Def Consider the square matrix A The matrix A is invertable if and only if there is a

matrix B such that AxB = BxA (Identity Matrix)

[1 0]
[0 1] = I

[1 0 0]
[0 1 0] = I Identity matrix
[0 0 1]

We use the notation A^-1

To find A^-1
Use elementary row operations
I|A^-1

Problem Find A^-1

[2 3]
[7 8] = A

[2 3 | 1 0] x (1/2)
[7 8 | 0 1]

[1 3/2 | ½ 0]
[7 8 | 0 1 ] x 7

[1 3/2 | ½ 0]
[0 -5/2| -7/2 1] x (-2/5)

[1 3/2 ½ 0 ]
[0 1 7/5 2/5] x (-3/2)

[1 0 -1/10 3/5]
[0 1 7/5 -2/5]

[-16/10 3/5]
[7/5 -2/5 ] = A^-1

Determinants
[a b]
[c d] = ad-bc

A^-1 = 1/( ad – bc) [d –b]

[-c a]
A= [2 3] A^-1 = 1/(16-21)[8 -3]
[7 8] [-7 2]

= -1/5[8 -3] [ -8/5 3/5 ]

[-7 2] = [7/5 -2/5]

Let a = [cos(theta) sin(theta)]

[-sin(theta) cos(theta)]

A^-1 = 1/(cos^2(theta) – (-sin^2(theta) [cos(theta) -sin(theta)] =

[sin(theta) cos(theta)]

[cos(theta) -sin(theta)]
[sin(theta) cos(theta)]

3x3 Determinant
Evaluate determinant A

[1 2 0]
[4 1 5] = A
[1 1 -1]

120|12
415|41
1 1 -1| 1 1

= [(1)(1)(-1) + 2(5)(1) + 0(4)(1)] – [ (2)(4)(-1) + (1)(5)(1) + (0)(1)(1)]

= -1 +10 + 0 +8 -5 = 12

Important fact A square matrix is invertible if and only if determinant =/= 0

Det A = 0 -> singular

Det A =/= -> non-singular

Example let A =

[1 -1 1]
[-1 1 1]
[1 1 -1]
Find A^-1

1 -1 1| 1 0 0
-1 1 1| 0 1 0
1 1 -1 | 0 0 1
---------------
1 -1 1| 1 0 0
002|110
0 2 -2| -1 0 1

1 -1 1 | 1 0 0
0 2 -2 | -1 0 1
002|110
__________
1 -1 1 | 1 0 0
0 1 -1 | -1/2 0 ½
002|110
__________
1 -1 1 | 1 0 0
1 1 -1 | -1/2 0 ½
001|½½0

1 -1 0| ½ 0 1/2
010|0½ ½
001|½½0

[1/2 0 ½]
[0 ½ 1/2 ] = A^-1
[1/2 ½ 0]

09-21-10
Determinant
Determinant of a square matrix A

|5 9|
|6 1| = 5(9) – 6(1) =39

Geometric interpretation: in two dimensions area of the parallelogram generated by two

vectors is equal to the absolute value of the determinants
In three dimensions: absolute value of the determinant is equal to the volume of the
parrelopiped generated by three vectors

Evaluating Determinant
Expanding by minor

Notation aij – Entry in ith row, jth column

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a33
a31 a32 a33

a22 a23| a11 - |a21 a23|a12 + |a21 a22|a13

a32 a33| |a31 a33| |a31 a32|
M11 M12 M13
Kramers rules is not competitive effective

Co factors Cij = (-1)^i+j Mij I=row, j=column

125
271
418

1|7 1| |2 1| |2 7|
|1 8| - 2|4 8| + 5|4 1|

Ab
C d = ad-bc
1(56-1) – 2(16-4) +5(2-58)
= 55 – 24 – 130
55 -154 = 99

Evaluation of a mxm determinant involves m! calculations

Stirlings formula

1 -1 1 5
0102
2378
1210

-1 1 5| |1 1 5|
3 7 8|( -0) + 1|2 7 8|
210| |1 1 0|
-0| \ | + 2|1 -1 1|
|2 3 7 |
|1 2 1 |

Add row and column #

Use + if even
Use – if odd

Arthur cayley – software, cayley hamilton thrm

Let A =
135
271
418

Finda A^-1

A^-1 = 1/detA [cofactor]^transpose

A^-1 = 1/-99 |+55 -12 -26|

|-11 -12 +7 |
|-33 9 3 |

A^-1 = 1/-99 |55 -11 -33 |

|-12 -12 9 |
|-26 7 3 |

55/99 = 0.55555
12/99 = 0.1212

09-23-10
Ch 7
Diagonalization
Power of a matrix
Cayley hamiloton thrm
Linear system of a differential equation

Def: consider a square matrix A. The column vector x is on high vector if and only if
equation Ax = (alpha)x has a non-trinial solution for x thrm x is the corresponding eign
values

To find eign values, set det(A-(alpha(I)0=0

Problem: Find eign values of the matrix A= |2 3|
|3 2|

|2- alpha 3 |=0

|3 2-alpha|

(2-alpha)^2 – 9 = 0

4 – 4alpha – alpha^2 – 9 = 0
Alpha^2 – 4alpha – 5 = 0 characteristic polynomial
(alpha-5)(alpha+1) = 0

Alpha1= -1, alpha2= 5

The fundamental thrm of algebra

The number of roots of a polynomial equation is equal to the degree (some of the roots
are complex numbers. Also, repetition is allowed

Cayley Hamilton thrm

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic polynomial

Problem: Let A= |2 3|
|3 2|

Veryify that A satisfies the cayley Hamilton thrm. Use cayley Hamilton thrm to find A^-
1. Also find A^4

P(x)= alpha^2 – 4alpha – 5

A^2 – 4A – 5I = 0

A^2-4a-5I=0
A^2=4A+5I
A^3=4A^2+5A= 4(4a+5I)+5A = 21A+20I
A^4= 21A^2+20A= 21(4A+5I) +20A = 104A +105i
=104|2 3|+ 105|1 0|
|3 2| |0 1|

313 312
312 313

To find eign values, set det (A-alpha(I))= 0

Why?
Reason
Ax=AplhaX
(A- alpha(I))x=0
If det (A-alpha(I))=/= Then there is a unique solution.

Find eigene vectors

Ax=alphaX
Alpha1= -1
Ax = -1x

|2 3|x1 |x1|
|3 2|x2 = -1 |x2|

2x1 +3x2= -x1

3x1+2x2= -x2

3x1+3x2=0
3x1+3x2=0

X1+x2=0
X2= -x1

|x1|=|x1 | =x1|1 |
|x2| |-x1| |-1|

Alpha1= -1, vector = |1 |

|-1|

Ax=5x

|2 3|x1 |x1|
|3 2|x2 = |x2| 5

{2x1 +3x2 = 5x1

{3x1 + 2x2= 5x2

Find eigen value

A=|0 -1|
|1 0 |

|0 – alpha -1 |=0 i = sqrt(-1)

|1 0-alpha|

Alpha^2 – (-1) = 0
Alpha^2 +1 = 0
Alpha = -1
X= +- 1

Sep 28th

Eigen values, eign vectors

Diagonalization
Power of a matrix
Orthogonal diagonalization
Symmetric matrix
Linear system of differential equations

7:00pm Today, Thursday

2.3 P77 #3, 65

2.4 P88 #5, 3, 4, 104
6.1 P259 #5, 17
6.2 P273 #5, 29
6.3 p289 #2, 3, 7

Hw replace lowest quiz

Problem Let A = [-4 3]

[-2 1]

a)find eign values and corresponding eign vectors

b)find a matrix P such that P^-1(AP) in a diagonal matrix
c)use diagonalization to find A^7
d)solve the following initial value problem

dx/dt = -4x+3y
dy/dt= -2x+y
x(0)=4, y(0)=3

det(A-(lamda)I)=0

[4-lamda 3 ]
[-2 1-lamda] = 0

(-4-x)(1-lamda)+6=0
-4-lamda+4lamda+4(lamda)^2+6=0
Lamda^2 + 3lamda+2=0
Lamda1= -1
Ax=lamdaX
[-4 3]x1 [x1]
[-2 1]x2 = -1[x2]

{-4x1+3x2=-x1 >{-3x1+3x2=0
{-2x1+x2=-x2 >{-2x1+2x2=0

X1=x2, v1= [x1] = x1[1]

[x1] [1]

V1 v2
P=[1 1 ]
[1 2/3]

P^-1(A) P=A=[lamda1 0] = [-1 0]

[0 lambda2] [0 -2]

A^7= P(LAMDA^7)P^-1
[1 1][(-1^7) 0 ][1 1]^-1
[1 2/3][0 (-2)^7][1 2/3]

[1 1][-1 0 ] [2/3 -1]

[1 2/3][0 128](1/(-1/3))[-1 1]

Characteristic polynomial

Transpose – first row becomes first column

A=23
32

A^t = 2 3
32

B=422
242
224

B^t = 4 2 2
242
224

A and B are symmetric

Thrm Eign Values of a systemmetric matrix are real. Eign vectors associated to distict
eign values are orthogonal.

Example let A = 2 3
32

Lamda1 = 5
Lamda2 = -1

V1 = 1
1

V2 = 1
-1

Orthogonal v1 (perpendicular) v2
V1 (dot) v2 = 0

V1(dot)v2 = 1(1) + (1)(-1) = 0

Def – A matrix P is orthogonal if and only if P^T = P^-1 That is P^T (P) = I

Check that P = 1/(sqrt2) 1/(sqrt2) is orthogonal

1/(sqrt2) -1/(sqrt2)

P^t = 1/(sqrt2) 1/(sqrt2)

1/(sqrt2) -1/(sqrt2)

P^-1 = 1/(-1)[- 1/(sqrt2) -1/(sqrt2)

[-1/(sqrt2) 1/(sqrt2)

=1/(sqrt2) 1/(sqrt2)
1/(sqrt2) -1/(sqrt2)
09-30-10
Dx/dt = 4x – 9y +52
Dy/dt = x – 10y +72
Dz/dy = x – 17y +12z

d/dt[x ] [4 -9 5][x]
[y] = [1 -10 7][y]
[z] [1 -17 12][z]

X = [x]
[y]
[z]

A=[4 -9 5]
[1 -10 7]
[1 -17 12]

Det (A-lamdaI) = [4-lamda -9 5]

[1 -10-lamda 7]
[1 -17 12-lamda]

Det (A-lamdaI) = (4-lamda)[-10-lamda 7 ]

[-17 12-lamda]
-(-9)[1 7] [1 -10-lamda]
[1 12-lamda] +5[1 -17] =0

(4 – lamda) [ (-10-lamda)(12-lamda)-7(-17)]+9[12 – lamda-7] +5[-17+10+lamda] = 0

(4 – lamda)[-120 -12lamda +10lamda +lamda^2 +119]+45 -9lamda-35+5lamda=0

(4 – lamda)[-1-2lamda+lamda^2]+10-4lamda = 0
-lamda^3 +6lamda^2 -11lamda +6 = 0

Characteristic polynomial

Characteristic value = eigen value

Long division

Lamda^2 – 5lamda +6
Lamda – 1 |x^3 -6lamda^2 + 11lamda – 6

Trace is the sum of the diagonal