2

Case Study
Keep Patient Waiting? Not in My Office!
` What features of the appointment scheduling system
were crucial in capturing “many grateful patients”?
` Wh t procedure
What d were followed
f ll d to
t keep
k the
th appointment
i t t
system flexible enough to accommodate the emergency
cases, and yet be able to keep up with the other patients’
appointments?
Chapter 17 ` How were the special cases such as latecomers and no-
Operations Scheduling shows handled?

December 17, 2008

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Work Center Capacity and Scheduling

` A work center is an area in a business in which
productive resources are organized and work is
completed
` Can be a single machine, a group of machines, or an
area where a particular type of work is done
` Infinite loading
` Work is assigned simply based on what is needed over time
` Finite loading
` Approach actually schedules in detail each resource using the
setup and run time required for each order
` Forward scheduling
` Schedule each operation that must be completed forward in
time
` Backward scheduling
` Starts from some date in the future (possible a due date) and
schedules the required operations in reverse sequence

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Types of Manufacturing Scheduling Processes Typical Scheduling and

and Scheduling Approaches Control Functions
Type of Process Typical Scheduling Approach ` Allocating orders, equipment, and personnel
` Short-run capacity planning
Continuous Finite forward of process, ` Determining the sequence of order performance
process machine limited ` Establishing job priorities
High-volume Finite forward of line, ` Initiating performance of the scheduled work
manufacturing machined limited ` Dispatching of orders
` Shop-floor control
Med volume
Med-volume Infinite forward of process,
manufacturing labor and machined limited ` Production activity control

Low-volume Infinite forward of jobs, labor

manufacturing and some machine limited
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7 8

Scheduling n Jobs on One Machine:

Work-Center Scheduling Objectives Priority Rules for Job Sequencing

` Meet due dates 1. First-come, first-served (FCFS)

` Minimize lead time 2. Shortest operating time (SOT)

` Minimize setup time or cost 3. Earliest due date first (DDate)

` Minimize work-in-process inventory 4. Slack time remaining (STR) first

` Maximize machine utilization 5. Slack time remaining per operation (STR/OP)

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Priority Rules for Job Sequencing Example of Job Sequencing:
(Continued) First-Come First-Served
Jobs (in order Processing Due Date
6. Critical ratio (CR) Suppose you have the four of arrival) Time (days) (days hence)
jobs to the right arrive for A 4 5
processing on one machine B 7 10
(Due date - Current date)
CR =
C 3 6
D 1 4
Number of days remaining What is the FCFS schedule?
Do all the jobs get done on time?

No, Jobs B, C,
7. Last come, first served (LCFS) Jobs (in order Processing Due Date Flow Time
and D are
going to be late
of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) (days)
8. Random order or whim A 4 5 4
B 7 10 11
C 3 6 14
D 1 4 15

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Example of Job Sequencing: Example of Job Sequencing:
Shortest Operating Time Earliest Due Date First
Jobs (in order Processing Due Date Jobs (in order Processing Due Date
Suppose you have the four of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) Suppose you have the four of arrival) Time (days) (days hence)
jobs to the right arrive for A 4 5 jobs to the right arrive for A 4 5
processing on one machine B 7 10 processing on one machine B 7 10
C 3 6 C 3 6
D 1 4 D 1 4

What is the SOT schedule? What is the earliest due date

Do all the jobs get done on time?
first schedule? Do all the jobs get done on time?

JJobs
b (i(in order
d P
Processing
i D D
Due Date Flow
Fl Time
Ti
No, Jobs A Jobs (in order Processing Due Date Flow Time No, Jobs C
of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) (days)
and B are of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) (days) and B are
D 1 4 1 going to be D 1 4 1 going to be
C 3 6 4 late A 4 5 5 late
A 4 5 8 C 3 6 8
B 7 10 15 B 7 10 15
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Example of Job Sequencing: Example of Job Sequencing:
Critical Ratio Method Last-Come First-Served
Jobs (in order Processing Due Date Jobs (in order Processing Due Date
Suppose you have the four of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) Suppose you have the four of arrival) Time (days) (days hence)
jobs to the right arrive for A 4 5 jobs to the right arrive for A 4 5
processing on one machine B 7 10 processing on one machine B 7 10
C 3 6 C 3 6
D 1 4 D 1 4
What is the CR schedule? Do all the jobs get done on time?
What is the LCFS schedule? Do all the jobs get done on time?
In order to do this schedule the CR’s have be calculated No, but since
for each job. If we let today be Day 1 and allow a total of there is a
15 days to do the work. The resulting CR’s and order three-way
three way tie, Jobs (in order Processing Due Date Flow Time
schedule are: only the first of arrival) Time (days) (days hence) (days) No, Jobs B
CR(A)=(5-4)/15=0.06 (Do this job last) job or two will D 1 4 1 and A are
CR(B)=(10-7)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with C and D) be on time C 3 6 4 going to be
CR(C)=(6-3)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with B and D) B 7 10 11 late
CR(D)=(4-1)/15=0.20 (Do this job first, tied with B and C) A 4 5 15

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Scheduling n Jobs on Two Machines Example of Job Sequencing:

Steps of Johnson’s rule Johnson’s Rule (Part 1)
1. List the operation time for each job on both machine
Suppose you have the following five jobs with time
2. Select the shortest operation time
requirements
q in two stages
g of production.
p What is the
3. job sequence using Johnson’s Rule?
1. If the shortest time is for the first machine, do the job first;
2. If the shortest time is for the second machine, do the job last. Time in Hours
3. In the case of a tie, do the job on the first machine. Jobs Stage 1 Stage 2
A 1.50 1.25
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for each remaining job until the B 2.00 3.00
schedule is complete.
complete C 2 50
2.50 2 00
2.00
D 1.00 2.00

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Example of Job Sequencing: Shop-Floor Control:
Johnson’s Rule (Part 2) Major Functions
First, select the job with the
smallest time in either stage.
Time in Hours 1. Assigning priority of each shop order
Jobs Stage 1 Stage 2
That is Job D with the smallest A 1.50 1.25
B 2.00 3.00
time in the first stage. Place that
job as early as possible in the C 2.50 2.00
2. Maintaining work-in-process quantity information
unfilled job sequence below. D 1.00 2.00

Drop D out, select the next smallest time (Job A), and place it 4th in the job 3. Conveying shop-order status information to the
sequence.
office
Drop A out, select the next smallest time. There is a tie in two stages for
two different jobs
jobs. In this case
case, place the job with the smallest time in the
first stage as early as possible in the unfilled job sequence.
Then place the job with the smallest time in the second stage as late as
possible in the unfilled sequence.
Job Sequence 1 2 3 4
17 Job Assigned D B C A 18

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Shop-Floor Control:
Major Functions (Continued) Input/Output Control
4. Providing actual output data for capacity control
purposes Input
Work
Output
Center

5. Providing quantity by location by shop order for WIP

inventory and accounting purposes ` Planned input should never exceed planned output

6 Providing measurement of efficiency,

6. efficiency utilization,
utilization and
productivity of manpower and machines ` Focuses attention on bottleneck work centers

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Principles of Job Shop Scheduling
Principles of Work Center Scheduling (Continued)
1. There is a direct equivalence between work flow 6. Reschedule every day
and cash flow 7. Obtain feedback each day on jobs that are not
2. The effectiveness of any job shop should be completed
l d at eachh workk center
measured by speed of flow through the shop 8. Match work center input information to what the
3. Schedule jobs as a string, with process steps worker can actually do
back-to-back
9. When seeking improvement in output, look for
4. A jjob once started should not be interrupted
p incompatibility between engineering design and
process execution
i
5. Speed of flow is most efficiently achieved by
focusing on bottleneck work centers and jobs 10. Certainty of standards, routings, and so forth is not
possible in a job shop, but always work towards
achieving it
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Personnel Scheduling in Services Question Bowl

` Scheduling consecutive days off A Work Center may be which of the following?
a. A single machine
b
b. A group off machines
hi
` Scheduling daily work times c. An area where a particular type of work is
performed
d. All of the above
` Scheduling hourly work times e. None of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

Ref: Workload/scheduling at United Airlines: SSU9.avi
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Question Bowl Question Bowl

When work is assigned to a work center Typical scheduling and controlling of operations
simply based on what is needed over time, include which of the following functions?
a. Allocating orders at work centers
we would refer to this as which of the
b. Allocating equipment at work centers
following scheduling systems? c. Allocating personnel at work centers
a. A finite loading of work d. All of the above
b. An infinite loading of work e. None of the above
c. Forward scheduling
d All of the above
d.
e. None of the above

Answer: b. An infinite loading of work Answer: d. All of the above

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Question Bowl Question Bowl

Typical scheduling and controlling of operations The major functions of a shop-floor control are
include which of the following functions? which of the following?
a. Determining
D t i i the
th job
j b sequences a. Conveying
C i shop-order
h d status
t t
b. Dispatching b. Measuring efficiency
c. Expediting late and critical orders c. Assigning priorities
d. All of the above d. Maintaining WIP quantity information
e. None of the above e. All of the above

Answer: e. All of the above (Correct answer can

Answer: d. All of the above also include providing quantity by location and
actual output data.)
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Question Bowl
Which of the following is a Principle of Work-Center
Scheduling?
a. There is a direct equivalence between work flow and
cash flow
b. Certainty of routings are very possible in a shop
c. Reschedule only once a week
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer: a. There is a direct equivalence between

work flow and cash flow (There are nine other
principles.)
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