AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

-(ager) means cultura

- Cultivation of fields

3 MAJOR PATTERNS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Subsistence farming
-farmers cultivate land and plant crops primarily to feed
the members of their family
 Hunting and gathering
 Migratory farming
 Kaingin
 Fixed cultivation

Modernizing stage
-brought by the increased importance of commercial
production in farming

Modern agriculture
-agricultural processes are specialized and are
characterized by a large portion of the product being
produced for commercial purposes

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
 Source of raw materials
 Consumer of industrial products
 Provides employment
 Dollar earner

LAND TENURE IN THE PHILIPINES

Full owners
-those who own the land which they work on
Part owners
-farm operators who own part of the land they work on while
they hold the remaining portion as tenants
Tenants
-farm operators who rent or lease from others the land they
cultivate
 Cash tenants
 Share of produce tenants
 Fixed amount of produce tenants
 Cash and fixed amount
 of produce tenants
 Cash and share produce tenants
 Rent free tenants

Farm managers
 -individuals supervise the day-to-day operations of large
farms and receive wages, a salary, or part of the harvest
for their services

Farm operators
-they operate the farms under the conditions other that
those previously mentioned

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

 Lack of modern equipment and technology
 Insufficient infrastructures
 Lack of capital
 No concrete program for land ownership
 Low prices
 Competition from foreign products
 Government’s development program

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

 The spread of contract growing arrangements in many parts of
the country

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS

 Impose restriction on foreign agricultural commodities that
enter the country
 Provide infrastructure projects like warehouses, irrigation
system, bridges and farm to market roads
 Include in the budget allocation and allotment the essential
needs of farmers
 Establish loans to farmers and fishermen
 Implement effectively and efficiently the agrarian reform
law

LAND REFORM VS. AGRARIAN REFORM

BASIC CONCEPTS
Land reform
-refers to the full range of measures that may or should be
taken to improve or remedy the defects in the relations
among men

Agrarian reform
-(de leon)”comprises not only land reform but also the
reform and development of complementary institutional
frameworks such as the national government created to
undertake land reform, local governments, rural educational
and social welfare institutions, and voluntary associations,
particularly farmer’s organizations”
SIX-FOLD LAND REFORM PROGRAM OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT:
 to establish owner-cultivatorship and make family-sized
farms the basis of Philippines agriculture

 to achieve dignified existence for small farmers and

free them from harmful institutional restraints and
practices

 to establish a social and economic structure in

agriculture conducive to greater productivity and
improved farm incomes

 to apply all labor laws without discrimination to both

industrial and agricultural wage earners

 to provide a more systematic land resettlement and land

distribution program

 to make the small farmer a more independent, self-

reliant and responsible citizen, and a source of
genuine strength in the society

CARP
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
 Initially envisioned covering around 8.2 million
hectares of land, regardless of crops planted and
tenure arrangements, including all public lands
considered alienable and disposable

o Address the age-old issue of social injustice

arising from the inequitable distribution of
ownership of agricultural lands
o Founded on the land-to-the-tiller principle
o Provides for the security of tenureof landless
farmers and team workers over the land they till
o Provides just compensation for landowners
o Provides a term limit for land distribution
o Provides for the delivery of suppor services to
both farmer-beneficiaries and dispossessed
landowners

KEY STRATEGIES OF IMPLEMENTATION

 pursuance of land acquisition and distribution (LAD)

and leasehold
  delivery of support services designed to build ARB
capabilities for group action and cooperation, improved
agribusiness productivity, access to basic services and
self-reliance
 area focused development
 convergence and complementation among CARP
implementation among CARP implementing agencies
 creation of a policy environment conducive to rural
agro-industrialization

MAJOR PROGRAM SERVICES AND KEY RESULTS

 land tenure improvement services

o acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands to
landless farmers and farm workers
o facilitation of just compensation to landowners
o resolution of second generation problems

 agrarian justice delivery

o resolution of agrarian law implementation cases
o resolution of adjudication cases

 support services delivery for program beneficiaries

development
o Establishment of viable agrarian reform communities
(ARCs) and KALAHI -agrarian reform zones (KARZones)
o Strengthening of the social infrastructure and ARB
capacity building
o development of ARBs into agribusiness entrepreneurs

 core targets
o land acquisition and distribution of about 5.28 million
hectares of agricultural lands for DAR a d 3.77 million
hectares for DENR
o Launching of 2,000 agrarian reform communities.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM

 phase1
-envisioned coverage of 2.16million hectares of land under
the following programs that were started under the previous
land reform law

 phase2
covered 1.1 million hectares of landed estates, settlements,
and private agricultural lands greater than 50 hectares

 phase3
 Covered private agricultural lands less than 24-50 hectares
and more than 5-14 hectares

 judging from the status of land distribution, the objectives

of the land reform program are far from accomplished
 emancipation potent (EP)is the document given to the tenant
upon fulfillment of all the requirements of the land reform
law

 certificate of land ownership award (CLOA) is a document

indicating the farmer was beneficiary of the program under
the restrictions and conditions provided for in CARL

 land valuation refers to the process of knowing the value of

the land and how compensation of the landowner is to be paid

 Land valuation’s 3 major factors:

Comparable market value of sales of the land;
-crop yield of the land based on some measures of yields in
Asia countries; and
-market value based on tax declaration

 land value(LV) refers to the weighted average of comparable

sales, capitalized net income and market value based on tax
declaration

TRUSTS AND PRIORITIES UNDER THE 2ND PGMA ADMINISTRATION

 agrarian reform medium-term plan goal and sectoral trusts
o Medium-term goal
 The implementation of CARP under the 2005-2010
MTDP has been repackaged to contribute
significantly to the achievement of the
president’s priority agenda
 to “transform the landless farmer and farm workers
into a new class of responsible, progressive,
asset-owning farmer-rural entrepreneurs, creating
millions of jobs for the rapidly growing rural
labor force, trail blazing the equitable
distribution of income and contributing
significantly to national economic growth”
 trusts and priorities
o maintain CARP as a flagship program for the delivery of
social justice and basic needs through asset reform
 finish, land distribution by 2008
 speed up the resolution of agrarian reform cases
  Safeguard and sustain the gains already achieved
for CARP

 lobby and mobilize support for attendant measures

requiring legislative-executive actions
o transform the ARCs/ARZs into progressive agribusiness
areas to accelerate rural jobs creation