Ch. 5. Dislocations (Ch. 8 DRO; ref.

Hull & Bacon)

(note: t and b are vectors)
• Dislocation Line : line of demarcation between slipped and unslipped regions
- dislocations cannot end in a crystal
- they loop around or split (b1 ⇒ b2+b3) such that
2 2 2
- (i) Σb=0 and (ii) b1 ≥b2 +b3 (Frank’s Rule) - energetically favorable
- Burger’s vector : vector of nonclosure of the Burger’s circuit (Fig. 8.4)

• Edge Dislocation : b⊥r to t and n = t x b y (j)

- in the fig. b=bi, t=k so that n=j

{+ive and -ive edges}
x (i)

• Screw Dislocation : b || to t and thus

n = t x b = 0 ⇔ not uniquely defined z (k)

{+ive and -ive screws}

• ⊥ Core : ro ≈ 5b - around the ⊥ where the atomic displacements are difficult to be

traced or theory of elasticity does not hold
• Slip / Glide : conservative motion of a ⊥
• Slip Plane / Glide Plane : of a ⊥ contains both t and b (= n)
• Change of Glide Plane : (i) Edge - climb ⇒ non-conservative motion requiring
atoms or vacancies to migrate to the ⊥core by jog formation
(ii) Screw - can cross-slip (since no well defined glide plane n=txb=0)
• Characteristics of Dislocations •
⊥ Characteristics Edge Screw
Relation between t and b perpendicular parallel
Slip Direction parallel to b parallel to b
Change of glide plane climb cross-slip
Direction of ⊥ motion relative to b parallel perpendicular
• Direction of ⊥ motion relative to t perpendicular perpendicular
• Peierls-Nabarro Stress : lattice resistance (friction) experienced by a gliding dislocation
2G 2πw a
τP-N = exp(- b ) where w= ⇒ note as w ⇓ τP-N ⇑
1-ν 1-ν
• Mixed Dislocation : b = bE + bs
• ⊥ loops : (i) Glide loop - b is in the
plane of the loop and thus the loop
expands or contracts under an applied
stress (the loop has edge, screw and
mixed types of components)

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(ii) Prismatic loop - pure edge loop ⇒
b is ⊥r to the plane of the dislocation
{b=bj and t-around the circle in the x-z
plane ⇒ the glide plane is the cylinder
perpendicular to the loop ⇒
this loop cannot expand or contract on
the plane of the loop conservatively}
• Glissile ⊥s - mobile ⊥s vs Sessile ⊥s - immobile
N
• Dislocation Density : (ρ=[cm-2]=hL , 8.5.1) : total length of dislocations per unit
volume or number of dislocation intersections per unit area {ρ = 1/L2}
• Strain due to ⊥ movement : γ = ρb x or γ& = ρbv ⇔ Orowan Eq. 8.21
τ m
• ⊥ velocity : v⊥ =( ) , m from 1.5 to 40
τo
• Yield Points in well grown (ρlow) crystals : γ& = ρbv (Orowan eqn) ρ ⇑ v⊥ ⇓ orτ ⇓
(to keep the strain-rate constant)
• Elastic Strains and Stresses around a ⊥ (or due to a ⊥) : qualitative for NE409
• Screw (b=t=k) ⇒ τxz, τyz are non-zero (or in polar coordinates : τθz -non-zero)
• Edge (b=bi, t=k) ⇒ σxx, σyy, σzz, τxy - non-zero (8.3);
• Strain Energy Density of a ⊥ : (elastic strain energy per unit volume at r) (8.3)
Gb2 Gb2
Eel (screw) = 2 2 Eel (edge) = 2
8π r 8π (1-ν)r2
• line tension - T of a ⊥ : (Total Elastic Strain Energy per unit length) is given by :
Gb 2 ℜ Gb 2 ℜ
Tscrew = ln( ) ; Tedge = ln( ) where ℜ is of the order of grain diameter or
4π ro 4 π(1 − ν) ro
in general : T = αGb2 where 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 1 (5-7; Eq.5-15)
note : (i) energy is minimized for b lowest - b usually along cpd
(ii) in ⊥ reactions ⇒ b2 is minimized {Frank’s rule b1 splits into b2 and b3
2 2 2
if and only if Σb=0 and b1 ≥ b2+b3 - as noted in the beginning}
• Force on a ⊥ due to an applied stress (τ) : F = τb (8.4)
Effects of External Stresses on Dislocations
1. Normal stresses (σijδij) have no influence on Screw dislocations ⁄ i.e. only shear stresses have
forces on them • only τij’s on the glide plane of the dislocation have non-zero forces
r
i.e., if b = bk̂ and t̂ = k̂ , then τxy has no effect on this ⊥
2. Normal stresses on edge dislocations induce forces perpendicular to the glide/slip plane ⇒
⊥ has to climb (nonconservative process)
3. A glide loop expands or contracts under the appropriate applied shear stress

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 Gb2 Gb
• Force on a curved dislocation (per unite length) : F = R = τb or R =
τ
(Fig. 8.9) ⇒ thus ⊥s tend to be straight when there is no stress
• Forces between dislocations (per unit length) : F = G x t = (σ . b) x t (Section 8.6)
• Like-Screw Dislocations repel & Opposite sign attract to annihilate

• Forces between 2 Edge Dislocations

(Fig8.15) depend on their relative
positions : like ⊥s - y-force is repulsion
2
and - x-force is repulsion when the angles 1
1
1
are between -45˚-45˚; 135˚-225˚ (see Fig.)
and attraction between 45˚-135˚ and 225˚-
315˚
x-force on b2 y-force on b2
• lead to 3 stable configurations
(see Fig.) 1 2 3

• Path of a mobile edge ⊥ due to a sessile edge ⊥ on a parallel plane : (8.6.1)

Gb
- interaction parameter {h = } Eq.8.35
8π(1-ν)τxy
- defined by force balance between Fτ and F⊥- Subgrain boundaries (tilt and twist)
⊥ ⇒ if yo > h, no interaction and the
(Fig. 8.19)
mobile ⊥1 escapes the force due to sessile
⊥2 (Fig. 8.16)

b
θ=
D
tilt boundary large angle grain-boundary

• (Dislocation Multiplication)
Gb
Frank-Read source : τFR = l/2
where l is the distance (DD’ in fig.) between
the pinning points on a dislocation (8.5.3;
Fig. 8.13)

• Dislocation Intersections : Kinks and Jogs (8.5.2)

- steps formed in the plane of a ⊥ are kinks
- steps on planes other than that of the ⊥ are termed jogs
note : jogs on screw dislocations are of edge type and these jogs cannot glide along with the
screw ⊥ - the edge-jogs need to climb for them to keep up with the gliding screw ⊥

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• Dislocation pile-Up : (8.6.2)
- due to dislocations generated from a F-R source held up at an obstacle
- the obstacle could be a lead dislocation from another F-R source on a parallel
slip plane (Fig. 8.17)
F-R source would generate another ⊥ when the lead ⊥s
climb for mutual annihilation
nGb
• Consequences of a ⊥ Pile Up L =
πτxy
1. Just ahead of the pile-up (i.e., r is
small and θ≈0) :
π (1-ν) L 2
τ = n τxy = Gb τxy

2. At large r but smaller than L (such as at point P in fig.), there exists a stress
L
concentration due to the pile up : τat P ≈ τxy r (true for θ≤70˚)

Summary of Strengthening Mechanisms and Related Equations

Gb
σy = α
L
G = shear modulus, b = Burger's vector, L = characteristic spacing and
α = dimensional strength factor
(depends on the mechanism but we approximate it to be unity)

Interaction Effect Stress equation Spacing formula

Mechanism
Dislocations τc = α Gb ρ 1
(work hardening) Dislocation "cutting" ρ= 2
L
Solutes Size misfit τc = α s G c c = at. frac. = b
2

Electrical + others L2
Precipitates Size misfit τc = α p Gb fv = vol. frac. = D
2
Precipitate shearing L L2
Grain boundaries Boundary "crossing" τc = τo + k d = grain size
d
Lattice resistance
(Peierls-Nabbaro Primary bonding τc = 1 dG L=b
b2 dx max
force)

Note: Use the linear superposition rule to obtain τc when more than one
strengthening mechanism is operative.

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 Stress Fields Around Dislocations

Edge Dislocation
b= b i; t=k

Cylindrical Coordinates :
Gb sinθ
σrr = σθθ =
Screw Dislocation 2π (1−ν) r
b=bk; t=k
Gb cosθ
σ rθ = σ θr = -
Cylindrical Coordinates : 2π (1−ν) r
Gb
σθz = σzθ = σzz = ν (σrr + σθθ )
2πr

Cartesian Coordinates Cartesian Coordinates

Gb y Gb sinθ Gb 3x2+y2
σxz = σzx = - =- σxx = - y (x2 + y2)2
2π x 2 + y 2 2π r 2π(1−ν)

Gb x Gb cosθ Gb x2 - y2
σyz = σzy = = σyy = y (x2 + y2)2
2π x2 + y2 2π r 2π(1−ν)

Gb x2 - y2
σxy = σyx = x (x2 + y2)2
2π(1−ν)

σzz = ν (σxx + σyy)

Forces between dislocations

Peach-Koehler formula
F = (σ.b) x t

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