informaciis Segrovebisa da misi damuSavebis meTodebad. Sesabamisad,
ganasxvaveben monacemTa mopovebisa da misi damuSavebis etapebs. aseve,
saqme exeba Sedegebis analizisa da interpretaciis etapebsac. OOorive
meTodi kvlevis am etapebs gansxvavebulad ganixilavs, romlis drosac
TavianTi meToduri arsenalidan adekvaturs irCeven.
nebismier kvlevaSi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, romeli saxis
midgomas mivaniWoT upiratesoba da ratom. magram sociologiuri
kvleviTi praqtika adasturebs, rom maT kompleqsur gamoyenebas ufro
meti efeqti aqvs, erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSic ki ar uSlian

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erTmaneTs xels. SeiZleba sapirispiroc vamtkicoT. miRebuli monacemebi
axdens Sedegebis verifikacias, iZleva Sejerebis saSualebas da aqedan
gamomdinare adekvaturi da araorazrovani interpretaciis safuZvelia,
rac uzrunvelyofs kvlevis warmatebulobas.
TviTon sociologiis dayofa “raodenobrivad” da “Tvisebrivad”,
Cveni azriT, marTebuli mxolod empiriuli meTodikebis mimarT aris.
sxvadasxva Teoriuli midgomebi da praqtikuli amocanebi ama Tu im
zomiT unda mivusadagoT maT instrumentebs, magram maTi dayofa-
daxasiaTeba “raodenobrivad” da “Tvisebrivad”, Zalian rTulia.
arsebobs da, albaT, momavalSic SenarCundeba arsebiTi gansxvaveba
akademiur da komerciul kvlevebSi gamoyenebuli Tvisebrivi meTodebis
balansSi. akademiur kvlevebSi meTodikebis mTeli arsenali gamoiyeneba
da fokus-jgufi ar aris dominirebul poziciaze. Tumca, isic unda
iTqvas, rom sociologiuri ganaTlebis sferoSi jgufuri diskusiebis
Catarebis praqtika swavlebis efeqturi saSualebaa.

amrigad, imis miuxedavad, Tu romel strategias aniWebs mkvlevari

upiratesobas, specialistebs Soris gansxvavebuli midgomisadmi
tolerantuli damokidebuleba arsebobs. ufro metic, dRes saxezea
gansxvavebuli strategiebis integrirebis mcdelobebi. Tumca am
mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis aqtualizebis problema dgeba da
aseTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes: kategorialur-cnebiTi aparatis
ganviTareba, Tanamedrove warmodgenebis SeTavseba maTematikur
meTodebTan da gazomvebTan dakavSirebiT da a.S.

TviTon sociologiis dayofa “raodenobrivad” da “Tvisebrivad”,

Cveni azriT, marTebuli mxolod empiriuli meTodikebis mimarT aris.
aucilebelia da, amavdroulad, mniSvnelovani, rom sxvadasxva Teoriuli
midgomebi da praqtikuli amocanebi ama Tu im zomiT mivusadagoT maT
instrumentebs, magram maTi daxasiaTeba “raodenobrivad” da
“Tvisebrivad”, Zalian rTulia.
amas garda, marTalia, biografiul meTods, CarTul dakvirvebas,
dRiurebsa da pirad dokumentebs, zepir istoriebs, individualur
arakonstruirebul intervius saxeebs, aseve, fokus-jgufebs garkveuli

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saerTo Tvisebebi aqvT, rac saSualebas iZleva, isini “Tvisebrivi
meTodebis” kategoriaSi gavaerTianoT, magram ar unda daviviwyoT maTi
arsebiTi gansxvavebuloba da maTi “SekavSirebuloba” sxvadasxva
problemur sferoebTan. kerZod, Tamamad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom
biografiuli meTodi farTo gamoyenebas verasodes hpovebs marketingul
kvlevebSi. meore mxriv ki, igi Seucvlelia grZelvadiani socialuri
Zvrebis Tu sxva problemis Seswavlisas, romelSic fokus-jgufebi
(romlebic viwro problemaze koncentrirdeba) kvlevis ZiriTadi
instrumenti ver iqneba.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanafardoba raodenobrivsa da
Tvisebriv midgomebs Soris sxvadasxvagvaria sociologiis Teoriul da
empiriul donebze. Teoriul doneze es midgomebi mkveTrad aris
gamijnuli da kvleviTi Ziebis sxvadasxva strategiebs gansazRvravs.
empiriul doneze, romelzec maTi realizeba myari/xisti da
rbili/moqnili meTodebis meSveobiT xdeba, maTi polarizebuli formebis
garda, arsebobs maTi gansxvavebuli Sualeduri modifikaciebi, rac
saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT empiriul monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis meTodebis SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis kontinuumis Sesaxeb.
raodenobriv da Tvisebriv midgomebs Soris damokidebulebebi
pasuxobs damatebiTobis princips, ise rogorc sxva meTodologiuri
diqotomiebi, romlebic Semecnebis procesisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli:
racio da intuicia, mikro da makro analizi, analizi da sinTezi da sxva
mravali. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom kvlevis meTodologiuri donis
Sefasebis mTavari kriteriumia kvleviTi amocanidan kvlevis saganze,
empiriul monacemTa mopovebisa da analizis meTodebze gadasvlis
adekvaturobis problema.
zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom kvalificirebuli mkvlevari
arasodes upirispirebs erTmaneTs raodenobrivsa da Tvisebriv meTodebs,
aramed mTeli arsenalidan im saSualebebs irCevs, romlebic yvelaze
metad daaaxlovebs da uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli amocanis gadaWras.
sociologiis Teoriul da empiriul doneebze raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi midgomebis Tanafardoba sxvadasxvagvarad yalibdeba.

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 TeoriaSi es midgomebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad aris gamijnuli da
kvlevis gansxvavebul strategiebs gansazRvravs. TiToeuli strategia
“idealur tips” warmoadgens sagnis, obieqtisa da meTodis
urTierTqmedebis TvalsazrisiT da ganpirobebulia kvleviTi situaciisa
da Semecnebis subieqtis TaviseburebebiT.

empiriul doneze, romelzec am strategiebis realizacia

“myari/xisti“ Tu “rbili/moqnili” meTodebiT xdeba, polarizebul
formebs garda arsebobs TiToeuli meTodis Sualeduri modifikaciebi.
es saSualebas gvaZlevs vilaparakoT empiriul monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis kontinuumze.

raodenobrivsa da Tvisebriv midgomebs Soris damokidebulebebi

pasuxobs damatebiTobis princips. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom kvlevis
meTodologiuri donis Sefasebisas ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens
gadasvlis adekvaturobis problema kvleviTi amocanebidan kvlevis
saganze, empiriul monacemTa mopovebasa da analizze da Semdeg,
interpretaciis sazRvrebis dacvaze.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. berZeniSvili, a. (2000). politikuri sociologia, Tbilisi: Tsu

gamomcemloba.
2. durgliSvili, n. (2004). socialur monacemTa analizi, Tbilisi:
socialur mecnierebaTa centri.
3. zurabiSvili, T. (2006). Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi,
Tbilisi: socialur mecnierebaTa centri.
4. kaWkaWiSvili, i. (2001). socialuri moqmedebis Teoria, Tbilisi:
nekeri.

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5. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi, (1998). Tbilisi: Tsu
gamomcemloba.
6. surmaniZe, l. (2010). kultura meTodologiur perspeqtivaSi,
Tbilisi: universali.
7. wulaZe, l. (2005). raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi,
Tbilisi: socialur mecnierebaTa centri.

8. Annels, M. (1996). Grounded Theory Method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigm of

inquiry and postmodernism // Qualitative Health Research. №6,
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