22 – March - 2011

Discussion with Mr. Amit Kumar to clarify doubts

3 phase connections: There are two types of basic connections namely wye type and delta
type. Combinations are made to our needs (requirement).

Standards: there are several standards, but one followed at VTC is IEEE / ANSI
standards.
These standards are recognized by clauses, each clauses specify or denote certain
specifications required for the transformer design. The standards are maintained to help
in manufacturing, documentation, interchangeability, international trade etc.
Design manual are very different from standards. Design manuals are organization
oriented, for organization reference.

Impulse, Voltage distribution curve

The graph represents testing a transformer for the change of loads or we can say that
response of a transformer to variation in loads corresponding to time. This graph helps in
determine how the transformer behaves when applied to stress.

The voltage distribution curve – the ideal curve is a straight line, but its highly impossible
to attain this there are lots of other intangible constraints that come into play which
affects the plot of the curve.
Hence the efforts are to be made in direction to achieve a curve tending towards a straight
line or as close to ideal curve as possible. The graph signifies that the voltage applied
should gradually decrease and move to ground, which means its nullified.
This also means that windings subjected to test should behave in such a manner, results
obtained from the test should be tending to a straight line.
If there is large distortion, then consideration of revisiting the design is advisable. There
might also be lot of other factors like manufacturing defect, faults from production shops,
also have to be taken into consideration.
Failures
There are basically two types of windings
Inner winding – LV
Outer winding – HV
The arrangement might be irrespective, simple observation has to be made as to how the
failure propagates in inner and outer winding.
During these failures, inner winding tends to go inwards and outer winding tend to go
outwards.
The book published by BHEL, page 168 states that the example of failure when the
conductors tilt in a zigzag pattern. The failure in windings is due to axial forces depends
more on the strength of the clamping structure and the insulating spacers. Even the
slightest distortion in clamping structures, the resultant displacement of the winding
enormously increases the forces and leads to complete collapse of the winding.

When you observe the failure in inner windings the failure occurs more sought of
circumferential pattern. The inner winding is supported from the core by spacers at a
number of points along the circumference. The simplest approach is to treat the conductor
or each segment as simply supported beam between two such spacers. The winding
resembles a tube like structure supported internally and subjected to external pressure.

The failure observed can be of two types bending of the conductors between supports or
buckling. So the purpose is to ensure neither of this happens by a designer.