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B. NIMALATHASAN∗
The Banking sector in Bangladesh is different from the banking as seen in other
developed countries. This is one of the Major Service sectors in Bangladesh economy, which
divided into four categories of scheduled Banks. These are Nationalized Commercial Banks
(NCBs), Government Owned Development Financial Institutions (DFIs), Private Commercial
Banks (PCBs), and Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs). Performance of financial Institution is
generally measured by applying quantitative techniques of financial measurement. It is a post –
mortem examination techniques of achievement of a bank. Many Studies are conducted in
different countries to judge the performance of their banking system. Using different statistical
methods such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA).
The present Study is initiated a Comparative Study of Financial Performance of Banking Sector
in Bangladesh using CAMELS rating system with 6562 Branches of 48 Banks in Bangladesh
from Financial year 1999-2006. CAMELS rating system basically quantitative technique, is
widely used for measuring performance of banks in Bangladesh. Accordingly CAMELS rating
system shows that 3 banks was 01 or Strong, 31 banks were rated 02 or satisfactory, rating of 07
banks was 03 or Fair, 5 banks were rated 4 or Marginal and 2 banks got 05 or unsatisfactorily
rating. 1 NCB had unsatisfactorily rating and other 3 NCBs had marginal rating.
Keywords: Financial Performance, Banking, CAMELS, and Rating System.
∗
B. NIMALATHASAN, Lecturer, Department of Commerce, Faculty of Management
Studies & Commerce, University of Jaffna, SriLanka, & Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of
Management Studies, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
Capital Adequacy
Focuses on the total position of bank capital and protects the depositors
fro the potential shocks of losses that a bank incur.
Asset Quality
Management Soundness
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B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
Liquidity
143
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
have performed well over the past several yeras. Moreover, he added that banks
in these economies are well capitalized and the banking sector is well developed
with intense competition among the banks. Generally, the concept of efficiency
can be regarded as the relationship between outputs of a system and the
corresponding inputs used in their production. Within the financial efficiency
literature, efficiency is treated as a relative measure, which reflects the
deviations from maximum attainable output for a given level of input (English
and Warng, 1992). However, there have been numerous studies analyzed the
efficiency of financial intuitions. Among these, (Rangan and Grabowski, 1988)
use data envelopment analysis to analyze technical efficiency in US banking
into pure technical and scale efficiency.
Based on the above literature, we can say that there are some studies
about banks in various countries, however a detailed study has not yet been
conducted in Bangladesh context, especially Banking sectors. Hence the present
study is made on Comparative Study of Financial Performance of Banking
Sector in Bangladesh: an application of CAMELS rating system with 6562
branches of 48 banks in Bangladesh.
Data Collection
Secondary data were used for the present study. The annual data for all banks
during the financial years of 1999-2006 are used for rating the performance of the
banks. In addition another source of data was through references to the library
and the review of different articles, papers, and relevant previous studies.
Sampling Design
The sample for this studies all branches of the banks in Bangladesh. The
Banking sector in Bangladesh is different from the banking sector as seen in
developed countries. This is one of the major service sectors in Bangladesh economy and
can be divided mainly into four categories Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs),
144
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
Table 1
Capital to risk weighted assets ratio by types of banks
(Percent)
Types
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
of 2006
Bank
Table 1 shows that as the year of 2006 the DFIs, PCBs and FCBs
maintained CAR of 9.5, 9.8 and 22.7 percent respectively. The 4 NCBs couldn’t
attain the required level due to shortage in owner’s equity, provision shortfall
and overburdened expenditure incurred from operation time to time. One of the
DFIs and 2 PCBsm listed as problem Bank couldn’t maintain required CAR.
FCBs maintained 22.7 percent CAR in 2006. The CAR of the banking industry
was 8.3 percent in 2006 as against 7.3 percent in 2005.
The asset composition of all commercial banks shows the concentration
of loans and advances in total assets. The high concentration of loans and
advances indicates vulnerability of assets to credit risk, especially since the
portion of non-performing assets in significant. A huge infected loan portfolio
has been the major predicament of banks particularly of the state-owned banks.
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B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
In the total assets the share of loans and advances is followed by the
investment in government securities and bills covering 10.5 percent.
Table 2
NPL ratios by type of banks
(Percent)
Types
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
of
Bank
Above Table 2 shows that the most important indicator intended to identify
problems with assets quality in the loan portfolio is the percentage of gross and net
non-performing loans (NPLs) to total advances. FCBs have the lowest and DFIs
have the highest ratio of NPLs. NCBs have gross NPLs to total loans of 22.9 percent
whereas in case of PCBs, FCBs and DFIs, the ratios are 5.5 percent, 0.8 percent
and 33.7 percent respectively. Similarly NPLs net of provisions and interest
suspense to the total loans is 14.5 percent, 1.8 percent and 23.6 percent for
NCBs, PCBs and DFIs. FCBs are having excess provision for loan losses.
Sound management is the most important pre-requisite for the strength
and growth of any financial institution. Since indicators of management quality
are primarily specific to individual institution, these cannot be easily aggregated
across the sector. In addition, it is difficult to draw any conclusion regarding
management soundness on the basis of monetary indicators, as characteristics of
a good management are rather qualitative in nature. Nevertheless, the total
expenditure to total income, operating expenses to total expenses, earnings and
operating expenses per employee, and interest arte spread are generally used to
gauge management soundness. In particular, a high and increasing expenditure to
income ratio indicates the operating inefficiency that could be due to flaws in management.
Table 3 shows that expenditure – income (EI) ratio of the DFIs was very
high with 145.2 percent in 1999 and 175.3 percent in the year 2000. This was
mainly because the DFIs made loan loss provisions by debiting “loss” in their
books. The position however improved after 2000 and the ratio came down to
146
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
89.1 percent and 95.9 percent in 2001 and 2002 respectively but again
rose to 101.1 percent in 2003 and later on 103.5 in 2006. The EI ratio of the
NCBs exceed 100.0 percent in 1999 before falling to below 99.0 percent by end
2003 but again rose to 100.0 percent in 2006 considering provision shortfall. Very
high EI ratio of NCBs was mainly arrtibutable to high administrative and overhead
expenses; suspension of income against NPLs. EI ratio of PCBs is substantially
high due to deduction of provision for loans, other assets and corporate tax from
current income.
Strong earnings and profitability profile of a bank reflect its ability to
support present and future operations. More specifically, this determines the
capacity to absorb losses by building an adequate dividend to its shareholders.
Although there are various measures of earning and profitability, the best and
widely used indicator is return on assets (ROA), which is supplemented by
return on equity (ROE) and the net interest margin (NIM).
Table 3
Expenditure – Income ratio by type of banks
(Percent)
Types
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
of
Bank
Table 4 shows that ROA and ROE by type of banks and the aggregate
position of these two indicators for all banks. Analysis of these indicators
reveals that the ROA of the NCBs have been almost zero percent considering
huge provision shortfall and that of the DFIs even worse. PCBs had an
inconsistent trend but satisfactory and FCBs’ return on assets ratio consistently
declined from 3.5 percent in 1999 to 2.2 percent in 2006. Furthermore NCBs
return on equity ratio rose from –1.1 percent in 1999 to 3.0 percent in 2003 but
considered as Zero percent in 2006. In case of DFI, the ROE sharply rose from –68.0
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B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
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B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and
Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008) 141-152
Table 4
Profitability ratios by type of banks
(Percent)
Bank
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
types
NCBs 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 0.0 – 1.1 1.7 2.4 4.2 3.0 – 5.3 – 6.9 0.0
DFIs – 1.6 – 3.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 – 0.2 – 0.1 – 0.2 – 29.4 – 68.0 12.3 5.8 – 0.6 – 2.1 – 2.0 – 2.0
PCBs 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 15.3 17.0 20.9 13.6 11.4 19.5 18.1 15.2
FCBs 3.5 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.1 2.2 41.8 27.3 32.4 21.5 20.4 22.5 18.4 21.5
Total 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 5.2 0.3 15.9 11.6 9.8 13.0 12.4 14.1
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An
application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008)
141-152
Table 5
Net Interest Income by type of banks (NII)
(Billion Taka)
Types
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
of
Bank
From Table 5 we can see aggregate net interest income (NII) of the
Industry has been positive and consistently increased from Taka 7.8 billion in
1999 to Taka 35.3 billion in 2005. However, the NII of the NCBs sharply
declined from Taka 3.1 billion in 1999 to a negative amount of Taka 1.2 billion
in 2000. The trend continued and the NCBs’ interest income in 2001 was less
by Taka 1.8 billion than interest expenses, and in 2002 by Taka 1.5 billion, in
2003 by 0.3 billion and in 2004 by 1.1 billion but in 2005 their positive NII was
Taka 7.7 billion. The DFIs had a negative NII in 1999, which was reversed in
2000 to Taka 1.0 billion and thereafter was positive in 2001 (Taka 2.7 billion),
2002 (Taka 1.4 billion), 2003 (Taka 1.3 billion), 2004 (Taka 1.8 billion), 2005
(1.0 billion) and 2006 (Taka 1.7 billion). In 2006, NCBs were able to increase
their net interest income (NII) by reducing their cost of fund. The NII of the
PCBs and FCBs has been very high over the period from 1999 through
2006.Overall industry NII shows a consistently upward trend. The trend of NII
indicates that the PCBs and the FCBs are charging interests at very high rates
on their lending as compared to the interest they are paying to the depositors.
Commercial banks deposits are at present subject to a statutory liquidity
requirement (SLR) of 18 percent inclusive of average 5 percent (at least 4
percent in any day) cash reserve requirement (CRR) on bi-weekly basis. The
CRR is to be kept with the Bangladesh Bank and the remainder as qualifying
secure assets under the SLR, either in cash or in government securities. SLR for
the banks operating under the Islamic Shariah is 10 percent and the specialized
banks are exempt from maintaing the SLR. Liqudity indicators measured as
percentage of demand and time liabilities (excluding inter-bank items) of the
banks indicate that all the bank had excess liquidity.
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B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An application of CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and
Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008) 141-152
Table 6
Liquidity ratio by type of Banks
(Percent)
Bank types
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NCBs 25.2 26.5 25.7 27.3 24.4 22.8 20.0 20.0 5.2 6.5 5.7 7.3 8.4 6.8 2.0 2.1
DFIs 15.7 16.2 15.3 13.7 12.0 11.2 11.2 11.2 8.7 9.9 8.9 6.9 5.8 4.7 6.2 3.8
PCBs 25.9 24.8 24.2 26.3 24.4 23.1 21.0 21.0 8.0 6.8 6.2 8.5 9.8 8.8 5.1 5.6
FCBs 51.3 34.7 34.1 41.6 37.8 37.8 41.5 41.5 31.4 14.8 14.3 21.8 21.9 21.9 23.6 16.4
Total 27.0 26.1 25.3 27.2 24.7 23.4 21.7 21.7 8.3 7.5 6.7 8.7 9.9 8.7 5.3 5.1
B. Nimalathasan, A comparative study of financial performance of banking sector in Bangladesh – An application of
CAMELS rating / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008) 141-152
Table 6 indicates that FCBs are having the highest liquidity ratios
followed by the PCBs. This situation of constant surplus of liquidity warrants
creation of effective demand for credit at lower costs. And also another rating is
“sensitivity to market risk” which assess the degree to which a bank might be
exposed to adverse financial market conditions. In particular, BB started placing
much emphasis on banks sensitivity to interest rate movement through the
introduction of revised CAMELS rating system since 1 July 2006.
Conclusion
REFERENCES
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