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The pressure of the refrigerant gas is increased in the compressor and it there by
becomes hot. This hot, high pressure gas is passed through into a condenser. The refrigerant gas
will be cooled by cooling water, and because it is still at a high pressure it will condense. The
liquid refrigerant is then distributed through a pipe network until it reaches control valve
alongside an evaporator where the cooling is required. This regulating valve meters the flow of
liquid refrigerant into the evaporator, which is at lower pressure. Air from the cooled space or
fan is passed over the evaporator and boils off the liquid refrigerant, at the same time cooling
the air. The design of the system and evaporator should be such that all liquid refrigerators are
boiled off and the gas slightly superheated before it returns to the compressor at a low pressure
and be recompressed. Thus it will be seen that heat is transferred from the air to the evaporator
is then pumped round the system until it reaches the condenser where it is transferred or
rejected to the ambient air or water.

There are five main steps to a refrigeration circuit: evaporation, compression, condensing,
receiving and expansion.
 1)  
 Liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator. It absorbs heat when it evaporates,
which produces cooling. The refrigerant from the evaporator is fed to a tank as a weak or
saturated superheated gas. The pressure in the tank rises until it equals the pressure in the
evaporator. Refrigerant flow stops and the temperature in both tank and evaporator both rise
to ambient.

2)  
 To maintain the necessary lower pressures and lower temperatures, a
compressor is needed to remove the vapor. Because the refrigeration circuit is closed,
equilibrium is maintained. That means that if the compressor removes vapor faster than it can
be formed, the pressure will fall and with it the temperature in the evaporator. Alternately, if
the load on the evaporator rises and the refrigerant evaporates quicker, the temperature and
pressure in the evaporator will rise. The energy that a compressor requires is called compression
input and is transferred to the refrigeration vapor.

3) 


 After leaving the compressor, the refrigerant moves to the condenser, which
gives off heat that is transferred to either air or water having a lower temperature. The amount
of heat given off is the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator plus the heat created
by compression input. The byproduct of this is that the vapor changes to a liquid, which is then
sent to the receiver.

4)

 The pressure in the receiver is higher than the pressure in the evaporator because
of compression, and thus must be lowered to match the evaporative pressure. This is achieved
through the use of an expansion valve.

5) 

 Before the liquid enters the expansion valve, the temperature will be just under
the boiling point. Suddenly reducing the pressure in the expansion valve causes the liquid to boil
and evaporate. This evaporation takes place in the evaporator and the circuit is complete.
There are many different temperatures involved in the operation of a refrigeration plant, but in
principle there are only two pressures: evaporating pressure and condensing pressure.


 Ê  



 
Ê   

A refrigerator compressor is the center of the refrigeration cycle. It works as a

pump to control the circulation of the refrigerant, and it adds pressure to the
refrigerant, heating it up. The compressor also draws vapor away from the evaporator
to maintain a lower pressure and lower temperature before sending it to the condenser.

{Ê   

ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ Ê
Ê
ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ It is used to separate the mixture of oil and gas from the refrigerant gas. This is to
improve the efficiency and performance of the refrigeration. So iron erosion from
compressor will be barred from entering the whole system and avoid maintenance
which often.


Ê 



 

This is the part of the refrigeration system that is doing the actual cooling. Because its
function is to absorb heat into the refrigeration system (from where you don't want it),
the evaporator is placed in the area to be cooled. The refrigerant is let into and
measured by a flow control device, and eventually released to the compressor. The
evaporator consists of finned tubes, which absorbs heat from the air blown through a
coil by a fan. Fins and tubes are made of metals with high thermal conductivity to
maximize heat transfer. The refrigerant vaporizes from the heat it absorbs heat in the
evaporator.

Ê 


Ê
Ñhen a fluid is jetted from an orifice having a small diameter into an ample
space having a much greater cross-sectional area than the orifice, as in the case of a
refrigerant jetted from a restriction or orifice into a refrigerant pipe of a refrigeration
system, jet noise of high frequency is generated in the region around the orifice. In
order to suppress the generation of this jet noise, the present invention provides a
silencer which includes a casing, an orifice of a small diameter arranged in the casing for
jetting a refrigerant into the casing and an obstruction disposed in the casing at a
position within a distance which is 5 times as large as the diameter of the orifice. The
obstruction can have various forms such as bar-like form, disc-like form and so forth and
can be made from various materials such as rubbers, plastics and metals. The
obstruction disposed at such a position cause a change of pattern of the fluid flow to
effectively suppress the generation of noise.
 Ê  

 

 Accumulators are designed to protect against damage to the compressor.
Its purpose is to store any excess liquid refrigerant and oil that may have not boiled off
in the evaporator. The accumulator is situated between the evaporator and compressor
in the suction line.(pipe running between the two components). Accumulators collect
small amounts of oil and refrigerant into the suction line so as not to cause compressor
damage. Ñhen the liquid refrigerant enters the accumulator it strikes a deflector plate
that causes anything liquefied to rest in the holding tank.

Ô Ê ¦ 


A refrigerant is a substance used in a heat cycle usually including, for enhanced

efficiency, a reversible phase change from a gas to a liquid. Traditionally, fluorocarbons,
especially chlorofluorocarbons were used as refrigerants, but they are being phased out because
of their ozone depletion effects. Other common refrigerants used in various applications are
ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as methane. Natural
refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and non-halogenated hydrocarbons preserve the
ozone layer and have no (ammonia) or only a low (carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons) global
warming potential. They are used in air-conditioning systems for buildings, in sport and leisure
facilities, in the chemical/pharmaceutical industry, in the automotive industry and above all in
the food industry (production, storage, and retailing). New applications are opening up for
natural refrigerants for example in vehicle air-conditioning. Emissions from automotive air-
conditioning are a growing concern because of their impact on climate change. From 2011 on,
the European Union will phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GÑ ) of more
than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GÑ = 100 year warming potential of one kilogram of a
gas relative to one kilogram of CO2). This will ban potent greenhouse gases such as the
refrigerant HFC-134aͶwhich has a GÑ of 1410Ͷto promote safe and energy-efficient
refrigerants. One of the most promising alternatives is the natural refrigerant CO2 (R-
744). Carbon dioxide is non-flammable, non-ozone depleting, has a global warming potential of
 1, but is toxic and potentially lethal in concentrations above 5% by volume. R-744 can be used as
a working fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air conditioning, hot water pumps,
commercial refrigeration, and vending machines. R12 is compatible with mineral oil, while
R134a is compatible with synthetic oil. GM has announced that it will start using HFO-1234yf in
all of its brands by 2013. Hydrofluoric olefin (HFO)-1234yf, which is considered to have the
highest potential for replacing R-134a. This new refrigerant has a GÑ rating of 4 and is not a
blend. Dimethyl ether (DME) is also gaining popularity as a refrigerant. Some refrigerants, such
as tetrafluoroethane, are seeing rising use as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely
dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.

Ê 6    
aÊ The main types of refrigeration compressors are reciprocating, screw, scroll and centrifugal.
They are used in refrigeration, heat pumps, and air-conditioning applications, such as food
processing, ice rinks and arenas, and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

aÊ
   

aÊ Rotary screw compressors have screw spindles that compress the gas as it enters from the
evaporator. The screw compressor features smooth operation and minimal maintenance
requirements; typically these compressors only require changes in oil, the oil filter and the
air/oil separator. Microprocessor-based controllers are also available for standard rotary
compressors, which allow the rotary to remain loaded 100 percent of the time. There are
two types of rotary screw compressors: single and twin.

aÊ
 
  

aÊ A reciprocating compressor uses a piston-actuated unloading mechanism with spring-loaded

pins to raise the suction valve plate from its seat, allowing the unit to be used at any
pressure ratio. This action is similar to an internal combustion engine in a car. This type of
compressor is efficient at both full- and part-load operation. Further advantages include
simple controls and the ability to control the speed through the use of belt drives. The
reciprocating compressor is used in low-horsepower applications.

aÊ    

aÊ Scroll compressors work by moving one spiral element inside another stationary spiral to
produce gas pockets that, as they become smaller, increase the pressure of the gas. During
compression, several pockets are compressed at once. By maintaining an even number of
 balanced gas pockets on opposite sides, the compression forces inside the scroll balance
and reduce vibration inside the compressor. This type of compressor uses the scroll design
instead of a fixed cylinder or a piston or single-sided compression mechanism, eliminating
wasted space in the compression chamber and eliminating the need to compress gas again
and again during the cycle (recompression). This reduces energy use.

aÊ 
  

aÊ Centrifugal compressors compress refrigerant gas through the centrifugal force created by
rotors that spin at high speed. This energy is then sent to a diffuser, which converts a
portion of it into increased pressure. It does this by expanding the region of the flow volume
to slow the flow velocity of the working fluid. Diffusers may use airfoils, also known as
vanes, to improve this. Centrifugal compressors are suited for compressing large volumes of
gas to moderate pressures.





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