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MBA 09 M06 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
TWO MARKS WITH ANSWER
Unit Topics
1 INTRODUCTION
2 STRATEGIES
5 PROMOTION
ü Communication Mix
ü Export Promotion
ü EOUs, EPZs and SEZs
2
Unit – I & II
1.Define Marketing.
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Ethnocentric-Means that a firm or its managers are so obsessed with the belief that the
marketing strategy which has worked in the domestic market would also work in the
international markets. These companies generally indulge in domestic marketing.
Polycentric Orientation – highly market oriented, it is based on the belief that
substantial differences exist among various markets. Each market is considered unique in
terms of its market environment, such as political, cultural, legal, economic, consumer
behavior, market structure, etc.,
Regiocentric orientation – A firm treats a region as a uniform market segment and
adapts a similar marketing strategy within the region but not across the region.
Depending upon the convergence of market behavior on the basis of geographical
regions, a similar marketing strategy is used.
Geocentric orientation – geocentric approach considers the whole world as a single
market and attempts to formulate integrated marketing strategies. A geocentric
orientation identifies similarities between various markets and formulates a uniform
marketing strategy.
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7. Define Balance of Payment.
Balance of payments (BOP) sheet is an accounting record of all monetary
transactions between a country and the rest of the world. These transactions include
payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital,
as well as financial transfers. The BOP summarizes international transactions for a
specific period, usually a year, and is prepared in a single currency, typically the
domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as
exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items.
Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as a
negative or deficit item
8. What are the reasons for the government to maintain restrictions (Protectionists)
towards foreign trade?
(1) Protection of an infant industry
(2) Protection of the home market
(3) Need to keep money at home
(4) Encouragement of capital accumulation
(5) Maintenance of the standard of living and real wages
(6) Conservation of natural resources
(7) Industrialization of a low wage nation
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Internal environment
Controllable factors
v Price
v Product
v Promotion
v Channel of distribution
v Technology
12. List out the opportunity in International Marketing?
v Survival
v Economic of scale in production
v Lower marketing costs
v Improve the brand image
v Growth in overseas market
v Diversification
v Improve the sales and profit
v Increase the employment
v Standards of living
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ü Grey marketing- Smuggled goods
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14. Explain the International Marketing Entry Mode / Strategy
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15. Define the term leverage in international marketing.
A global company can leverage its experience to expand its global operations. The
more the number of countries it operates in a business sector, the more could the scope
for leverage.
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17. Define International Franchising
Where the transfer of intellectual property and other assistance is required for an
extended period, international franchising is used as a preferred mode of entry. In
International franchising, the home company, known as the franchiser, provides an
overseas company (the franchisee) intellectual property and other assistance over an
extended period of time. Under the franchising agreement, the franchisee acquires the
right to market the producer’s products and services in a prescribed fashion using the
franchiser’s brand name, processing and production methods and marketing guidelines.
Licensing Franchising
The term “royalty” is normally used “Management fees” is regarded as the
appropriate term
Products are the major source of concern Covers all the aspects of business including
know-how, intellectual property rights,
goodwill, trademarks, and business
contacts.
Licenses are usually taken by well Tends to be a start up situation, certainly as
established businesses regards the franchisee.
Terms of 16-20 years are common, The franchise agreement is normally for 5
particularly when they are related to years, sometimes extending to 10 years.
technical know how, copyright and
trademarks
Licensees tend to be self- selecting. They The franhisee is selected by the franchiser,
are often established businesses and can and its eventual replacement is controlled b
demonstrate that they are in a strong the franchiser.
position to operate the license in question.
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There is no goodwill attached to the license Although the franchiser does retain the
as it is totally retained by the licenser main goodwill, the franchisee picks up an
element of localized goodwill
The licensee enjoys a substantial measure There is a standard fee structure and any
of free negotiation. variation within an individual franchise
system would cause confusion and mayhem
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21. Discuss the Process of International marketing Decision.
Market Identification and Targeting
Entry mode selection
Product Decisions
Distribution channels decisions
Market promotion decisions
Enter International Markets
Review Performance
Consolidate Marketing Efforts to Global Marketing
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23. Define International Marketing Research.
International marketing research is a study conducted to assist decision making in
more than one country. Market research is the function that links an organization to its
markets through information collection and analysis. It involves the systematic gathering,
recording, and analyzing of data about problems related to marketing of goods and
services.
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8. Marketing efficiency research
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28.List out the determinants(factors) for market Selection
Appropriate size of market
Economic Situation
Economic factors- like Economic stability, GDP, Per capita income, sectoral
distribution, income distribution
Business Regulation
Currency stability
Political stability
Ethnic factors
Infrastructure
Market Hub
Transport and communication
Social development
Nature of competition
Trends in import and export
Trade practices and customs
Cultural factors
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The firm providing the management know how many not have any equity stake in
the enterprise being managed. In short “In a management contract the supplier brings
together a package of skills that will provide an integrated service to the client without
incurring the risk and benefit of ownership”
31.Define Turnkey contracts
Turnkey contracts are common in international business in the supply, erection
and commissioning of plant, as in the case of oil refineries, steel mills, cement and
fertilizer plant.
“ A turnkey operation is an agreement by the seller to supply a buyer with a
facility fully equipped and ready to be operated by the buyer’s personnel, who will be
trained by the seller. The term is sometimes used in fast food franchising when a
franchiser agrees to select a store site, build the store, equip it, train the franchisee and
employees and sometimes arrange for the financing”
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enter the area without any duty being payable. The duty would be paid only when goods
enter customs territory of the country where an FTZs is located.
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Unit- III
1. Define Product?
A product is often considered in a narrow sense as something tangible that can be
described in terms of physical attributes, such as shape, dimension, components, form,
color, and so on., This is a misconception that has been extended to international
marketing as well, because many people believe that only tangible products can be
exported.
In other words, as very few products can satisfy the needs of all consumers,
companies often develop different marketing strategies to satisfy different consumer
needs.
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1. Market segment decisions- product decision to be made is the market segment
decision because all other decisions- product mix decision, product specifications, and
positioning and communications decisions- depend upon the target market.
2. Product mix decisions – Product mix decision pertain to the type of products and
product variants to be offered to the target market.
3. Product Specification – This involves specification of the details of each product item
in the product mix
4. Positioning and Communication decision – Positioning is the image projected for the
product. Communication refers to the promotion message designed for the product,
obviously, both positioning and marketing communication are very much interrelated.
A specific version of a product that has a separate designation in the seller’s list is
known as a product item.
The product mix has certain width, depth and consistency
The width refers to the number of different product lines in the product mix
The depth refers to the average number of items offered by the company within
each product line.
5. Define Quotas.
These are the quantitative restrictions on exports intended to protect local industry
and to conserve foreign currencies. Various types of quotas include:
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Absolute quota: These quotas are the most restrictive, limiting in absolute terms
the quantity imported during the quota period. Once the quantity of the import quota is
fulfilled no further imports are allowed.
Tariff quota: It allows import of a specified quantity of quota products at reduced
rate of duty. However excess quantities over the quota can be imported subject to a
higher rate of import duty.
Voluntary quota : Voluntary quota are unilaterally imposed in terms of a formal
arrangement between countries or between a country and an industry.
6. What are the Tariff and Non Tariff barrier in International marketing.
Tariff Barrier- These are official constraints on import of certain goods and
services in the form of customs duties or tax on products moving across the borders. The
tariff barriers may be classified as
Import and Export tariff- Tariff may be imposed on the basis of direction of
product movement.
Protective and Revenue tariff – The Tariff imposed to protect the home industry,
agriculture, and labor from foreign competitors is termed as protective tariff, which
discourages foreign goods. The government may impose tariffs to generate tax revenue
from imports, which are generally nominal.
Tariff surcharge and Countervailing duty – On the basis of duration of
imposition, tariff may be classified either as a surcharge or as a countervailing duty. Any
surcharge on tariff represents a short term action by the importing country, while
countervailing duties are more or less permanent in nature.
Specific, Ad valorem and Combined - Duties fixed as specific amount per unit
of weight or any other measure is known as specific duties.
Duties levied on the basis of value are termed ad valorem duties. Such duties are levied
as a fixed percentage of dutiable value of imported products.
A combination of specific and ad valorem duties on a single product is known as
combined or compound duty
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Non Tariff marketing Barriers- Non tariff barriers are non transparent and inhibit
trade on a discriminatory basis. Non tariff barriers in innovative forms are emerging as
powerful tools to restrict imports on a discriminatory basis, The major non tariff barriers
are:
Government Participation in trade
Customs and Entry procedure
Product requirements
Quotes
Financial controls
7.Define Product Positioning.
Product positioning is the process of distinguishing a brand from its competitors so
that it becomes the preferred brand in defined segments of the market. Ries and Trout,
who developed the concept of positioning defined it as follows:
Positioning starts with a product. A piece of merchandise, a service, a company,
an institution, or even a person.. but positioning is not what you do to a product.
Positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. That is, position of the product in
the mind of the prospect.
“positioning is the act of designing the company offer and image so that it
occupies a distinct and valued place in the target customers’ mind. - Philip kotler.
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4.Improvements or revision to existing products : New products that provide
improved performance or greater perceived value and replace existing products.
5. Repositioning : Existing products that are targeted to new markets or market
segments
6. Cost Reduction : New products that provide similar performance at lower cost.
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3. Administrative expenses also go up because marketer must plan and implement
several different marketing programmes.
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behaviour”. They feel that the global elite and global teenager segments are particularly
amenable to global segmentation.
Stage -1 Overseas Innovation – As soon as the new product is well developed, its
original market well cultivated, and local demands adequately supplied, the innovating
firm will look to overseas markets in order to expand its sales and profit. Thus this stage
is known as a “pioneering” or “International introduction stage” . Countries with similar
cultures and economic conditions are often perceived by exporters as posing less risk and
thus are approached first before proceeding to less familiar territories.
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governments protective measures to preserve infant industries. Thus, these firms can
survive and thrive in spite of relative inefficiency.
Stage-3- World wide Limitation This stage means tough times for the innovating
nation because of its continuous decline in exports. There is no more new demand
anywhere to cultivate. The decline will inevitably affect the US innovation firms’ scale of
economics and its production costs thus begin to rise again.
Stage 4- Reversal- the major functional characteristics of this stage are product
standardization and comparative disadvantage. The innovating country’s comparative
advantage has disappeared, and what is left is comparative disadvantage. This
disadvantage is brought about because the product is no longer capital intensive or
technology intensive but instead has become labor intensive- a strong advantage
possessed by LCDs.
1 2 3 4 Time
15.Define Trademark.
According to the lenham trade- mark act of 1974, “Trademark in the united states
includes any word, name, symbol, or device or any combination thereof adopted and used
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by a manufacturer or merchant to identify his goods and distinguish them from those
manufacturer or merchant to identify his goods and distinguish them from those
manufactured or sold by other”
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18. List out the basis of segmentation?
Measurable- i.e., it should be possible to estimate the size of the segment
Substantial – i.e., the segment should be large enough to be profitable.
Differentiable – i.e., a segment should be different enough to justify a specific
marketing mix that is different from those for other segment
Accessible and actionable – i.e., it should be possible to clearly identify the
consumers of the segment and effectively reach them with a specific marketing mix.
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1. It is very difficult for a small firm to promote its brand in foreign market becaus of the
heavy cost of brand promotion.
2.Foreign importers and distributors discourage use of exporters brand becuase they
prefer to sell the products under their own brand name.
3. the cultural and other factors make branding decision complicated in international
marketing
4. some MNCs when they wanted to market their products in some countries was that
they found that their world renowned brands had been registered in these countires by
somebody else with the result that these firms had to pay a fee to the registered holders of
these brands in these countries for permission to use these brands.
5.In some countries, there are restrictions on use of foreign brands.
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2. It should be easy to handle
3. It should be amenable to quick examination of contents
4. It should be easy to identify
5. It should be adequately marked
6. It is necessary, the contents shall not be disclosed
7. It should be easy to dispose
8. packing must conform to the buyers specifications.
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Product Invention – Product invention strategy involves the development of new
product suitable for tapping a foreign market.
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modification
* High costs of production
if level of demand does not
permit economic of scale in
production
Production Invention * Advantages of a right * Costs of marketing
research
product for the market
* Costs of innovation and
product development
* Costs of new product
promotion and market
development
28. Explain the strategies for launching the products in the International markets.
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Waterfall Approach – the products trickle down in the international markets in a
cascading manner. In waterfall approach generally longer duration is available for a
product to customize in a foreign market before it is launched in another market.
Country A
Country B
Country C
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price in terms of amount of money, but it may also include other tangible and intangible
items of utility.
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Marginal cost pricing – marginal cost is the cost of producing and selling one
more unit. It sets the lower limit to which a firm can reduce this price without affecting
its overall profitability.
Market based pricing – as market leader fix the price, in developing countries are
marginal suppliers of goods in most markets, they rarely have market shares large
enough to influence price in international market.
4. List out the factors influencing the pricing decision in international market.
1. Cost
2. Competitions
3. Irregular or unaccounted payments in export
4. Purchasing power
5. Buyers behavior
6. Foreign Exchange Fluctuations
7. Product differentiation
8. Market characteristics Eg; Demand trends, Consumer income level, trade
characteristics like trade margins
9. Image of the company
10. Government factors like tax, subsidies, incentives, exemptions
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Open account – The exporter and the importer agree upon the sales terms without
documents calling for payments. However, the exporter prepares the invoice, and the
importer can take delivery of goods without making the payment first. Subsequently the
exporting and importing firms settle their accounts through periodic remittances.
Consignment – the shipment of goods is made to the overseas consignee and the
title of goods is retained with the exporter until it is finally sold. As the title of goods lies
with the exporter, the funds are blocked and payment period is uncertain. Consignment
sales involves certain additional costs such as warehousing charges, insurance, interest,
and commission of the agents.
Documentary credit – Based upon the invoice transaction, the bank plays a
crucial role of an intermediary providing assurance to both the importer and the exporter
in an international transaction.
Documentary credit without letter of credit- Documents are routed through
banking channels that also act as sellers agents along with the bill of exchange.
Sight draft (Documents against payment) – An exporter sends the documents
along with the bill of exchange through his bank to the corresponding bank in the
importers country. The corresponding bank presents the documents to the importer, who
makes payments at sight before taking delivery of the documents.
Usance or Time draft (Documents against acceptance) –under the usance draft
the corresponding bank presents the bill of exchange to the importer who indicates his
acceptance of the payment obligation by signing the draft.
Documentary credit with letter of credit – A documentary credit represents the
commitment of a bank to pay the seller of goods or services a certain amount of money
provided the presents stipulated documents evidencing the shipment of goods or
performance of service within a specific time period.
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There are three alternative product strategies between the domestic and foreign
markets, viz., product extension, product adaptation and product development
Product extension – product extension strategy the same product s marketed
domestically is extended to the foreign market without any significant modification. This
is possible when certain significant factors like consumer tastes, product use conditions
etc, are the same in both the home and foreign markets. This strategy is popular with
companies with ethnocentric and region centric / geocentric orientations.
Product adaptation – the product is properly modified to suit the environment of
the foreign market, important factors which necessitate such product modification for the
foreign market via-a via the domestic market are:
Difference in the consumer taste, consuming habit etc.,
Difference in the condition of use of the product
Difference in the use facility characteristics
Difference in the purpose of use or need satisfaction
Difference in the cultural environment
Difference in the regulatory environment
Difference in the income levels and standard of living
Difference in the competitive environment.
7. What is Dumping?
In International markets, dumping is a widely used strategy, dumping means
selling of a product or commodity below the cost of production or at a lower price in
overseas markets compared to domestic markets. Dumping is considered as “unfair” trade
practice by the WTO. Anti-dumping duties can be levied on imports of such products
under the agreement on anti- dumping practices.
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Counter trade is a practice where price setting and trade financing are tied together
in one transaction. Various forms of counter trade wherein the transaction involves
reciprocal commitments other than cash payments. In situations wherein the importer is
not able to make payment in hard currencies, some other forms of counter trade takes
place. Various factors contributing to counter trade include:
• Importing country’s inability to pay in hard currency
• Importing country’s regulations to conserve hard currency
• Importing country’s concern about balance of trade
• Exploring opportunities in new markets.
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There are a number of common sale or trade used in International trade to express
the sale price and the corresponding rights and responsibility of the seller and the buyer.
EXW- Ex works – The sellers obligation to delivery the goods under this term is
complete when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at his own premises or
anther place.
FCA- Free carrier – Seller obligation to deliver the goods is complete when he delivers to
the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place cleared for export.
FAS – Free Alongside ship – The term FAS has been modified in incomterms 2000.
Under the new terms the seller clears the goods for export which is reversal from the
previous incomterms version requiring the buyer to arrange for export clearance.
FOB – Free on Board – The seller fulfils his obligation of delivery when the goods pass
the the ships rail at the named port of shipment.
CFR- Obligation of delivery is fulfilled when the goods pass, just as in FOB, the ship’s
rail in the port of shipment.
CIF- Cost, Insurance and Freight- The delivery point is the goods passing the ship’s rail
in the port of shipment. The seller, however, pays the cost and freight necessary to the
named port of destination and contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium
and the risk of loss or damage.
CPT- CPT denotes that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him
CIP- Carriage and Insurance paid to – The seller also has to procure insurance against the
risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
DDP- Delivery duty paid – The seller delivery the goods to the buyer cleared for import
but not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of desination.
15. Explain the term International distribution channel.
A distribution channel may be defined as “ the path traced in the direct or indirect
transfer of title to a product as it moves from a producer to ultimate consumers or
industrial Users”. A distribution channel, in other words, is “ the set of firms and
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individuals that take title, or assist in transferring title, to the particular good or service as
it moves from the producer to the consumers.
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International Marketing Channel
Direct
Indirect
Agents Merchant
Agent Merchant
Producer
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Home Market Middlemen
Merchant Agent
___________________________________________________________________
Wholesaler / Distributor
Retailer Retailer
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Logistics management comprises of five major interdependent areas.
ü Fixed facilities location
ü Transportation
ü Inventory management
ü Order processing
ü Material handling and warehousing
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Advertising – as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas,
goods or services by an identified sponsor
Sales Promotion – as short term incentives to encourage purchase or sale of a product or
services.
Personal selling – Personal selling is defined as oral presentation in a conversation with
one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making sales.
Public Relations – include a variety of programmes designed to improve,maintain or
project a company or product image.
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Regulatory Documents –Gate pass, AR4 form, Bill of export, Export application/ Dock
challan, Receipt for payment of port charges, vehicle ticket, exchange control declaration,
Freight payment certificate, Insurance premium payment certificate.
Documents related to Goods – Invoice, packing note and list, Certificate of origin
Documents related to shipment – Mate receipt, shipping bill, Cart ticket, certificate of
measurement, bill of lading, airway bill
Documents related to payment – Letter of credit, Bill of exchange, Trust receipt, Letter of
Hypothecation, bank certificate of payment,
Documents related to inspection – Certificate of inspection
Documents related to excisable goods – G.P Forms, Form C, Forms AR4/ AR4A
The Export Oriented Units (EOUs) scheme, introduced in early 1981, is complementary
to the SEZ scheme. It adopts the same production regime but offers a wide option in
locations with reference to factors like source of raw materials, ports of export, hinterland
facilities, availability of technological skills, existence of an industrial base and the need
for a larger area of land for the project. As on 31st December 2005, 1924 units are in
operation under the EOU scheme.
Objective
The main objectives of the EOU scheme is to increase exports, earn foreign exchange
to the country, transfer of latest technologies stimulate direct foreign investment and to
generate additional employment.
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Exports from EOUs during 2004-2005 were of the order of Rs.36806.17 crores as
compared to the export of Rs.28827.58 crores achieved during 2003-2004, registering a
growth of 27.68
• GRANITE
• TEXTILES / GARMENTS
• FOOD PROCESSING
• CHEMICALS
• COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• COFFEE
• PHARMACEUTICALS
• GEM & JEWELLERY
• ENGINEERING GOODS
• ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
• AQUA & PEARL CULTURE
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As per law, SEZ units are deemed to be outside the customs territory of India.
Goods and services coming into SEZs from the domestic tariff area or DTA are treated as
exports from India and goods and services rendered from the SEZ to the DTA are treated
as imports into India.
Disadvantage
Free Trade Zones (FTZ)/ Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have emerged as an
effective instrument to boost export of manufactured products. The Zones, set up as
enclaves separated from the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) by physical barriers, are
intended to provide an internationally competitive duty free environment for export
production at low costs. The basic objectives of EPZs are to enhance foreign exchange
earnings, develop export-oriented industries and to generate employment opportunities.
The first Zone was set up at Kandla (Gujarat) in 1965, followed by SEEPZ, Mumbai in
1972. Thereafter, four more Zones were set up at NOIDA (UP), FALTA (West Bengal),
Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu) in 1984 and at Vishakapatnam (Andhra
Pradesh) in 1989. In 1997, Surat Export Processing Zone came into existence. With the
announcement of Special Economic Zone Scheme in year 2000, the four Export
Processing Zones / FTZ, namely Kandla, SEEPZ, Cochin and Surat have been converted
into Special Economic Zones with effect from 1-11-2000.
Glossary:
The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
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The International Development Association (IDA)
The International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Association of Sout h East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)
South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)
Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
General Argeement on Trade in Services (GATS)
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)
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